ERODE SENGUNTHAR

ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA

Academic Year: 2023 – 2024 (EVEN Semester)

COURSE CODE : 23ES10T COURSE NAME:PYTHON PROGRAMMING

YEAR / SEMESTER: I/II BRANCH: I B.E.MECH/CIVIL

CONTENT BEYOND THE SYLLABUS

UNIT 1 : APPLICATIONS OF PYTHON

Web Development:
Full-fledged web applications: Frameworks like Django and Flask enable building robust and scalable web
applications with various functionalities.
Backend development: Python excels in server-side scripting, handling data processing, database
interactions, and API development for web applications.
Web scraping: Libraries like Beautiful Soup facilitate data extraction from websites for various purposes
like market research or data analysis.
Data Science and Machine Learning:
Data analysis and manipulation: Libraries like Pandas and NumPy empower efficient data handling,
cleaning, and exploration tasks.
Machine learning: Scikit-learn provides a comprehensive toolkit for building and deploying various
machine learning models for tasks like classification, regression, and clustering.
Data visualization: Libraries like Matplotlib and Seaborn allow creating informative and visually appealing
data visualizations to communicate insights effectively.
Scientific Computing:
Numerical computations: Python's built-in libraries and tools like SciPy offer powerful tools for complex
numerical calculations and simulations often used in scientific research.
Data analysis and modeling: Python's capabilities cater to various scientific domains like physics,
chemistry, and biology for data analysis and modeling tasks.
Automation and Scripting:
System administration: Python scripts can automate repetitive tasks, manage system configurations, and
streamline administrative workflows.
DevOps tools: Python plays a vital role in developing and deploying DevOps tools for continuous
integration and continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines.
Testing: Frameworks like unit test and pytest facilitate writing automated test cases to ensure software
quality and functionality.
Game Development:
2D and 3D games: Libraries like Pygame and PyOpenGL empower developers to create engaging 2D and
3D games.
Game prototyping and development: Python's rapid development cycle and ease of use make it suitable for
prototyping and iterating on game ideas quickly.
Other Applications:
Desktop applications: PyQt and Tkinter enable building user-friendly desktop applications with graphical
user interfaces (GUIs).
Web scraping and data mining: Python's capabilities are well-suited for extracting data from websites and
performing various data mining tasks.
Education and teaching: Python's clear syntax and beginner-friendliness make it a popular choice for
introductory programming courses and learning resources
Artificial Intelligence (AI):
Deep learning: Frameworks like TensorFlow and PyTorch enable building and training complex deep
learning models for applications like image recognition, natural language processing, and machine
translation.
Computer vision: Libraries like OpenCV provide tools for image processing, object detection, and video
analysis, crucial for tasks like autonomous vehicles and facial recognition.
Reinforcement learning: Frameworks like OpenAI Gym allow implementing reinforcement learning
algorithms, where an agent learns through trial and error in a simulated environment.
High-Performance Computing (HPC):
Parallelization and distributed computing: Libraries like Dask and NumPy enable parallelizing tasks across
multiple processors or computers to accelerate computations on large datasets.
Scientific computing: Python's ability to integrate with established scientific computing libraries like SciPy
and Cython allows tackling computationally intensive tasks in various scientific domains.
Financial Technology (FinTech):
Quantitative finance: Libraries like pandas and NumPy facilitate data analysis, model development, and
risk assessment crucial for quantitative finance applications.
Algorithmic trading: Python's scripting capabilities are well-suited for developing and deploying automated
trading strategies.
Cybersecurity:
Security testing and vulnerability analysis: Libraries like Scapy and Behave facilitate building tools for
network security testing and identifying potential vulnerabilities in systems.
Security automation: Python scripts can automate security tasks like log analysis, threat detection, and
incident response, improving efficiency in security operations.
Internet of Things (IoT):
Data processing and analytics: Python can handle data streams from various IoT devices, facilitating real-
time data analysis and visualization.
Device programming and automation: Libraries like Raspberry Pi GPIO enable interacting with and
controlling hardware components in IoT devices.
 UNIT II : Types of Control Flow

Python If Statement
The if statement is the most simple decision-making statement. It is used to decide whether a certain
statement or block of statements will be executed or not.
Flowchart of If Statement

Syntax of If Statement in Python

Here, the condition after evaluation will be either true or false. if the statement accepts boolean values
if the value is true then it will execute the block of statements below it otherwise not.
if syntax Python
if condition:
# Statements to execute if
# condition is true
As we know, Python uses indentation to identify a block. So the block under the Python if statements
will be identified as shown in the below example:
if condition:
statement1
statement2
# Here if the condition is true, if block
# will consider only statement1 to be inside
# its block.
Example of Python if Statement
As the condition present in the if statements in Python is false. So, the block below the if statement is
executed.
Python Nested If Statement
A nested if is an if statement that is the target of another if statement. Nested if statements mean an if
statement inside another if statement.
Yes, Python allows us to nest if statements within if statements. i.e., we can place an if statement inside
another if statement.
Flowchart of Python Nested if Statement
Flowchart of Python Nested if statement
 ERODE SENGUNTHAR
ENGINEERING COLLEGE
(An Autonomous Institution)
Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Permanently Affiliated to Anna University- Chennai,
Accredited by National Board of Accreditation (NBA), New Delhi &
National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Bangalore with ‘A’ Grade
PERUNDURAI -638 057, TAMILNADU, INDIA

UNIT III : LAMBDA FUNCTIONS IN PYTHON

In Python, lambda functions are anonymous functions, meaning they are defined without a formal name
using the lambda keyword. They are typically employed for short, concise functions where a traditional
named function might be excessive. Here's a breakdown of their key characteristics
Python
lambda arguments: expression
arguments: Represents a comma-separated list of parameters the function can accept.
expression: Denotes the code to be executed when the function is called. This expression should be
evaluated to a single value

Lambda functions can have multiple arguments but can only return a single expression.
They are ideal for use in scenarios where you need a short, temporary function, often within built-in
functions like map, filter, or reduce.
They are not suitable for complex functionality or situations where readability and maintainability are
critical, as their concise nature can make them less understandable compared to well-defined functions
When to Use Lambdas:
Simple, Single-Expression Functions: When you need a short, self-contained function for a specific task
within an expression.
Passing Functions as Arguments: When you need to pass a function as an argument to another function
(often built-in functions like map, filter, or reduce).
Creating Temporary Functions: When you need a function for a temporary purpose within your code
When to Avoid Lambdas:
Complex Functionality: Lambdas become challenging to read and maintain for complex logic. Use regular
functions for better readability and maintainability.
Multiple Statements: Lambdas can only have one expression, so avoid them if your function requires
multiple statements.
Python lambda properties:
This function can have any number of arguments but only one expression, which is evaluated and returned.
One is free to use lambda functions wherever function objects are required.
You need to keep in your knowledge that lambda functions are syntactically restricted to a single
expression.
It has various uses in particular fields of programming, besides other types of expressions in functions.
Python and other programming languages like Java, C++, and C# have small anonymous functions called
lambda meant for one-time use. While we use the def keyword to define a function in Python, we use the
lambda keyword to define an anonymous function. As the name suggests, the function that is defined using
this keyword will have no name. Since we use the lambda keyword, we also call these functions as lambda
functions.
Characteristics of the Lambda Function
The function can take any number of arguments (numbers, letters, words, etc.) but can only have one
expression.
The function can be used anywhere in the code where functions are required.
They are syntactically restricted to a single expression. That means, you cannot use loops or a conditional
statement like for, while, if, else, etc., with a lambda function.

Coding can sometimes be very confusing as we use a lot of variables and functions to execute tasks. The
lambda function helps us reduce the code into one-line expressions. They work the same way as a normal
function and give us the same results. However, they do not take up as much space and can be used for
one-time executions.

The lambda keyword initiates the creation of a lambda function.

Arguments are the input values received by the lambda function.
The colon : separates the arguments from the expression.
The expression represents a single line of code that defines the function's behavior
Data Manipulation:
Lambda functions simplify various data manipulation tasks, such as data cleaning, filtering, and
transformation. Consider the following example of cleaning and filtering data
Filtering and Cleaning
Lambda functions prove valuable when you need to eliminate undesired data or format data to meet
specific criteria. Here's an example of filtering a list of strings to retain names longer than three characters
 UNIT IV : FUNCTIONS IN FILES
Defining Functions in Files:
You can use a text editor or an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) to create Python files with
the .py extension.
Within these files, you can define functions using the def keyword, followed by the function name,
parentheses for arguments, a colon (:), and the function body indented with statements.
Importing Functions:
To use functions defined in other files, you can use the import statement.
The statement allows you to access functions and other elements from the external file in your current
code.
Benefits:
Organization: Separating functions into different files improves code readability and maintainability,
especially for large projects.
Reusability: Functions can be imported and used in multiple files, avoiding code duplication and promoting
efficiency.
Modularity: Dividing code into smaller, well-defined functions makes it easier to understand, test, and
modify individual parts of the program
Functions defined within a file have their own local scope. Variables and functions defined inside a
function are only accessible within that function, unless explicitly returned or made global (which is
generally discouraged for maintainability reasons).
Variables defined outside of any function within the file have global scope, meaning they are accessible
from anywhere within the file. However, it's recommended to use local variables whenever possible to
avoid unintended side effects and promote better code organization
Nested Functions: You can define functions within other functions. Inner functions have access to the
variables and arguments of the outer function, creating more complex logic structures.
Default Arguments: Functions can have default values assigned to their arguments. If no value is provided
during the call, the default value is used. This allows for flexibility and avoids potential errors when
arguments are omitted unintentionally.
Docstrings: Docstrings are string literals placed at the beginning of a function definition enclosed in triple
quotes (''' or """). They provide documentation explaining the function's purpose, arguments, and return
value, improving code readability and maintainability.
Best Practices:
Use meaningful and descriptive names for both files and functions.
Organize related functions logically within a file or module.
Use comments to explain complex logic within functions.
Consider unit testing your functions to ensure their correctness.
Advantages of File Handling in Python
Versatility: File handling in Python allows you to perform a wide range of operations, such as creating,
reading, writing, appending, renaming, and deleting files.
Flexibility: File handling in Python is highly flexible, as it allows you to work with different file types (e.g.
text files, binary files, CSV files, etc.), and to perform different operations on files (e.g. read, write,
append, etc.).
User–friendly: Python provides a user-friendly interface for file handling, making it easy to create, read,
and manipulate files.
Cross-platform: Python file-handling functions work across different platforms (e.g. Windows, Mac,
Linux), allowing for seamless integration and compatibility.
Disadvantages of File Handling in Python
Error-prone: File handling operations in Python can be prone to errors, especially if the code is not
carefully written or if there are issues with the file system (e.g. file permissions, file locks
Security risks: File handling in Python can also pose security risks, especially if the program accepts user
input that can be used to access or modify sensitive files on the system.
Complexity: File handling in Python can be complex, especially when working with more advanced file
formats or operations. Careful attention must be paid to the code to ensure that files are handled properly
and securely.
Performance: File handling operations in Python can be slower than other programming languages,
especially when dealing with large files or performing complex operations
 Unit V Advantages And Applications Modules And Packages
Modules and packages offer several significant advantages for Python developers, making them crucial
tools for writing well-structured and efficient code. Here's a breakdown of their benefits and how they are
applied in various contexts:
Advantages:
Organization: Modules and packages help compartmentalize code by grouping related functionalities
together. This improves code readability and maintainability, especially for large projects.
Reusability: By creating modules and packages, you can reuse the same code across different parts of your
project or even share it with others as libraries. This saves development time and reduces code duplication.
Modularity: Dividing code into smaller, well-defined modules and packages promotes modularity. This
makes it easier to understand, test, modify, and debug individual parts of the program.
Namespace Management: Modules and packages provide namespaces, which act like containers to prevent
naming conflicts between functions, variables, and classes from different parts of your code. This helps
avoid errors and makes code more reliable.
Applications:
Standard Library: Python comes with a vast standard library containing various modules and packages for
different functionalities like mathematics, networking, file I/O, and web development. This allows
developers to leverage existing, well-tested code instead of reinventing the wheel.
Custom Libraries: You can create your own custom libraries by organizing your code as modules and
packages. This allows you to share your code with others or use it in different projects.
Frameworks: Many popular Python frameworks like Django and Flask are themselves built using modules
and packages. This modular approach allows developers to easily extend or customize these frameworks
for specific needs.
Large Projects: For large projects with multiple developers working on different parts of the codebase,
modules and packages are essential for managing complexity, ensuring proper organization, and preventing
conflicts
Data Science and Machine Learning:
Data science and machine learning projects often involve the use of various libraries and tools. Modules
and packages in these projects help structure code for data preprocessing, model training, and evaluation.
Game Development:
Game development projects commonly use modules and packages to organize code related to different
aspects of the game, such as graphics, physics, and user input.
Scripting and Automation:
When writing scripts for automation tasks, developers can organize code into modules and packages to
handle different functionalities. This approach improves code readability and maintainability.
Testing and Quality Assurance:
Test suites in Python are often organized using modules and packages. Each test case or test suite is
encapsulated in a module, making it easier to manage and run tests