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®
OHM-STAT RT-1000
OWNERS MANUAL & OPERATION GUIDE

RESISTIVITY, RESISTANCE, ELECTRICAL GROUND, RTT, RTG,

VOLUME RESISTANCE, TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY METER.

WILL TEST MATERIALS, CHAIRS, SMOCKS FOR ELECTRICAL

PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO EOS 20/20 SPECIFICATIONS.

Note: This manual is in the process of being updated.

*This instrument is no longer supplied with an external power supply as they were rarely used.
*The majority of the referenced ANSI ESD Test Standards in this document have been updated.
*Please us ANSI ESD S20.20-2014 for the latest standards and TR-53 for the latest test methods

Click Here to Purchase this Item from an Authorized Distributor that provides one full year of
Tech support in using this device at no charge!

Static Solutions Inc.

331 Boston Post Road-East
Marlboro, Massachusetts 01752
Tel: 508.480.0700
Fax: 508.485.3353
Email: contactus@staticsolutions.com

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Contents Page.

Cover

Table of contents

Test Procedures 1

Features- Operations - Surface Resistivity 2

Concentric ring- surface resistance 3

Surface to ground- calibration 4

Specifications 5

Warranty 6.

Questions and answers 7-10

Calibration Procedure 11

ANSI/ESD S20.20-1999 12-29

ESD - STM 12.1 - 1997 30-38

ESD - S20.20 - 1995 39-51

RT 1000 Accessories 52-53

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Static Solutions Inc.
Ohm- Stat RT-1000
Digital Resistivity/Resistance/Temperature/Humidity Meter
Description:

The Ohm-Stat  RT-1000 Resistance, resistivity ,temperature,

humidity Test kit is easy to operate, compact, lightweight,
portable meter designed to measure temperature, humidity and
electrical resistivity/resistance. Using both internal and external
test probes, the meter will measure resistivity, resistance to
ground, resistance between two points according to EOS/ ESD
association standards- S4.1, S6.1, S7.1, S11.11 and European
standard CECC-EN 1000/15. With the accessory probes the
meter can test the electrical circuitry of the building, ESD
chairs, and smocks. Additional probes are available to measure
heel straps, wrist straps, and small parts using miniature probes,
and a concentric ring probe.

Test Procedures
Specific industries, which
require accurate
measurements, will dictate
the correct test procedures.
The procedure outlined in
the Product Test Bulletin is
Static Solutions , Inc.
specifically used in the
Ohm-Stat RT-1000 Megohmmeter electronics industry where
Meter Test Kit Contents: the EOS/ESD and CECC
procedures predominate. It
1 Ohm-Stat RT-1000Resistance-Resistivity- is recommended that the
Humidity-Temperature Meter other industry procedures
1 Blow Molded, Foam Lined Travel Case may be more appropriate
1 Concentric Ring Probe. (Optional) for your industry. These
2 5 lb. 2.5 inch Diameter Test probes. include UL, ASTM, ,
1 Chair Probe specifications such as MIL-
2 Smock Probes HDBK-263, EIA-1S-5-A,
2 Coil cords. 6 foot Test Grounding Leads. ASTM D-257, and ASTM
1 Grounding Cord and Clip F-150. Failure to measure
1 9-volt battery relative humidity and
1 Ground Test Adapter temperature at the time of
1 Product Instruction Bulletin testing is in non-compliance
1 AC Power Adapter- positive center, 120- with ANSI/ESD-S7.1.
volt input, and 9-12 volt 200 mA output. Figure 1
Miniature, 220 volts adapter, hand and
Ohm-Stat RT-1000
floor probes are available as options. Megohmmeter

All materials must be tested on an insulated surface to avoid

As with all high quality test equipment misleading measurements. This is especially true with non-
proper storage and correct use of the homogeneous and multiplayer materials. It is possible to actually
Ohm-Stat RT-1000 is required. measure down through the dissipative surface layer and then along
the inner conductive layer and back up through the dissipative
CAUTION: Because the AC power layer. This is why it is technically not correct to include a surface
adapter will charge the battery, ONLY USE resistivity layer measurement value for two layer materials. Always
a rechargeable battery when operating measure material thickness when measuring electrical properties
the AC adapter with the meter. because thickness, temperature, and relative humidity can and will
affect the resistance/resistivity readings.

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Ohm-Stat RT-1000 METER DESIGN FEATURES

Battery Compartment- This
A Test Button- The round black button will turn on the power. When depressed F compartment houses a 9 volt battery
and held down with reasonable force the resistance/resistivity, humidity, and which must be installed prior to use.
temperature values are displayed on the screen for approximately 30 seconds. Use a 9 volt alkaline battery for long
HOLD THE BUTTON DOWN UNTIL THE VALUES ARE DISPLAYED. At the life. Do not use the alkaline battery if
completion of the test the power will turn off automatically.
the power battery is used. If the
power adapter is used a rechargeable
B Selector Switch- The switch selects the desired applied test voltage of either
10 or 100 volts. battery is recommended.

10 volts should be used G Parallel Test Probes- These

between 1X 10 3- 9.9 X 10 5 probes located on the bottom of the
ohms. You can over ride the D meter are used to measure surface
range by selecting the 10 or
100 volt switch per EOS
C E
resistiviy in ohms/sq. units. These
probes are made from a highly
standards. conductive, low durometer elastomer.
Care should be taken to avoid harsh
100 volts should be used to H solvents and extreme abrasion.
measure between
Occasional cleaning with a mild soap
1 X10 6 –1 X10 13 ohms per
EOS standards. and water solution will extend the life
of the probe feet. If damage does
If the battery is too low to occur, these probes are replaceable
for a nominal charge. The probes are
give accurate readings the
LCD will display “Low A G fabricated with an internal and
Battery” external brass rails.
B
3
If the resistivity is below 10
ohms/sq., the LCD will H Case- The meter case is molded
Display “less than 1K”. from a high impact ABS polymer.
F Simple cleaning with a mild soap and
If the reading is over 10 12 water solution will remove all dirt and
ohms/sq. the LCD will Figure 2 - Features of the Ohm - Stat RT 1000 debris.
display “more than 2 X 10 . Temperature - Humidity - Resistance Meter
12 Operation:

Prior to testing, ensure that surfaces to be tested are

6
If the reading is over 10 ohms/sq. the LCD will display “change to clean and free of contaminants.
100 volt setting” if the setting is set on 10 volts. If the reading is Surface Resistivity:
under 106 ohms/sq. the LCD will display “change to 10 volts “ if the
meter voltage switch is set on 100 volts.
Parallel Probe Resistivity Method
C External Test Jacks- The external 3.5 mm monaural jacks on the
top right of the meter are used to attach the two coil cords to the The parallel resistivity probe method, complies with
2.5 inch-5 lb. probes These probes are used to test resistance ASTM D-257. It is used to give fast electrical
and RTT and RTG. When the 3.5 mm plugs are inserted into the resistivity measurements on flat homogeneous
jacks the parallel resistivity probes on the bottom of the meter materials. It may be used on multiplayer materials, but
are deactivated. Insert the banana plug end of the cords into the this should be noted along with the temperature and
5 lb, 2.5 inch probes.
humidity values on the data report.
D AC Power Adapter- This plug allows the meter to be used with a
A. Place the meter on the desired surface
center positive 9-12 volts 200 mA output power adapter. The
input may be either 110 volts or 220 volts AC . to be tested.
A. Move switch to the desired test voltage position,
E Ground Shield Jack- Because of the possibility of 60 cycles either 10 or 100 volts.
electrical noise and possible interference caused by the two B. Press and hold down the test power button until
external coil cords acting like antennae the straight wire ground the resistance/resistivity and temperature and
cord is supplied. This shield ground jack is located on the top humidity values appears on the LCD screen. This
left on the meter. This interference occurs at the higher resistance
values 10 10-10 12 ohms. will occur in about 15-20 seconds as specified in
ANSI/ESD standards.

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Concentric Ring Probe Resistivity Method

(Optional test probe accessory)

Insert both coil cords using the monaural plugs into the 3.5
mm meter jacks on the top right of the RT-1000 meter . Attach
the banana plug coil cord terminations into the concentric
ring probe. Place the probe onto the surface to be tested.
Press the test button and wait until the values appear in
approximately 15-20 seconds. The correct temperature,
humidity, and resistivity will be displayed on the LCD screen.
The resistivity value displayed MUST be multiplied by a
factor of 10 to achieve the correct test value. These values
will read in ohms/sq. e.g. 3.5 X10 4 ohms/sq. (displayed
value.) .The actual resistivity value will be 3.5 X 10 5 ohms/
sq.

Figure 3 - Concentric Ring Probe

Surface Resistance Measurements (RTT)

This procedure which complies with EOS/ESD-S4.1 measures

resistance between two points independent of a groundable
point. Procedures vary regarding sample preparation, probe
preparation, and spacing of the 5 pound probes.

A. Connect the monaural plug ends of the test leads into

the 3.5 mm jacks of the meter. Connect the banana plug
ends of the test coil cords into the 5 pound, 2.5 inch
diameter probes.
B. Place both probes on the material according to the ANSI
EOS/ESD test procedures.
C. Select the correct test voltage position. Over 1 X 10 6
ohms use 100 volts. Under 1 X 10 6 ohms use 10 volts.
The meter will inform you on the LCD for incorrect
voltage positions.
A. Press and hold the test button until power is applied to
the meter and a resistance, humidity, temperature value
is displayed on the LCD screen. This may take 20-30
seconds. When the button is released the displayed value
will remain on the screen automatically for 20-30 seconds
with no battery drain. At high resistance values and to
minimize line current interference the use of the enclosed
shield ground cord is recommended.

Figure 4 - Ohm - Stat RT-1000 Point to Point (RTT) test.

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Surface-To-Ground Measurements (RTG)

This procedure measures the surface resistance between a ground point

on the material surface and specific positions on the material being tested.
This procedure complies with the EOS/ESD S4.1 test standard.

A. Meter setup. With both test leads connected to the meter attach the
alligator clip to one banana plug and the other end to the 2.5 inch,
5 pound weight probe.
B. Attach the alligator clip to a known electrical ground such as a ground
snap on the mat or the electrical ground of the building. Position the
probe on the surface to be tested in accordance with the desired test
procedure.
C. Press the test button until the resistivity, humidity, and temperature
test values are displayed on the LCD screen. These readings will
conform to: EIA, EOS/ESD, ANSI, IEC-93, CECC, and ASTM test
procedures. When performing tests, especially with higher resistance
materials, be sure the test lead wires do not touch each other or overlap
and that your hands are not in contact with the probes or wires during
the actual touching of the materials. This will ensure accurate readings
and prevent interference cross talk.

Figure 5 Ohm Stat - RT 1000 Point to ground (RTG) test

Calibration and Maintenance

The Ohm-Stat RT-1000 requires no service or maintenance except

for an occasional cleaning of the rubber on the internal and external
test probes. A mild soap and water solution will remove dirt or other
harmful contaminants from both the rubber probes and the meter
case. Harsher solvents will affect the rubber probes and therefore
should not be used. When the meter is not used for an extended
period of time remove the battery and the coil cords to prevent
damage due to battery leakage and probe jack damage. Do not use a
alkaline 9 volt battery with the AC/DC power converter. If a power
converter is used a re-chargeable battery is recommended.

The Ohm-Stat RT-1000 is calibrated to NIST traceable standards at

the factory. The calibration is done by using NIST traceable 1%
resistors , hygrometer and thermometer.. This method assures many
years of long life and accurate readings. Attaching 1% resistors to
the probes will verify this accuracy.
Figure 6 Ohm Stat CB - 9900 Calibration box

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Resistivity Test Ranges Dimensions : Current Limit:

1 X 10 3 – 9 X 10 6 ohms @ 10 volts
7.50 inch ( 19.05 cm ) L 1 milliamp DC current for 10 volts
1 X 10 6 – 9 X 10 12ohms @ 100 volts 4.00 inch (10.16 cm) W
1.5 inch (3.81 cm ) H. 0.1 milliamp DC current for 100 volts.
Power- Battery Supply
A 9 volt battery is supplied. If a Probes: Accuracy:
rechargeable battery is used, the
recharging can be done inside Two 2.87 inch (7.2 cm) 10 3 – 10 8 ohms +/-10%
the meter. long parallel, conductive
The 12 volt power supply is rubber re-placeable probes 10 9 -10 10 ohms +/-15%
both a adapter and a recharging on the bottom of the meter
device. With a 9 volt alkaline case. They conform to 10 11 - 10 12 ohms +/-25%
battery the expected life is ASTM, ANSI, and CECC
approximately 30 hours or 5000 standards. Zero:
twenty second measurements.
Two 5 pound (2.27 kg.), Automatic zeroing.
Using an adapter not designed 2.5 inch (6.4 cm) diameter ,
for this meter may cause serious conductive Shore A 50-60
damage negating the warranty durometer external rubber Power Switch :
on the meter. Only a 110 volt external probes-enclosed.
DC, center positive 200 mA Momentary on, press button
adapter is recommended. Two smock clip test Automatic zeroing
probes- are enclosed
A low battery indicator will Operating Conditions :
alert the user to replace a weak One 8 inch X 12 inch
battery. stainless steel probe to be 32 0 F-100 0 F (00-38 0 C)
used to test chairs and
If a weak battery is not replaced shoes are enclosed
the meter may continue to give
test readings, but these readings One ground tester to
should not be considered check on the electrical
accurate. ground is enclosed

OPTIONAL
ACCESSORIES.

One 5 pound concentric

Operating Conditions :
ring probe conforming to
EOS/ESD, ANSI and CECC
320F-1000 F (00C-38 0 C)
standards.
Display:
One 2 inch diameter , 6
inch long, dual probe to be
Two inline, thirty two .20" characters are
used to test the electrical
alpha numeric. The LCD displays
resistance of shoes and
all test results simultaneously.
wrist strap readings.
Meter Weight :
One miniature resistance
probe.
10.2 oz. (289 mg.). Meter and battery
only.

12 lbs. (5.476 kg. ) including meter,

adapter, probes, leads, and case.

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Figure 8 Powered by AC (110 Volts or 220 Volts) or 9 volt battery

Warranty Exclusion:

The foregoing express warranty is made in lieu of other product warranties express and implied, including merchantability
and fitness for a particular purpose which are specifically or directly disclaimed.

The express warranty will not apply to defects or damage due to neglect misuse, accidents, altercations, operator failure to
properly maintain, follow instructions, or failure to clean or repair products.

Limit of Warranty:

In no event will Static Solutions, Inc. or seller be responsible or liable for special, incidental or consequential losses or
damages , whether based on tort, contract, or the use or inability to use the product.

Before using, the product users shall determine the suitability of the product for their intended use. The users assume all
risk and liability whatsoever in connection therewith.

Fulfillment of Static Solutions, Inc.’s warranty obligations will be the customer’s exclusive remedy and Static Solutions, Inc.
and seller’s limit of liability for any breach of warranty or otherwise.

Any questions regarding these procedures or other questions should be directed to our Engineering staff or customer
service representative by calling 508.480.0700. Static Solutions Inc. Static Solutions Inc. 331 Boston Post Road-East
Marlboro. MA. 01752.
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RT-1000 Question and Answers

1. Why is it important to measure temperature and humidity ?

Answer- The humidity and temperature affect the electrical properties of the material being tested. The combination of low humidity
and low temperature will give the highest electrical resistance results or slowest dissipation times. At high humidity a thin layer of
water is condensed or absorbed on or in the material being tested. This is true of hydroscopic additives added to a material to
increase the electrical conductivity which is moisture absorbable. At elevated temperatures the mobility of free electrons is increased
thereby increasing the materials conductivity. This is especially true for carnon black , metallic oxides, metals, and other materials
added to a material which must be mobile or in close proximity. When the material is at a lower temperature built in stresses occur
which might increase the resistance due to increased distance between the conductive additives. Thus, humidity and temperature
must be known. It is possible to test or manufacture a material at high humidities and pass all the test specifications. But, when the
customer receives the material and uses it at a lower humidities, or temperature the material fails to pass the specifications.
Thus,causing rejects and loss of product. Another reason why one must measure and record this data is that ANSI/ESD Association
and European CECC recognizes the environmental affects and specifies in their standards that they measured and recorded.

For example both ESD S4.1 ESD Protective Worksurfaces section 6.2.4 and ESD S7.1-1994 Resistaive Characterization of Materials
Floor Materials sections 5.2.4 and 5.3.3 “Also report temperature and relative humidity at the time of testing”. ANSI/EOS/ESD-
S11.11-1993 Surface resistance measurement of Static Dissipative Planar Materials section 11.0 B. “report the conditioning period,
relative humidity, and temeperature.”

All parties must test and record the data using the same parameters in order to avoid problems. The manufacturer, distributor, sales
person, and customer must understand the environmental humidity and temperature parameters in order to not accept out of
specification materials or reject in specification materials. Both of these situations will cost money to rectify.

2. Why and when do you test at either 10 volts or 100 volts ?

Answer: In previous years people desiring to measure resistivity or resistance had to follow either the ASTM- D 264, ASTM- 991,
or NFPA 56A or NFPA 99. In these procedures people had to test at either 500 or 1000 volts. This caused concern regarding safety
to the person doing the tests. People wanting a smaller low cost meter measured the surface at 9 volts. 9 volts WILL NOT give the
accuracy that you need to perform the tests. In addition a 9 volt meter does not conform to EOS and 20/20 specifications.. At 9 volts
it is impossible to achieve accuracy at values higher than 10 7 ohms. These specifications require to measure both the humidity and
temperature. What resulted was confusion. Everybody was doing their own tests.Finally the ESD Association got together to
standardize the test procedures with all the organizations.
What was decided was at values higher than 10 6 ohms/square one must test at a constant 100 volts. At values lower than
10 6 ohms/sq. one must use 10 volts. This is explained in ANSI/EOS/ESD standards -S4.1,S7.1 and S11.11

3. Why is an alpha-numeric superior than an analog or LED display ?

Answer: Have you ever tried to interpret a value on an analog scale at high values, especially if your age is over 50 years old and
need glasses. It is very difficult to see and read !! The problem with LED displays are that it is difficult to determine where you are
on a specific decade. The advantage of a digital alpha-numeric display is that you can observe and track trends of a material over
time and it is easy to read and interpret.

4. With the meter can you use rechargeable batteries ?

Answer: Yes, the adapter is both a converter and a in meter re-charger. It is recommended to use only a rechargeable battery with
the power supply and do not use the power supply when using a conventional alkaline battery. It might cause leakage .

5. Can you use the meter without the external probes ?

Answer: Yes. The meter can be used with the built in parallel probes attached at the bottom the meter. This resistivity reading is in
ohms/square. This is a fast and quick way to measure the surface resistivity. This is a good simulation of the ASTM D-257 test
method with the meter power switch activated at a force of 5 pounds of pressure onto the built in parallel probes. Always remove
the coil cords from the meter when not using the external probes or when you use the bottom parallel resistivity probes. Because
there is no such thing as surface resistivity of two layer materials one can do a quick test for immediate evaluations.

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6. When the button is released and the value continues to display will this wear down the battery ?

Answer: No. Once the button is released the display is saved by a capacitor on the screen for a short time. No additional
power is used.

7. Is the meter manufactured in America, England or the Far East ?

Answer: The correct answer is America. Pride, quality, and quick delivery.

8. If I take consecutive readings do I have to re-zero the meter.

Answer: No. The meter is auto zeroing. There is no need to rezero.

9. What is RTT, RTG, volume resistance, resistivity ,concentric ring and bottom of meter parallel resistivity probes.) ?

Answer: RTT is resistance between two points. The values are in ohms. The procedure must conform
to EOS specifications. The humidity and temperature must be recorded. RTG is resistance between
ground and one point. The ground can be the common point ground which is on the mat or another
common ground connected to the wrist straps. Resistance is a better way to determine if the product
will work in actual usage, by actually duplicating the dissipation of static electricity from the worker
or product to the earth ground. Resistance, either surface or volume is a better incoming quality
control test since most of the products being tested is two layers and resistivity does not relate to two
layer mat products. In a two layer mat material the path to ground goes from the surface down to the
conductive layer across then up through the dissipative layer.
Volume resistance tests through the material layers –from the top through the bottom layer.
Resistivity is measured in ohms/square. The test are is usually a small square. The parallel probes on
the bottom measures ohms/square. The concentric ring or guarded electrode does the same but it
avoids stray readings around the ends of the probes and measure inside the two rings. To calculate
the resistivity from resistance multiply the resistance measurements by 10. The conversion factor of
10 is derived from the geometry of the electrode assembly.

10. When is the concentric ring electrode used to measure the resistivity values.

Answer: Because there was a possibility of the applied voltage (either 10 or 100 volts) going
around the parallel probes and giving an incorrect answer a concentric ring probe was developed
and explained in EOS/ESD-S11.11-1993 part 6.1.2. When the concentric ring probe is used a
multiplying factor of 10 must be used. Thus, one takes the reading in ohms (resistance) and
multiply by 10 in order to derive the desired correct answer in ohms/square. (resistivity).
Resistivity is usually perfomed as a quick quality control measurement for smaller dimensions.
Special miniature probes are available for really small limited space dimensions..

11. When the battery gets low can I still use the meter ?

Answer: Yes. The meter will display “low battery” if the battery gets low in power. But even in this situation
the meter will still perform and will still display accurate results. The meter has incorporated a “cut-out” level
in which the meter will stop functioning completely when the power level gets too low to maintain a constant
10 or 100 volts output. Yes, there will be power left in the battery due to a regulator to maintain this correct
level.

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12. If I measure high resistance materials will the applied voltage drop below 100 volts ?

Answer: No ! We are using a voltage converter which maintains constant 100 or 10 volts voltage over the
complete
resistance range. The EOS 20/20 specification says when measuring under 10 6 ohms use 10 volts and when
you test materials over 10 6 ohms use 100 volts.

13. If I damage a parallel probe electrode can they be replaced ?

Answer: Yes. For a nominal charge they can be replaced. When cleaning use a soap and water solution.
14. In order to satisfy companies achieving ISO-9000 certification are our meters NIST and CE mark traceable ?

Answer: The meters come with a NIST certificate when ordered. After one year the meters can be sent back to Static Solutions
for recalibration. The meters are CE mark tested.

15. I have to use the meter overseas . Can the meter be used with a 220-240 volts power supply ?

Answer: Yes. We supply a 120 volts adapter with the meter. In order to use 220 volts an easily purchased 12 volts DC 220 volt AC
adapter can be purchased and used with the meter. Static Solutions can supply this adapter at a nominal charge. Be sure to use a
100-150 milliamp female 2.5 mm wide, 5.5 mm lonmg positive center plug. Also make sure the wall plug will fit in the recepticle of the
country where the meter will be used. It might make sense to use 9 volts alkaline batteries overseas in order to avoid problems. Do
not use a power adapter when using a alkaline battery. It might leak or explode. When using a power adapter use a rechargeable
battery.

16. If the meter fails to work can it be fixed /?

Answer: Under one year the meter is fully warranted and will be fixed at no charge as long as the meter was not abused or
dropped. Contact the company at 508.480.0700 regarding a return authorization number after the warranty period expires.

17. Where can the meter be used ?

Answer: The meter can be used in all facets of material production including engineering, maintenance, quality
control, incoming inspection, manufacturing, research, or sales departments.

18. What industries can be the meter be used ?

Answer: Photographic , medical, cleanroom, electronics, automotive, pharmaceutical, research and coatings industries.

19. What products can be tested with this meter ?

Answer: Any and all materials that are electrically conductive , dissipative, or antistatic between 1000 ohms and 10 13 ohms.
Items include floor mats, table mats, conductive floor tiles, coatings, floor finishes, bags, containers, smocks, footwear, heel
grounders, wrist straps, and grounding straps.

20. What standards do this meter conform ?

Answer: The meter can test to the following standards: EOS/ESD-S4.1, S11.11, S7.1, NFPA-99A, ANSI, UL, ASTM-D-257,
ASTM-F150, Military, EIA-541, and CECC (European)

21. I noticed when I brought the meter in from the cold car the temperature and humidity seemed to be incorrect. Why ?

Answer: It takes approximately ½ hour for the meter to climatize to different environmental conditions before taking a
measurement. Allow the meter to stabilize to ensure the correct reading.

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22. What precautions should I take to ensure correct readings especially at high resistances i.e. 10 11 ohms, 10 12 ohms.

Answer: Do not touch the coiled cords or external probes when taking a reading at high resistance values. In addition do not
have the cords touch each other . The teadings may be higher than the resistance of the wire or probe paint insulation.

23. What solutions should I use to clean the meter or probes ?

Answer: Use a mild detergent water solution. Stronger solvents will attack the meter case and or probe rubber.

24. Why do I need a ground cord ?

Answer: When you are in an electric field (60 cycles AC) or at a potential higher higher than ground it helps to bring the meter
and circuit board to the same potential as the grounded material which is tested. The two cords act like an aerial and will receive
this electrical magnetic and radio interference and cause errors in the measurement. Grounding will eliminate this interference.

25. The meter did not work when I removed the cords from the external probes and tried to measure resistivity. Why ?

Answer: You must remove the cords from the meter to activate the probes on the bottom of the meter. The cords must also be
removed from the meter case. Merely detaching the cords from the probes will not activate the bottom parallel probes. Do not keep
the coil cords in the meter when not using the external probes. Occasionally due to stress the jack will not return to the original
position and the internal probes will not work and a code 20 or other error message will be displayed.

26. The external black rubber probes have tendency to mark white surfaces. What can I do to clean the surfaces
especially in clean rooms.

Answer: Place the probes on the surface and not move them while testing. If the meters are going into as clean room cleaning
off the surface after usage with alcohol is suggested.

27. I was carrying the case and it opened. Why?

Answer: There are two safety locks on the case which must be fully latched in order to prevent premature opening during
travel. Always check the case before carrying it offsite.

28. Can I charge the meter with the power supply?

Answer: Yes and no. You can charge the battery in the case only if you use a rechargeable battery. You CANNOT use an
alkaline battery with the AC adapter. It might cause problems and negates the warranty.

29. Can I use the meter to test chairs, and smocks?

Answer: First read the EOS specifications 12.1 and 2.1 . This will explain the procedures. You must use the correct probes
which are available from Static Solutions and are enclosed in the RT-1000 case.

30. What other accessories are available?

Answer: Probes to measure miniature or small size parts, probes to measure shoes, probes to measure wrist straps, and probes to
measure resistivity by the concentric ring procedure. We also enclose a probe to test whether the electrical ground is accurate.

A calibration box is also available. This CB-9000 is available from an authorized distributor of Static Solutions. The meter can
be sent back to Static Solutions in order to be calibrated and issued a NIST certificate.

Any questions regarding these procedures or other questions should be directed to our Engineering staff or customer service
representative by calling 508.480.0700. Static Solutions Inc.331 Boston Post Road-East Marlboro. MA. 01752.

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 Ohm-Stat™ RT-1000
CALIBRATION INSTRUCTIONS
1. Purchase 1%- 103-1012 ohm value resistors, high accuracy relative humidity
hygrometer, and a high accuracy thermometer. The resistors, hygrometer, and
thermometer must be NIST calibrated with a certificate of traceability.
2. Open meter being careful not to disturb or break the two wires connecting the
power button to the circuit board.
3 Observe on the right lower side of the meter printed circuit board three (3)
calibration pots.
4. ALLOW THE METER TO EQUILIBRATE AND NORMALIZE IN THE
ENVIRONMENT FOR 2 HOURS BEFORE TESTING.
5. Using the supplied coil cords attach the alligator clips to the banana plug ends of
the cords.
6. Insert the 3.5mm ends into the meter jacks.
7. Attach the ends of the resistors to the ends of the alligator clips.
8. The top one is for humidity. The middle one is for resistivity. The bottom one is
for temperature. Adjustment is done with a small screwdriver. Clockwise is to
increase the value, counter clockwise is to decrease the value.
9. Press the power button and compare the resistor value, humidity, and
temperature to the parameter to be calibrated.
10. Release the power button and slowly turn the correct adjustment pot.
11. Re-press the power button, and observe the LCD screen.
12. Re-press and adjust the pot if necessary.
13. Close case and tighten the 4 screws.
14. Press the power button to verify that the meter is working.
15. Record serial number and attach a NIST calibration certificate.
16. Record in data base for one year.

There is a conformal coating applied to the circuit board after calibration in order
to prevent inaccurate readings due to high humidity. Turning the adjustment screw
might be difficult. It will not hurt the meter.

***Should calibration traceable to the NIST be required, please call Static Solutions
Inc. directly to arrange for calibration.
For additional information please contact:

United Static Control Products

Email: techsupport@unitedscp.com
Prepared and written on: January 5, 2007 by Lenard Cohen
Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

ANSI/ESD S20.20-1999

for the Development of an

Electrostatic Discharge Control
Program for –

Protection of Electrical and Electronic

Parts, Assemblies and Equipment
(Excluding Electrically Initiated
Explosive Devices)


Electrostatic Discharge Association
7900 Turin Road, Bldg 3, Ste 2
Rome, NY 13440-2069

An American National Standard

Approved August 4, 1999
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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

ANSI/ESD-S20.20-1999

ESD Association Standardfor the Development of an

Electrostatic Discharge Control
Program for–

Protection of Electrical and Electronic

Parts, Assemblies and Equipment
(Excluding Electrically Initiated
Explosive Devices)

Approved May 16, 1999



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 Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.



 ESD Association standards and publications are designed to serve the
public interest by eliminating misunderstandings between manufacturers
Caution and purchasers, facilitating the interchangeability and improvement of
Notice products and assisting the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the
proper product for his particular needs. The existence of such standards
and publications shall not in any respect preclude any member or non-
member of the Association from manufacturing or selling products not
conforming to such standards and publications. Nor shall the fact that a
standard or publication is published by the Association preclude its
voluntary use by non-members of the Association whether the document
is to be used either domestically or internationally. Recommended
standards and publications are adopted by the ESD Association in
accordance with the ANSI Patent policy.

Interpretation of ESD Association Standards: The interpretation of

standards in-so-far as it may relate to a specific product or manufacturer
is a proper matter for the individual company concern and cannot be
undertaken by any person acting for the ESD Association. The ESD
Association Standards Chairman may make comments limited to an
explanation or clarification of the technical language or provisions in a
standard, but not related to its application to specific products and
manufacturers. No other person is authorized to comment on behalf of
the ESD Association on any ESD Association Standard.

Published by:

Electrostatic Discharge Association

7900 Turin Road, Building 3, Suite 2
Rome, NY 13440-2069

Copyright © 1999 by ESD Association

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in

an electronic retrieval system or otherwise, without the prior
written permission of the publisher.

Printed in the United States of America

ISBN: 1-58537-006-1

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

(This foreword is not part of ANSI/ESD Association Standard S20-1.29099)

Foreword

This standard covers the requirements necessary to design, establish, implement, and maintain an
Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control Program for activities that: manufacture, process, assemble, install,
package, label, service, test, inspect or otherwise handle electrical or electronic parts, assemblies and
equipment susceptible to damage by electrostatic discharges greater than or equal to 100 volts Human
Body Model (HBM). When handling devices susceptible to less than 100 volts HBM, more stringent ESD
Control Program Technical Requirements may be required, including adjustment of program Technical
Element Recommended Ranges. This document covers the control program requirements and offers
guidance to protect and handle ESD sensitive (ESDS) items, based on the historical experience of both
military and commercial organizations. References include, ESD Association, US Military and ANSI
approved standards for material properties and test methods. The fundamental ESD control principles
that form the basis of this document follow:

A. All conductors in the environment, including personnel, must be bonded or electrically

connected and attached to a known ground or contrived ground (as on shipboard or on
aircraft). This attachment creates an equipotential balance between all items and personnel.
Electrostatic protection can be maintained at a potential above a “zero” voltage ground
potential as long as all items in the system are at the same potential.

B. Necessary non-conductors in the environment cannot lose their electrostatic charge by

attachment to ground. Ionization systems provide neutralization of charges on these
necessary non-conductive items (circuit board materials and some device packages are
examples of necessary non-conductors). Assessment of the ESD hazard created by
electrostatic charges on the necessary non-conductors in the work place is required to ensure
that appropriate actions are implemented, commensurate with risk.

C. Transportation of ESDS items outside an Electrostatic Protected Area (hereafter referred

to as “Protected Area”) requires enclosure in static protective materials, although the type of
material depends on the situation and destination. Inside a Protected Area, low charging and
static dissipative materials may provide adequate protection. Outside a Protected Area, low
charging and static discharge shielding materials are recommended. While these materials
are not discussed in the document, it is important to recognize the differences in their
application.

Any relative motion and physical separation of materials or flow of solids, liquids, or particle-laden gases
can generate electrostatic charges. Common sources of ESD include personnel, items made from
common polymeric materials, and processing equipment. ESD can damage parts by direct contact with a
charged source or by electric fields emanating from charged objects that induce a charge on grounded or
capacitively coupled to ground sensitive items. It is possible to determine device and item susceptibility
by exposure to simulated electronic equivalent discharge circuits. The level of sensitivity determined by
test using these models may not necessarily relate to the level of sensitivity in a real life situation.
However, they are used to establish a baseline of susceptibility data for comparison of devices with
equivalent part numbers from different manufacturers. Three different models are used for
characterization of electronic components - Human Body Model (HBM), Machine Model (MM), and
Charged Device Model (CDM). It is important to recognize that these models, if used alone, are difficult to
apply in terms of specification setting activities. Examples of ESDS parts are microcircuits, discrete
semiconductors, thick and thin film resistors, hybrid devices and piezoelectric crystals.

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

Beneficial comments (recommendations, additions, deletions) and any pertinent data which may be of
use in improving this document should be addressed to:

ESD Association
7900 Turin Road, Bldg 3, Ste 2
Rome, NY 13440-2069

Committee Members:

Steve Gerken, Co-Chairman Dave Leeson, Co-Chairman David E. Swenson

USAF Motorola SSG 3M

Anthony Klinowski Garry McGuire Ronald J. Gibson

Boeing NASA (Hernandez Engineering) Celestica International

Thomas Mohler,
Raytheon Systems Corporation

Additional Contributing Individuals:

Ronald L. Johnson Robert Parr Joel Weidendorf

Intel Consultant Consultant

Donald E. Cross Sheryl Zayic Robert Cummings

USN Boeing NASA

Jeffrey Scanlon John T. Kinnear Jr. Ralph Myers

ASC IBM ASC

ii
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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

Table of Contents

1. PURPOSE .................................................................................................................................................1
2. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................................... 1
.
3. REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS.............................................................................................................1
4. DEFINITIONS ............................................................................................................................................2
5. PERSONNEL SAFETY............................................................................................................................ 2.
6. ESD CONTROL PROGRAM................................................................................................................... 2 .
6.0.1. ESD Control Program Requirements ..............................................................................................2
6.0.2. ESD Control Program Guidance .....................................................................................................3
6.0.3. Tailoring ...........................................................................................................................................3
6.1. ESD CONTROL PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE REQUIREMENTS .......................................................3
6.1.1. ESD Control Program Plan .............................................................................................................3
6.1.1.1. ESD Control Program Plan Requirement ................................................................................................. 3
6.1.1.2. ESD Control Program Plan Guidance ...................................................................................................... 3
6.1.2. Training Plan ...................................................................................................................................3
6.1.2.1. Training Plan Requirement ....................................................................................................................... 3
6.1.2.2. Training Plan Guidance ............................................................................................................................ 3
6.1.3. Compliance Verification Plan ..........................................................................................................3
6.1.3.1. Compliance Verification Plan Requirement .............................................................................................. 3
6.1.3.2. Compliance Verification Plan Guidance ................................................................................................... 4
6.2. ESD CONTROL PROGRAM PLAN TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................................4
6.2.1. Grounding / Bonding Systems ........................................................................................................4
6.2.1.1. Grounding / Bonding Systems Requirements ........................................................................................... 4
6.2.1.2. Grounding / Bonding Systems Guidance .................................................................................................. 4
6.2.2. Personnel Grounding ......................................................................................................................4
6.2.2.1. Personnel Grounding Requirements ........................................................................................................ 4
6.2.2.2. Personnel Grounding Guidance ............................................................................................................... 4
6.2.3. Protected Areas ...............................................................................................................................4
6.2.3.1. Protected Areas Requirement .................................................................................................................. 4
6.2.3.2. Protected Areas Guidance ....................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.4. Packaging ........................................................................................................................................5
6.2.4.1. Packaging Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.4.2. Packaging Guidance ................................................................................................................................ 5
6.2.5. Marking ............................................................................................................................................6
6.2.5.1. ESDS Assemblies and Equipment ........................................................................................................... 5
6.2.5.2. Packaging................................................................................................................................................. 5
6.2.6. Equipment .......................................................................................................................................5
6.2.6.1. AC Powered Tools ................................................................................................................................... 5
6.2.6.2. Battery Powered and Pneumatic Hand Tools ........................................................................................... 6
6.2.6.3. Automated Handlers ................................................................................................................................. 6
6.2.7. Handling ..........................................................................................................................................6
6.2.7.1. Handling Procedure Requirements .......................................................................................................... 6
6.2.7.2. Handling Procedure Guidance ................................................................................................................. 6
7. APPENDIX A- SENSITIVITY TESTING......................................................................................9..
7.1. ESD SENSITIVITY TESTING.................................................................................................................................................. 9
7.1.1. Human Body Model Sensitivity: ......................................................................................................9
7.1.2. Machine Model Sensitivity: ..............................................................................................................9
7.1.3. Charged Device Model Sensitivity: .................................................................................................9
7.2. ASSEMBLY, EQUIPMENT AND DESIGN HARDENING ........................................................................................................ 10
7.2.1. Assembly, Equipment and Design Hardening Guidance: ............................................................ 10
7.2.2. Direct Contact, Non-Operating Assembly, Body/Finger or Hand/Metal Tests: ............................ 10
7.2.3. Direct Contact Operating Equipment Hand/Metal Test: ............................................................... 10
7.2.4. Indirect Contact, Operating Equipment Furniture Model Test:..................................................... 10

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

8. APPENDIX B- RELATED DOCUMENTS.............................................................................................. 1.1

8.1. MILITARY/U.S. GOVERNMENT ............................................................................................................................................ 11
8.2. INDUSTRY STANDARDS......................................................................................................................................................... 11

Table of Tables
TABLE 1 ESD CONTROL PROGRAM TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS SUMMARY ....................................................................... 7
TABLE 2 ESD SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST REFERENCES FOR DEVICES ......................................................................................... 9
TABLE 3 ESD SUSCEPTIBILITY TEST REFERENCES FOR ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIPMENT.................................................. 10

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

ANSI/ESD Association Standard S2020-1999

ESD Associatoi n Standard for the ANSI EOS/ESD S 3.1 EOS/ESD Association
Development of an Electrostatic Discharge Standard for the Protection of Electrostatic
1
Control Program for Discharge Susceptible Items - Ionization

ESD S 4.1 ESD Association Standard Test Method

PROTECTION OF ELECTRICAL for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
AND ELECTRONIC PARTS, Susceptible Items - Worksurfaces - Resistive
1
ASSEMBLIES AND EQUIP
MENT Characterization
(EXCLUDING ELECTRICA
LLY INITIATED ESD STM 4.2 ESD Association Standard Test
EXPLOSIVE DEVICES) Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
1. PURPOSE Susceptible Items - Worksurfaces - Charge
1
Dissipation Characteristics
The purpose of this Standard is to provide
administrative and technical requirements, as well as ESD STM 5.1 ESD Association Standard for
guidance for establishing, implementing and Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Sensitivity Testing -
1
maintaining an ESD Control Program (here after Human Body Model (HBM) Component Level
referred to as the “Program”).
ESD STM 5.2 ESD Association Standard for
2. SCOPE Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Sensitivity Testing -
1
Machine Model (MM) Component Level
This document applies to activities that:
manufacture, process, assemble, install, package, ESD DS 5.3.1 ESD Association Standard for
label, service, test, inspect or otherwise handle Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Sensitivity Testing -
electrical or electronic parts, assemblies and 1
Charged Device Model (CDM) Component Level
equipment susceptible to damage by electrostatic
discharges greater than or equal to 100 volts Human ANSI EOS/ESD S 6.1 EOS/ESD Association
Body Model. This document does not apply to Standard for the Protection of Electrostatic
electrically initiated explosive devices, flammable Discharge Susceptible Items - Grounding -
1
liquids and powders. Recommended Practice
3. REFERENCED PUBLICATIONS ANSI/ESD S 7.1 ESD Association Standard Test
Unless otherwise specified, the following documents Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
of the latest issue, revision or amendment, form a Susceptible Items - Resistive Characterization of
1
part of this standard to the extent specified herein. Materials - Floor Materials

EOS/ESD ADV 1.0 EOS/ESD Association Glossary EOS/ESD S 8.1 EOS/ESD Association Standard for
of Terms
1 the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible
1
Items - Symbols - ESD Awareness
ESD S1.1 ESD Association Standard Test Method
for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge ESD S 9.1 ESD Association Standard Test Method
Susceptible Items - Wrist Straps
1 for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
Susceptible Items - Footwear - Resistive
1
ESD ADV 2.0 ESD Association Advisory for the Characterization
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible
Items – Handbook
1 ESD DSP 10.1 ESD Association Draft Standard for
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible
ESD STM 2.1 ESD Association Standard Test Items – Automated Handling
Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
Susceptible Items – Garments
1 ANSI/EOS/ESD S 11.11 EOS/ESD Association
Standard for the Protection of Electrostatic
Discharge Susceptible Items - Surface Resistance
1
Measurement of Static Dissipative Planar Materials
1
ESD Association, 7900 Turin Road, Bldg 3, Ste 2,
Rome, NY 13440-2069, 315-339-6937

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.
ANSI/ESD-S20.20-1999

ESD DS 11.12 ESD Association Standard for the MIL-STD-883 Method 3015, Department of Defense,
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible Test Method Standard, Microcircuits, Electrostatic
2
Items - Volume Resistance Measurement of Static Discharge Sensitivity Classification
1
Dissipative Planar Materials
MIL-STD-2073-1 Department of Defense, Standard
2
ESD ADV 11.2 ESD Association Advisory for the Practice for Military Packaging
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible
1 MIL-PRF-19500 Performance Specification, General
Items - Triboelectric Charge Accumulation Testing 2
Specification for Semiconductor Devices
ANSI/ESD S 11.31 ESD Association Standard for
Evaluating the Performance of Electrostatic QML-19500 Qualified Manufacturers List of Products
1 Qualified Under Military Specification MIL-PRF-
Discharge Shielding Materials - Bags
19500, General Specification for Semiconductor
2
ESD STM 12.1 ESD Association Standard Test Device
Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge
Susceptible Items - Seating - Resistive MIL-PRF-38535 Performance Specification, General
1 Specification for Integrated Circuits (Microcircuits)
Characterization 2
Manufacturing
ESD DS 13.1 ESD Association Standard for
Measuring Electrical Potential from Soldering/ QML-38535 Qualified Manufacturers list of
1 Advanced Microcircuits Qualified Under Military
Desoldering Hand Tools
Specification MIL-PRF-38535, General
2
ESD ADV 53.1 ESD Association Advisory for the Requirements for Microcircuits Manufacturing
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible 3
1 VZAP, Electrostatic Discharge Susceptibility Data
Items - ESD Protective Workstations
4. DEFINITIONS
ESD STM 97.1 ESD Association Standard Test
Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge The terms used in the body of this document are in
Susceptible Items - Floor Materials and Footwear - accordance with the definitions found in EOS/ESD
Resistance Measurement in combination with a Association Glossary of Terms, EOS/ESD ADV 1.0.
1
Person
5. PERSONNEL SAFETY
ESD STM 97.2 ESD Association Standard Test The Procedures and equipment described in this
Method for the Protection of Electrostatic Discharge document may expose personnel to hazardous
Susceptible Items - Floor Materials and Footwear - electrical conditions. Users of this document are
1
Voltage Measurement on a Person responsible for selecting equipment that complies
with applicable laws, regulatory codes and both
ANSI C63.16 "American National Standard Guide for
external and internal policy. Users are cautioned
Electrostatic Discharge Test Methodologies and
that this document cannot replace or supersede any
Criteria for Electronic Equipment"
requirements for personnel safety.
IEC 1000-4-2, "Electromagnetic Compatibility for
Ground fault circuit interrupters (GFCI) and other
Industrial Process Measurement and Control
safety protection should be considered wherever
Equipment, Part 2; Electrostatic Discharge
personnel might come into contact with electrical
Requirements"
sources.
IEEE STD C62.38, "IEEE Guide on ESD: ESD
Electrical hazard reduction practices should be
Withstand Capability Evaluation Methods (for
exercised and proper grounding instructions for
Electronic Equipment Subassemblies)"
equipment must be followed.
MIL-STD-750 Method 1020, Military Standard, Test 6. ESD CONTROL PROGRAM
Methods for Semiconductors Devices, Electrostatic
2 6.0.1. ESD Control Program Requirements
Discharge Sensitivity (ESDS) Classification
The Program shall include both Administrative and
Technical Requirements as described herein. The
2
Defense Printing Service Detachment Office, Bldg
3
4D (NPM-DODSSP), 700 Robbins Ave., IIT Research Institute, 201 Mill, Rome, NY 13440,
Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, 215-697-5164 315-336-2359

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.

ANSI/ESD-S20.20-1999

most sensitive level of the items to be handled in above a specified sensitivity level; identify
accordance with the Program shall be documented. organizational responsibilities for the tasks and
The Organization shall establish, document, activities; and list directive or supportive documents
implement, maintain and verify the compliance of used in the Program. The Plan should include a
the Program in accordance with the requirements of listing of the specific type of ESD protective
this document. materials and equipment used in the Program. A
major element in an effective Plan is the assessment
6.0.2. ESD Control Program Guidance
of the ESD susceptibility of parts, assemblies and
The primary objective of a Program is to provide equipment and their required protection levels. A
continuous ESD protection. Electrostatic control and common method for establishing ESD sensitivity
protection entails implementation of Program limits is to use one or more of the three ESD models
requirements during design, production, inspection, used for characterization of electronic items. These
test, storage, shipment, installation, use, are HBM, MM, and CDM (see Appendix A). The
maintenance, replacement and repair functions. selection of specific ESD control procedures or
6.0.3. Tailoring materials is at the option of the Plan preparer and
should be based on risk assessment and the
This document, or portions thereof, may not apply to established electrostatic discharge sensitivities of
all applications. Tailoring is accomplished by parts, assemblies, and equipment. The Plan should
evaluating the applicability of each requirement for ensure that the Organization and suppliers of ESD
the specific application. Upon completion of the sensitive items have established and implemented a
evaluation, requirements may be added, modified or Program in accordance with this document.
deleted. Tailoring decisions, including rationale,
shall be documented in the ESD Control Program 6.1.2. Training Plan
Plan (hereafter referred to as the “Plan”).
6.1.2.1 Training Plan Requirement
6.1 ESD CONTROL PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIVE Initial and recurrent ESD awareness and prevention
REQUIREMENTS training shall be provided to all personnel who
6.1.1 ESD Control Program Plan handle or otherwise come into contact with any
ESDS items. The type and frequency of ESD
6.1.1.1. ESD Control Program Plan Requirement training for personnel shall be defined in the Training
The Organization shall prepare an ESD Control Plan. The Training Plan shall document the
Program Plan that addresses each of the procedures for recording this training in personnel
requirements of the Program. Those requirements training records. Training methods and the use of
are: The Plan, Training, Compliance Verification and specific techniques are of the Organization’s option.
ESD Control Program Plan Technical Requirements. The option that is selected shall include an objective
The Plan is the principal document for implementing evaluation technique to ensure trainee
and verifying the Program. The goal is a fully comprehension and training adequacy.
implemented and integrated Program that conforms 6.1.2.2. Training Plan Guidance
to internal quality system requirements. The Plan
Recurrent ESD training for personnel is an integral
shall address the requirements as described herein part of the Program. ESD training includes initial
and shall apply to all applicable facets of the and recurrent training required to reinforce program
Organization’s work. The Plan shall contain the
requirements and modifications based upon
specific requirements for the organization and be
lessons-learned. New technologies and correction
evolutionary as technologies, processes or
of deficiencies identified during reviews and audits
procedures change. If there is a contractual
should also be part of the training process. The
requirement for device or assembly testing, options training requirements should be developed in
for determining ESD Sensitivity include QPL-19500, conjunction with the Organization’s handling
QML-38535, VZAP data or manufacturer’s data
procedures for ESDS parts, assemblies and
sheets. Efforts to identify and eliminate defects, and
equipment.
prevent their introduction, shall be a component of
the Plan to reduce the cost and risk associated with 6.1.3. Compliance Verification Plan
ESD damage. 6.1.3.1 Compliance Verification Plan Requirement
6.1.1.2. ESD Control Program Plan Guidance A Compliance Verification Plan shall be established
The Plan should describe the scope of the Program; to ensure the organization’s compliance with the
describe the tasks, activities, and procedures requirements of the Plan. Formal audits or
necessary to protect ESD sensitive items at or certifications shall be conducted in accordance with

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.
ANSI/ESD-S20.20-1999

a Compliance Verification Plan that identifies the electrical potential. As a minimum, ESDS items,
requirements to be verified, and the frequency at personnel and other related conductors shall be
which those verifications must occur. Test bonded or electrically interconnected.
equipment shall be selected to make measurements 6.2.1.2. Grounding / Bonding Systems Guidance
of appropriate properties of the technical
In most cases, the third wire (green) AC equipment
requirements that are incorporated into the ESD 4
ground is the preferred choice for ground . When
program plan.
the third wire AC equipment ground is not available
6.1.3.2. Compliance Verification Plan Guidance or impractical to use, personnel should be bonded or
In addition to internal audits, external audits electrically connected to a conductive element of the
(Organization and supplier of ESDS items) should ESDS item using a wrist strap or other grounding
be performed to ensure compliance with planned system to ensure that all elements are at the same
requirements. Verifications should include routine electrical potential.
checks of the Technical Requirements in the Plan.
6.2.2. Personnel Grounding
The frequency of verification checks should be
based on the control item usage, its durability and 6.2.2.1. Personnel Grounding Requirements
associated risk of failure. All personnel shall be bonded or electrically
6.2. ESD CONTROL PROGRAM PLAN connected to ground or contrived ground when
TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS handling ESD sensitive items. When personnel are
seated at ESD protective workstations, they shall be
Table 1 identifies and describes key Technical connected to the common point ground via a wrist
Requirements used in the development of a strap system.
Program and Plan. Note that for each Technical
Requirement there are required or optional NOTE: The Organization must be aware of
implementing processes or methods (shown with an local safety laws and/or codes when
“R” or “O” in Table 1) from which to fulfill each grounding personnel while working with
Technical Requirement. In a case where there is a energized equipment.
required implementing process or method within the
Technical Requirements, the implementing process 6.2.2.2 Personnel Grounding Guidance
or method shall be used. If there are additional The personnel grounding system in all cases
optional elements, they may or may not be includes the person, the control item(s) and
implemented in the Plan. If a Technical connection to ground. A log should be maintained
Requirement only contains optional elements, which verifies that personnel have tested their
(shown with an “O”) then at least one of the options personal grounding devices. Personnel should
must be implemented by the Plan. The Plan shall check constant monitoring devices (when used) to
include test methods, acceptance limits and periodic ensure that they are functional and operating before
testing intervals. Area 1 shown on Table 1 is ESDS products are handled. In addition, constant
intended to designate permanent ESD controlled monitoring devices should be functionally checked
areas such as manufacturing, production or periodically to ensure that they are operating as
distribution facilities. Area 2 shown on Table 1 is designed. ESD protective flooring, used with
intended to designate temporary ESD controlled approved footwear, may be used as an alternative to
areas such as field service or other remote locations the wrist strap system for standing operations.
that are not normally equipped as a Protected Area. Footwear includes foot grounders, shoes or booties.
Test methods used by the organization that differ When equipment ground or auxiliary ground
from the test method or reference in Table 1 shall be systems are not available, bonding or electrical
documented. Additional guidance may be obtained connections (contrived ground) may be used.
in ESD ADV 2.0 ESD Association Advisory for the
Protection of Electrostatic Discharge Susceptible 6.2.3. Protected Areas
Items – Handbook 6.2.3.1. Protected Areas Requirement
6.2.1. Grounding / Bonding Systems Handling of ESDS parts, assemblies and equipment
without ESD protective covering or packaging shall
6.2.1.1. Grounding / Bonding Systems be performed in a Protected Area. Caution signs
Requirements indicating the existence of the Protected Area shall
Grounding/Bonding Systems shall be used to ensure
that ESDS items, personnel and any other 4
The color of third wire equipment ground can vary
conductors (e.g. mobile equipment) are at the same with local, national or international electric codes.

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Information Solutions Strategies and Innovations Static Solutions Inc.
ANSI/ESD-S20.20-1999

be posted and clearly visible to personnel prior to 6.2.4.2. Packaging Guidance

entry to the Protected Area. ESDS items shall be ESD protective packaging techniques vary widely.
packaged in ESD protective packaging while not in a Some of these types and techniques include low
Protected Area. Access to the Protected Area shall charge generating bags and wraps, air space,
be limited to personnel who have completed dissipative wrap, static shielding, conductive shunts
appropriate ESD training. Trained personnel shall and the use of EMI/RFI shielding. All or some of
escort untrained individuals while in a Protected these packaging types may be used in conjunction
Area. All nonessential insulators, such as those with one another to achieve a level of protection
made of plastics and paper (e.g. coffee cups, food commensurate with the item being protected. If the
wrappers and personal items) must be removed user does not know the sensitivity of the items being
from the workstation. Ionization or other charge used, static shielding packaging should be used.
mitigating techniques shall be used at the Materials include topically treated polyethylene
workstation to neutralize electrostatic fields on all sheets and film, specially coated corrugated cartons,
process essential insulators (e.g. ESDS device carbon-loaded plastics, metalized plastic film and
parts, device carriers and specialized tools) if the various foils. The objective of ESD protective
electrostatic field is considered a threat. packaging is to prevent a direct electrostatic
6.2.3.2. Protected Areas Guidance discharge to the ESDS item contained within and
A Protected Area may be a single workstation (fixed allow for dissipation of charge from the exterior
or portable), laboratory, room, building or any other surface. In addition, the packaging should minimize
area with pre-designated boundaries that contains charging of the ESDS item in response to an
materials and equipment designed to limit external electrostatic field and triboelectrification.
electrostatic potentials. Humidity control may be a Users should be aware that some packaging
key element in an ESD control program. Propensity materials may be humidity dependent and may have
for charge generation and accumulation increases limited shelf life. They may also lose static shielding
with a reduction in humidity. properties by crumpling, puncturing and folding.
Packaging materials may outgas, contaminate or
All process essential insulators that have shed particles that may cause production-related
electrostatic fields that exceed 2,000 volts should be problems. It is important that the Organization
kept at a minimum distance of 12 inches from ESDS evaluate ESDS protective packaging materials for
items. 2,000 volts is a measure of the electrostatic process, storage and environmental compatibility.
field at the point of measurement and is not
necessarily directly related to the electrical potential 6.2.5. Marking
of the item. The accurate measurement of 6.2.5.1. ESDS Assemblies and Equipment
electrostatic fields requires that the person making
ESDS assemblies and equipment containing ESDS
the measurement is familiar with the operation of the
parts and assemblies should be marked with an
measuring equipment. Most hand held meters
ESD caution symbol, (i.e., EOS/ESD S8.1). The
require that the reading be taken at a fixed distance
symbol should also be located on equipment in a
from the object. Equipment manufacturers typically
position readily visible to personnel. In addition, the
specify that the object being measured needs to
symbol should be located in a position readily visible
have certain minimum dimensions. Objects smaller
when an ESDS assembly is incorporated into its
than the minimum dimensions may not provide an
next higher assembly.
accurate reading. Additional guidance related to
Protected Areas may be obtained in ESD ADV 2.0. 6.2.5.2. Packaging
ESD protective packaging should be marked in
6.2.4. Packaging
accordance with EOS/ESD S8.1 or MIL-STD-2073-1
6.2.4.1. Packaging Requirements for Military applications.
ESD protective packaging and package marking 6.2.6. Equipment
shall be in accordance with the contract, purchase
Further guidance regarding equipment can be found
order, drawing or other documentation. When the
in ESD-ADV-2.0.
contract, purchase order, drawing or other
documentation does not define ESD protective 6.2.6.1. AC Powered Tools
packaging, the Organization shall define ESD The working part of AC powered tools should be
protective packaging requirements for ESDS items capable of providing a conductive path to ground.
within the Plan. Packaging shall be defined for all New powered hand tools such as soldering irons
material movement within Protected Areas, between
job sites and field service operations.

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typically should have a tip to ground resistance of 6.2.7. Handling

less than 1.0 ohm. 6.2.7.1. Handling Procedure Requirements
Note - This resistance may increase with ESD protective handling procedures shall be
use but should be less than 20.0 ohms for established, documented, and implemented.
verification purposes. Handling procedures are required for all areas
6.2.6.2. Battery Powered and Pneumatic Hand where ESDS items are manually or machine
Tools processed. When outside their protective covering
or packaging, ESDS items shall be handled only in a
Battery powered and pneumatic hand tools while
Protected Area.
being held should have a resistance to ground of
12
less than 1 X 10 ohms. 6.2.7.2. Handling Procedure Guidance
6.2.6.3. Automated Handlers Handling procedures should address all operations
and locations where ESDS items will be handled in
All conductive or static dissipative components of
protected and unprotected areas.
automated handling equipment should provide a
continuous conductive path to ground, whether
stationary or in motion. The equipment should
minimize charge generation of the ESDS items that
are handled. Where insulative materials are
necessary in the device path, they should be
designed to minimize electric fields and the charge
imparted to devices being handled.

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Table 1- ESD Control Program e

Tchnical Requirements Summary
(See paragraph 6.2 for further guidance regarding alternate test methods.)
Reference Implementing Process Area Area Test Method, Recommended
Technical 5
Paragraph or Method 1 2 Standard or Range
Requirement
Mfg. Field Advisory
Grounding / 6.2.1 ANSI EOS/
Bonding ESD S 6.1
Systems
Equipment Ground R O ANSI EOS/ < 1.0 ohm
ESD S 6.1 AC Impedance
Auxiliary Ground O O ANSI EOS/ < 1.0 ohm
ESD S 6.1 AC Impedance
9 6
Equipotential Bonding O O ESD ADV 2.0 < 1.0 X 10 ohm
Common Point Ground R O ANSI EOS/ < 1.0 ohm
ESD S 6.1 AC Impedance
Personnel 6.2.2
Ground
Wrist Strap System ESD S 1.1 < 35 X 10 ohm
6 7

Seated Operations R R
Standing Operations O O
Flooring – Footwear O O ESD STM 97.1 < 35 X 10 ohm
6 6

System or or
ESD STM 97.2 < 100 Volts
6

Protected Area 6.2.3

Work Surface O O ESD S 4.1 9
< 1 X 10 ohm

ESD STM4.2 6
< 200 Volts
Wrist Strap Cord O O ESD S 1.1 6
0.8 X 10 to
6
1.2 X 10 ohm
9 7
Footwear O O ESD S 9.1 < 1 X 10 ohm
ANSI ESD S 7.1 9 7
Flooring O O < 1 X 10 ohm
Seating O O ESD STM 9 7
< 1 X 10 ohm
12.1
Ionization (other than O O ANSI EOS/ESD < 50 Volts
6
room systems) S 3.1 Voltage Offset
Ionization (room O O ANSI EOS/ESD < 150 Volts
5
systems) S 3.1 Voltage Offset
Shelving O O ESD ADV 9 7
< 1 X 10 ohm
53.1
9 6
Mobile Equipment O O < 1 X 10 ohm
Continuous Monitors O O Manufacturer N/A
Specification

5
The values in the Recommended Range are obtained by using the Test Method, Standard or Advisory
provided in this table. See paragraph 6.2 for further guidance regarding alternate test methods.
6
This is a proposed value that has not been substantiated by any standard.
7
This value differs from the value in current standards. There is work in progress to harmonize the value.

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Reference Implementing Area Area Recommended

Technical Test Method, 5
Paragraph Process or Method 1 2 Range
Requirement Standard or
Mfg. Field
Advisory
Signs R O N/A
6.2.4 ESDS Item Packaging R R See ESD Packaging N/A
Technical
Requirement
6.2.6 Equipment ESD ADV 2.0
6
6.2.6.1 AC Powered Tools O O ESD DS 13.1 < 1.0 ohm
6.2.6.2 Battery Powered and O O < 1 X 10
12
ohms
6

Pneumatic Hand Tools

6.2.6.3 Automated Handlers O O ESD DSP 10.1
5 11
Garment O O ESD STM 2.1 1 X 10 to 1x10
ohms
Protective Material O O ESD S8.1
Marking
6
Humidity O O N/A > 30% Rh < 70%
ESD 6.2.4
Packaging
Conductive O O 4
EOS/ESD < 1 X 10 ohms
S11.11
Dissipative O O  1 X 10 to
EOS/ESD 4

S11.11 11
< 1 X 10 ohms
ESD DS11.12
6
Shielding O O ESD S11.31 < 50 nJ
Low Charging O O ESD ADV 11.2
Protective Material O O EOS/ESD S8.1
Marking

R-Required implementing process or method

O- Optional implementing process or method

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7. APPENDIX A - SENSITIVITY TESTING

7.1. ESD Sensitivity Testing
Technical literature and failure analysis data exist that indicates ESD failures are due to a complex series
of interrelated effects. Some of the factors that influence ESD sensitivity include the ESD current and
energy envelope, the rise time of the ESD event, device design, fabrication technology and device
package style. Energy sensitive devices are damaged by currents through the resistance of a bipolar
junction, protection resistor, or protection MOS transistor. Voltage sensitive devices are damaged when
the breakdown voltage is exceeded. ESD Sensitivity Testing of devices, whether performed using the
Charged Device Model (CDM), Machine Model (MM) or the Human Body Model (HBM), provide ESD
sensitivity levels for the comparison of one device to another using defined parameters. The ESD
sensitivity of the device (defined in volts), as determined by using any of the defined models, may not be
the actual failure voltage level in the manufacturing, process or user environment. Table 2 provides a
reference for various standards and test methods for ESD sensitivity testing.
7.1.1. Human Body Model Sensitivity:
A source of ESD damage is the charged human body, as modeled by HBM standards. This testing
model represents the discharge from the fingertip of a standing individual delivered to the conductive
leads of the device. It is modeled by a 100 pF capacitor discharged through a switching component and
1,500 ohm series resistor into the device under test. The discharge itself is a double exponential
waveform with a rise time of 2-10 nanoseconds and a pulse duration of approximately 150 nanoseconds.
The use of a 1,500 ohm series resistor means this model approximates a current source. All devices
should be considered as HBM sensitive. The HBM ESD sensitivity of devices may be determined by
testing the device using one of the referenced test methods. HBM sensitivities can be found in RAC
VZAP, Qualified Manufacturers, List of Products (QML-19500) or Qualified Manufacturer List (QML-
38535).
7.1.2. Machine Model Sensitivity:
A source of damage for the MM is a rapid transfer of energy from a charged conductor to the conductive
leads of the device. This ESD model is a 200 pF capacitor discharged through a 500 nH inductor directly
into the device with no series resistor. Due to the lack of a series current limiting resistor, this model
approximates a voltage source. In the real world this model represents a rapid discharge from items such
as, charged board assembly, charged cables, or the conduction arm of an automatic tester. The
discharge itself is a sinusoidal decaying waveform with a rise time of 5-8 nanoseconds and a period of
approximately 80 nanoseconds.
7.1.3. Charged Device Model Sensitivity:
A source of damage for the CDM is the rapid discharge of energy from a charged device. The ESD event
is totally device dependent, but its location relative to ground can influence the failure level in the real
world. The assumption for this test model is that the device itself has become charged and rapid
discharge occurs when the charged device’s conductive leads contact a metallic surface, which is at a
different potential. A major issue with the preparation of a CDM test standard is the availability of suitable
instrumentation to measure the discharge event. The waveform rise time is often less than 200
picoseconds. The entire event can take place in less than 2.0 nanoseconds. Although very short in
duration, current levels can reach several tens of amperes during discharge.

Table 2 - ESD Susceptibility Test References for Devices

ESD ESD Standards and Methods for Susceptibility Testing of
MODEL Devices
HBM ESD STM5.1
MIL-STD-883 Method 3015
MIL-STD-750 Method 1020
MIL-PRF-19500
MIL-PRF-38535
MM ESD-STM5.2
CDM ESD DS5.3.1

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7.2. Assembly, Equipment and Design Hardening

7.2.1. Assembly, Equipment and Design Hardening Guidance:

Assemblies and equipment should have protective circuitry or techniques to meet the desired design
goals. Determining the ESD susceptibility of assemblies and equipment may be based on simulation
modeling, or actual testing. Table 3 provides a quick reference for various test methods associated with
assembly and equipment susceptibility testing.
7.2.2. Direct Contact, Non-Operating Assembly, Body/Finger or Hand/Metal Tests:
This model can be used to verify that assemblies will not be damaged during non-operating conditions by
direct contact to input, output and interface connections. This threat applies to all types of assemblies,
see Table 3.
7.2.3. Direct Contact Operating Equipment Hand/Metal Test:
This model can be used to verify that operating equipment will not be damaged (or non-recoverable faults
will not be injected) by direct contact to operator accessible points and exposed surface areas during the
normal maintenance process. This threat is limited to equipment subject to operator adjustments or
maintenance activities during operation, see Table 3.
7.2.4. Indirect Contact, Operating Equipment Furniture Model Test:
This model can be used to verify that operating equipment in a home or office environment will not be
damaged (or non-recoverable faults will not be injected) by indirect contact during normal activities
performed within the proximity of the equipment. This threat applies to all electronic equipment in a home
or office environment. See Table 3

Table 3 - ESD Susceptibility Test References for Assemblies and Equipment

ESD Assembly/Equipment Model ESD Test Standard or Method
Body/Finger HBM IEEE STD C62.38 (Sub-Assembly)
Hand/Metal HBM IEC 1000-4-2
ANSI C63.16 (Equipment)
Furniture Model ANSI C63.16 (Equipment)

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8. APPENDIX B- RELATED DOCUMENTS

The following documents are listed for further reference. Some documents may be canceled. However,
this listing provides a reference of documents reviewed during the preparation of this standard.
8.1. Military/U.S. Government:
FED-STD-101, "Federal Test Method Standard"

MIL-B-117, "Bags, Sleeves and Tubing--Interior Packaging"

MIL-PRF-81705, "Barrier Materials, Flexible, Electrostatic Free, Heat Sealable"

MIL-E-17555, "Electronic and Electrical Equipment, Accessories, and Provisioned Items (Repair
Parts): Packaging of"

MIL-HDBK-263, "Electrostatic Discharge Control Handbook for Protection of Electrical and

Electronic Parts, Assemblies, and Equipment (Excluding Electrically-Initiated Explosive Devices)"

MIL-M-38510, "General Specification for Military Microcircuits"

MIL-P-82646, "Plastic Film, Conductive, Heat Sealable, Flexible"

MIL-PRF-87893, “Workstations, Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) Control”

MIL-STD-129, "Marking for Shipment and Storage"

MIL-STD-1285, "Marking of Electrical and Electronic Parts"

MIL-STD-1686, "Electrostatic Discharge Control Program for Protection of Electrical and

Electronic Parts, Assemblies and Equipment (Excluding Electrically Initiated Explosive Devices)"

MMA-1985-79, Revision 3, “Standard Test Method for Evaluating Triboelectric Charge

Generation and Decay”
8.2. Industry Standards:
ANSI/IEEE-STD-142, "IEEE Green Book (IEEE Recommended Practice for Grounding of
Industrial and Commercial Power Systems)"

ANSI/EIA-625, "Requirements for Handling Electrostatic-Discharge-Sensitive (ESDS) Devices"

ANSI/EIA-541, “Packaging of Electronic Products for Shipment”

ANSI/EIA-583, “Packaging Material Standards for Moisture Sensitive Items”

ESD-ADV3.2, “Selection and Acceptance of Air Ionizers”

ESDSIL, "Reliability Analysis Center (RAC) ESD Sensitive Items List"

EIA-471, “Symbol and Label for Electrostatic Sensitive Devices”

IEC 61340-5-1, “Protection of Electronic Devices from Electrostatic Phenomena – General

Requirements”

EN 100015-1, “Basic Specification: Protection of Electrostatic Devices - Part 1 General

Requirements”

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