Chapter- 1

Virtual Reality

Virtual Reality: Virtual reality is a three-dimensional environment created with the help of
computer simulations that seems true and real to the user.

Impact of Virtual Reality in life:

In education: Sometimes we can see that, we are reading something and try to imagine that thing
at different circumstances. But virtual reality make this thing easier to us. It has taken us to the
world where we can get the feelings of the same thing that we are imagining As a result, we can
get better idea about that thing.
In treatment: Virtual reality is being used in many fields of medical science. In the developed
world virtual reality is being used to provide modern training to doctors. At present in surgical
training "MIST virtual reality Laparoscopic" training is provided In this method, various
techniques of laparoscopy management are taught using computer simulation. As a result, trainee
doctors earn the experience of working in a real operation theatre in an extremely easy and
convenient way.
In driving direction: Virtual reality is now used in car driving training. Anyone can learn virtual
driving through this. Anyone can easily master driving rules and regulations from it.
In traffic management: Virtual reality plays a vital role in traffic control. Virtual Reality is now
being used in the management of road, sky, rail and waterways transport. Every vehicle driver is
an important element of traffic management. If drivers become skilled in driving their vehicles
by providing proper training, then it is possible to bring discipline in traffic management.
In flight simulation: Flight simulation is such a process which involves Virtual Reality to provide
aircraft management training to private & military airplane pilots using only sophisticated
computer systems. Virtual Reality is being used for a long time in the development of aircraft
management both by the commercial and military airline sector of the developed world.
In space mission: The day people steeped their feet out of earth, the desire to win the universe
became ingrained in their hearts Since then, began the mission to discover space. Every step of
this campaign poses various types of risks. There are so many important preparations in the
initial phase, the training of astronauts, the management of the spacecraft etc. where Virtual
Reality has made a special place. "National Aeronautical and Space Administration" (NASA) is
leading the world in the field of space research. The company has implemented virtual reality in
its operations.
History and heritage protection: Virtual reality is being applied in the museum to protect our
history and heritage. As a result visitors become fascinated by it and gain real knowledge about
different subjects. Museum authority takes different initiatives to present historical subjects using
virtual reality.
Collection of different images and visualization: Virtual reality is used to create animation for
action scenes in cinema production. Many scenes of the popular TV series "Startrek" are
captured with virtual reality. Virtual reality is also used to detect different images by using
biometrics technology.
Making Games: Virtual reality has immense application in game development. Most of the
popular games in the market at present follow this model. Virtual reality is currently used in

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games like virtual sports, virtual police cop, and virtual aerospace.
In the Army: By using virtual reality in the army, weapons training, modern warfare, etc, can be
accomplished in less time. Virtual reality is widely used in modern war equipment's for night
time warfare, identify enemy positions, etc.
In city planning: Urban development outline, urban transport system can be described in simple
and interesting ways by applying three-dimensional virtual reality to the city plan. Virtual
Reality is used in product design, computer-based engineering drawings, making various 3D
animations, etc.
In industries: Virtual reality simulations are used for virtualization of the designs or applications
of industrial products. As a result, it is possible to address risks related to production by
identifying and correcting any defects in product design or output before the actual production
process begins.
In the workplace: Recently, the research info of freelancing website Upwork revealed that,
currently, the demand for virtual reality programmers is really high in software development
companies. The demand for programmers has increased 300 percent more than last year People
who work in this field are usually information specialists, programmers and mathematicians.

Negative impact of virtual reality in society:

1. Tools that are used for virtual reality are expensive and complicated and the software that are
used are also very expensive.
2. The issue of dehumanization in our society is increasing due to virtual reality.
3. Men can stay in a state of imagination as long as they wish with the help of virtual reality. As
a result, people might spend more time in an imaginary world and less time in reality. But if
people become unable to differentiate between imagination and reality, then the whole world
would fall into a great uncertainty.
4. The use of virtual reality may harm people's vision and hearing .
Robotics
Robotics: Robotics is the study of robots.It is the branch of technology that deals with the
design, construction, operation, and application of robots.

Parts of a Robot:
A robot typically consists of:
Power System: The robot is usually powered by a rechargeable battery made of lead acid.
Movable Body: The robot has wheels, mechanical legs or moving parts.
Electric Circuit: It provides power connection to the motors of the robot. At the same time,
hydraulic and pneumatic systems are provided with electricity.
Brain or Computer: The brain of the robot controls the robot. To change the behavior of the
robot, the program in the brain needs to be changed.
Actuator: A set of electric motors to move the arms, legs, etc. of a robot. It can be assumed as the
arm and leg muscles of a robot.
Sensing: Sensing is a special characteristic of humans. Likewise, the sense of the robot is a
special element. If the robot's hand or foot touches a place, it can have the ability to take all the
information about that place. Front or rear view is taken with camera up to 360° angle like eye

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Manipulation: The method of changing the position of objects around a robot is called
Manipulation. The robot does all the work of changing arms and legs.
Uses of Robots in Various Fields:
1. Robots can be used for things that are difficult for people to lift and move through various
industrial plants. Robots are specially used in automobile factories.
2. The use of robots in factories for accessorizing, packing, and transporting materials is
beneficial.
3. Robots can be used as a substitute for a driver in war vehicles on a battlefield
4. Robots are used to make IC and PCB (Printed Circuit Board) of electronics.
5. It has become possible to use robots for medical surgeries.
6. In case of tedious and monotonous work.
7. In case of dangerous and security purposes.
8. Robots are used to extract valuable materials from mines.
9. In the field of entertainment, research, and education.
10. To precisely examine the microcircuit.
11. Used in military works such as bomb disposal, landmine detection, military operations, etc.
12. Doing routine household chores, cleaning, making tea and coffee, talking as a receptionist.
13. Robots are used instead of humans in space research, such as the Curiosity Robot of NASA
is significant.
Advantages of Robots:
Robots are becoming more common these days. In every kind of industry, be it a manufacturing
hub, a general workplace or any other, they are the real helping partners of the humans working
there. There are number of benefits which are provided by the robots:
1 . Robots work with a high degree of precision.
2. Due to their high accuracy levels, robots can also be used to produce higher quality products
which adhere to certain standards of quality, whilst also reducing the time needed for quality
control.
3. Robots can perform tasks too dangerous for humans.
4. Robots can be used to perform tasks at any time, as they don't really follow any working
hours.
Disadvantages of Robots:
1 As robots cannot think like humans, it is unable to make important decisions.
2. Using robots will increase the unemployment rate.
3. Maintenance costs of robots are still very high. So, it's difficult to afford them.
4. Robots are not yet fully autonomous. So, training must be provided to the employees who will
control the robots. It will be difficult and expensive.
Cryosurgery
Cryosurgery: Cryosurgery is a type of medical treatment that uses extreme cold to destroy
abnormal and diseased tissues.

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Medical treatment:
In cryotherapy, temperature of a tumor cell is reduced to freezing temperature rapidly. A
particularly significant development was the introduction of cryotherapy probes that use argon
gas rather than liquid nitrogen. Argon rapidly cools the probe tip to-187°C (-304.6°F) and can be
rapidly exchanged with helium at 67°C (152.6°F) for an active thawing phase, producing a faster
response to operator input and significantly speeding 2-cycle treatment. Using ultra- thin 17
gauge cryoneedles to release argon gas, physicians can minimize complications and take control
of the ice. When their temperature sinks beyond a certain level ice crystals begin. forming inside
the cells When the tumor tissue gets stuck inside the ice crystal, its blood circulation stops and it
also. doesn't get any oxygen. So when it is inside the ice crystal, the tumor tissue gets damaged.
Then, cryoneedles are used to reduce the helium gas to increase the temperature to 20-40
degrees. Now the ice is converted back to water and the tissue is destroyed.

Advantages of using cryosurgery:

1. Cryosurgery offers advantages over other methods of cancer treatment. It is less invasive than
surgery, involving only a small incision or insertion of the cryoprobe through the skin.
Consequently, pain, bleeding, and other complications of surgery are minimized.
2. Cryosurgery is less expensive than other treatments and requires shorter recovery time and a
shorter hospital stay, or no hospital stay at all. Sometimes cryosurgery can be done using only
local anesthesia.
3. Because physicians can focus cryosurgical treatment on a limited area, they can avoid the
destruction of nearby healthy tissue. The treatment can be safely repeated and may be used along
with standard treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation.
4. It can be used for patients who are not good candidates for conventional surgery because of
their age or other medical conditions.
5. Some sports teams have started using cryotherapy to treat sports injuries. The therapy's ability
to shut down the acute soft tissues injuries is much faster which has been impressive.

Disadvantages of cryosurgery:
1. The major disadvantage of cryosurgery is the uncertainty surrounding its long-term
effectiveness.
2. It can miss microscopic cancer spread.

Side effect of cryosurgery:

1 There might be mild pain.
2 Blisters can occur.
3. Infection can occur.
4. Mild bleeding can occur.
5. The normal structure of the liver or lungs can get destroyed.
6. During lung surgery, injury can occur to the lungs.

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 Biometrics
Biometrics: Biometrics is a technique by which a person can be identified by his physical
structure, behavior, characteristics, qualities, personality etc.

Different types of physiological biometrics:

Fingerprints: Fingerprint recognition, which measures a finger's unique ridges, is one of the
oldest forms of biometric identification. After capturing the print, sophisticated algorithms use
the image to produce a unique digital biometric template. The template is then compared to new
or existing scans to either confirm or deny a match.
Hand geometry: Hand geometry biometrics refer to the measurement of hand characteristics like
the length and width of fingers, their curvature, and their relative position to other features of the
hand. Though once a dominant method of biometric measurement, modern advances in
fingerprint and facial recognition software have replaced its relevance in most advanced
applications.
Iris recognition: The iris, or the colored part of the eye, consists of thick, thread-like muscles.
These muscles help shape the pupil to control the amount of light that enters the eye. By
measuring the unique folds of these muscles, biometric authentication tools can confirm identity
with incredible accuracy Liveness detection (like requiring a user to blink for the scan) adds an
additional layer of accuracy and security
Retina scan: Retinal scans capture capillaries deep within the eye by using unique near-infrared
cameras. The raw image is first preprocessed to enhance the image then processed again as a
biometric template to use during both enrollment and verification.
Facial recognition: Facial recognition is, by far the oldest form of biometric authentication. Even
infants use facial recognition to identify the people closest to them. Biometric facial recognition
software works much the same way, albeit with more precise measurements. Specifically, facial
recognition software measures the geometry of the face, including the distance between the eyes
and the distance from the chin to the forehead. After collecting the data, an advanced algorithm
transforms it into an encrypted facial signature.
DNA Matching: DNA has long been used for identification purposes. Additionally, is the only
form of biometrics that can trace familial ties. DNA matching is especially valuable when
dealing with missing persons, accident victim identification, and potential human trafficking.
Furthermore, other than fingerprints, DNA is the only biometric that can be "left behind
unintentionally. DNA gathered from hair, saliva, semen, and so on contains Short Tandem
Repeat sequences (STRS), DNA STRs can confirm identity by comparing them to other Stars in
a database.

Different types of behavioral biometrics:

Signature recognition: Signature recognition is a behavioral biometric that measures spatial
coordinates, pen pressure, inclination, and pen stroke in both "off-line" and "on-line"
applications. A digital tablet records measurements then uses the information to automatically

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creates a biometric profile for future authentication
Keystroke: Keystroke dynamics take standard passwords to the next level by tracking the rhythm
used to enter a password. Measurements might include the time it takes to press each key, delays
between keys, characters typed per minute, and so on. Keystroke patterns work in conjunction
with passwords and PINs to improve security efforts.
Voice or Speech Recognition:
Voice or speech recognition is the ability of a machine or program to receive and interpret
dictation, or to understand and carry out spoken commands.
This method is relatively cheaper to implement. However, it doesn't provide that much security
as voice can be emulated by certain individuals adept at it.

Genetic Engineering
Genetic Engineering: The science of altering and cloning genes to produce a new trait in an organism is
known as genetic engineering.

Uses of Genetic Engineering:

1. Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can
be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms.
2. In medicine, genetic engineering has been used to mass-produce insulin, human growth
hormones, fillister (for treating infertility), human albumin, monoclonal antibodies,
antihemophilic factors, vaccines, and many other drugs.
3. In research, organisms are genetically engineered to discover the functions of certain genes.
4. Industrial applications include transforming microorganisms such as bacteria or yeast, or
insect mammalian cells with a gene coding for a useful protein. Mass quantities of the protein
can be produced by growing the transformed organism in bioreactors using fermentation, then
purifying the protein.
5. Genetic engineering is also used in agriculture to create genetically modified crops or
genetically modified organisms. Scientist Dr Maqsudul Alam decoded the genome sequence of
the Tossa (high-yielding variety) jute. He also sequenced the genomes of papaya, rubber and
fungus.
6. Example of a genetic engineering application in medicine: one of the earliest uses of genetic
engineering in pharmaceuticals was gene splicing to manufacture large amounts of insulin, made
using the cells of E. coli bacteria.

Disadvantages of genetic engineering:

1. As defective genes are replaced with functional ones, then we can expect that genetic diversity
will become a thing of the past. And if it happens that humans will have identical genomes, the
entire population will become susceptible to just a single virus or illness, which can lead to our
extinction.
2 As this technology uses a viral vector that carries functional genes into the body, the

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consequences are still unknown. Even researchers do not have definite clues on where these
genes are being placed, which presents the possibility that they would just substitute important
genes, instead of those that have mutated.
3. With a lot of people religiously believing in a divine being who designed the human body for
a reason, genetic engineering may not be acceptable to them. Somehow, they are questioning
what gives humans the right to manipulate the laws of God.
4. One of the clearest and biggest disadvantages of this technology is its capacity to have
uncertain effects on human health and the environment.

Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology: Nanotechnology is a science that uses metal and material to make small
devices on a nuclear and molecular scale.

Uses of Nanotechnology:
1. Computing: Used to improve speed of the processor, longer durability, lower power
consumption, memory speed efficiency of computers etc. Computers have been developed using
nanotechnology that can be folded and kept in a pocket and can be folded out of the pocket again
to work.
2. Food Industry: Nanomaterials are used in packaging of food products, creating different types
of flavors.
3. Treatment: This technology is being used to develop smart drugs and destroy cancer cells. As
a result, the drug will reach the cancer cells more precisely For this, nano needles made of
carbon nanotubes will be used. One side of this needle will have a special type of fluorescent
material, with the help of that, specific diseased cells can be confirmed. As a result, it will be
possible to confirm whether drugs have been given to specific cells. Research is going on to
create human artificial organs using this technology.
4. Communication: Used in making light weight and fuel saving vehicles.
5. Energy Sector: Used to generate cheap and high quality solar energy.
6. Chemical industry: Used to make metals 100 times stronger than steel, to make titanium
dioxide, to make coatings on various materials.
7. Electronics Industry: This technology is being used to minimize power consumption, reduce
weight and size, increase performance and efficiency of electronic devices. Solar energy can be
used more through batteries, fuel and solar cells made with nanotechnology. Moreover,
revolutionary changes are taking place in the world of electronics and developing quantum
computing because of the use of nano transistors, nano diodes, plasma displays etc.
8. Manufacture of sports equipment: It is used to increase the stability of cricket and tennis balls
and to maintain the position of golf balls in the air
9. Making solar cell: Silicon Nano ware is used to make solar cell.
10. Making Nano chip and monitor: To make future computer chip it use carbon nanotube
carbon nanotube is use to make panel monitor

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11. Protection of the environment: Nowadays, nanotechnology is used to purify the black
poisonous smoke thus separating the waste materials from it and making the air clean. It is now
possible to completely get rid of waste materials from underground water and industrial wastes.
12. Production of refrigerator: Nanotechnology is also used in producing refrigerators. Foods
stored in the refrigerator can be kept fresh for a long time due to the use of nanotechnology 10%
nano-particles are added with the main element so that unwanted harmful bacteria cannot come
in touch with food.
13. Purifying water: Other than microorganisms, there are arsenic, pesticide etc. mixed in water.
Nano particles destroy the microorganisms and remove the chemical particles.
14. Making fighter planes: Radar uses microwaves to work. Nanotube can absorb this
microwave. So, if any airplanes use this, it will remain hidden in Radar. It is a good way to hide
from enemy Radar in time of war.

Advantage of Nanotechnology:

Products that are made by using nanotechnology are strong, long-lasting, smaller in size and light
weighted.

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology:
1. Presently, nanotechnology is very expensive and developing it can cost you a lot of money. It
is also pretty difficult to manufacture, that's why products made with nanotechnology are more
expensive.
2. Included in the list of disadvantages of this science and its development is the possible loss of
jobs in the traditional farming and manufacturing industry.
3. Development of nanotechnology can also bring about the crash of certain markets due to the
lowering of the value of oil and diamonds. The possibility of developing alternative sources of
energy that are more efficient require the use of fossil fuels. This can also mean that since people
can now develop products at the molecular level, diamonds will also lose its value since it can
now be mass produced.
4. Atomic weapons can now be more accessible and made to be more powerful and more
destructive. These can also become more accessible with nanotechnology

PREPARED BY
MOHAMMAD ABDUL MAJID MIAH (SUMON)
B.Sc in Computer Science and Engineering
M.Sc in IT (London Metropolitan University,UK)
Assistant Professor of ICT, Dr.Mahbubur Rahman Mollah College.
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