Model United Nations 2024

United Nations Human Rights Council

P Bhavana Bhat Prajwal Bhat P S

Secretary General Deputy Secretary General
Letter from the Secretary
General...

"To deny people their human rights is to challenge their very existence."
- Nelson Mandela
Human rights are the very essence of humanity. It's what makes us social, amicable,
intelligent beings capable of thought. Raising our voices for such a noble cause
becomes an absolute necessity. This is what we hope to accomplish in UNHRC as
well, understanding the significance of human rights that we all cherish in places
where it is a mere ideal. This way of thinking will help delegates argue passionately
and realise its importance.
NSAs that threaten the very essence of humanity have to be controlled and must be
held accountable for all the violations. In the current scenario there are
innumerable regions where NSAs have assumed boundless power violating all
human rights without repercussions. It becomes the collective responsibility of all
delegates to device a fool proof strategy to put an end to this misery.
We urge all the delegates to come forward to not only debate whether humanity is
practised or not, but rather come up with practical solutions to ensure it is.
Logical arguments backed with trustworthy evidences and data is appreciated.
Certainly, our inner humanitarian is bound to be awoken when this committee
progresses.
We hope all of you will have a fantastic experience filled with instrumental will to
accomplish the objective and lead to the success of this committee. All the very best
to all delegates!
Happy MUNning!!
"Human rights rest on human dignity. The dignity of man is an ideal worth fighting for
and worth dying for." - Robert C. Maynard - Secretary General
P Bhavana Bhat
- Deputy Secretary General
Prajwal Bhat PS
 The executive board

CHAIRS: Vice Chairs:

Ananya Lokesh

IP’s: OC’s:
Srushti Vasisht Spoorthi I
Mugdha Pranavi Rajesh
C. Sphatika
Letter from the EB...

Dear esteemed delegates,

We, the Executive Board of the United Nations Human Rights Council At VPSMUN 2024 are
thrilled to have you join us for what promises to be an unforgettable conference. Our
commitment runs deep - we're dedicated to ensuring your experience is diverse, inclusive, and
empowering.
To kickstart your journey, we've prepared a comprehensive background guide outlining and
familiarising you with the agenda. However, this document shouldn’t be your only source of
research. But remember, true understanding comes from delving deeper. Research extensively,
explore various angles, and unearth authentic sources. After all, robust research fuels
pragmatic debates and fosters efficient problem-solving.
The Executive Board will not interfere in the flow of debate unless absolutely required.
Therefore, it's up to the delegates, to keep the momentum
t going and prevent stagnation of the
committee.
But let's not forget the bigger picture. Model UN isn't just a competition, it's a platform for unity
amidst shared challenges. It's about finding common ground and crafting egalitarian
resolutions. That's why leadership development through effective lobbying is key - it enhances
engagement and drives progress.
In times like this, nations must prioritise human rights and dignity for all. Collaboratively we
must craft effective solutions that consider the specific challenges faced by affected groups
and provide meaningful protection.
In a world where human rights are paramount, collaboration is non-negotiable. Together, we
must tackle challenges head-on, considering the unique needs of every affected group.
Sensitivity and respect are our guiding principles as we work towards meaningful solutions and
provide the protection every individual deserves.So, let's roll up our sleeves, dive into
discussions, and make a real difference. The journey starts now, and together, we'll shape a
brighter future for all.
“You members of this Conference are to be the architects of a better world. In your hands
rests our future.” WITH REGARDS,
EB OF UNHRC
 Introduction to the Committee
“There can be no peace without development, no development without peace, and no
lasting peace or sustainable development without respect for human rights and the rule
of law.” – Former UN Secretary-General Jan Eliasson.The Human Rights Council, an
intergovernmental body within the UN system comprising 47 member states, was
established on March 15, 2006, by the UN General Assembly. The Council also adopted
an "Institution-building package." that mainly includes,
The Universal Periodic Review mechanism, designed to assess the human rights
situations in all 192 UN Member States comprehensively.
A new Advisory Committee, serving as the Council's "think tank," offering
expertise and advice on thematic human rights issues.
The revised Complaints Procedure mechanism was also included, enabling
individuals and organisations to report human rights violations directly to the Council
for consideration. Furthermore, the Human Rights Council maintains close
collaboration with the UN Special Procedures. These Special Procedures involve
independent experts, rapporteurs, and working groups tasked with monitoring human
rights situations worldwide and addressing specific thematic issues as needed.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVES OF THE COMMITTEE :

The primary aim of the UNHRC is to advance the promotion and protection of
human rights globally. This involves addressing instances of human rights violations
and providing recommendations on how to address them effectively. Additionally,
the UNHRC seeks to raise awareness of human rights issues, and provide guidance
on measures to ensure justice for those impacted by violations.
Overall, the UNHRC works towards ensuring that human rights are upheld,
protected, and respected globally, with the ultimate goal of promoting justice,
equality, and dignity for all individuals.
PARTNERSHIPS :
The Human Rights Council (HRC) collaborates with NGOs, National Human Rights
Institutions (NHRIs), and civil society to advance key initiatives, provide humanitarian
aid, and support marginalised groups. NGOs with ECOSOC consultative status and
NHRIs engage directly in HRC discussions, offering insights on human rights issues.
Non-ECOSOC NGOs can submit written contributions for the Universal Periodic
Review (UPR) to assess human rights globally.

MANDATES AND FUNCTIONS :

The UNHRC is mandated to protect human rights while countering terrorism,
promoting rights-complaint legislation, and offering support and expertise to
stakeholders. The Special Rapporteur on human rights and counter-terrorism,
established in 2005, continues to operate under the UNHRC, embodying principles
of universality, impartiality, and cooperation.

UNIVERSAL PERIODIC REVIEW :

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) stands as a distinctive process overseen by the
United Nations Human Rights Council, entailing the evaluation of the human rights
records of all UN Member States. Instituted in 2006, the UPR aims to ensure that
the human rights situation of every country undergoes scrutiny by both the
international community and the country itself.
Through this mechanism, Member States engage in a comprehensive review
process to assess their adherence to human rights standards and commitments,
fostering transparency, accountability, and dialogue on human rights issues at the
global level.

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 Expected Role of the Delegate
Delegates should approach their role with openness and pragmatism, eager to
learn and engage sensibly with diverse perspectives. Embracing the opportunity to
develop diplomatic skills and seek constructive solutions will enrich the experience
for all involved.

GATHERINGS:
Research key areas:
1. Study the history, culture, political structure, and current affairs of assigned
countries, including insights from literature.
2. Explore government positions on conference topics to anticipate debate
scenarios.
3. Make sure you are aware of the conflicts,administrative overview,GDP ,major
military,political allies, foreign policy,social rights,humanitarian rights,military
interventions and current statistical data on assigned countries and topics.

AUTHENTIC SOURCES:
ohchr.org
ground news
CIA factbook
UN official website( for resolutions)
Al jazeera
Reuters
BBC
The economist
Amnesty
 Debates/Discussions will be grounded on:

InternationalHumanitarian Law (IHL) :Also known as the laws of armed conflict, it

is a branch of international law that seeks to limit the effects of armed conflict by
protecting individuals who are not or are no longer directly participating in
hostilities and regulating the means and methods of warfare.

Humanitarian Aid: refers to the assistance provided to people affected by crises,

including natural disasters, armed conflicts, and other emergencies. This aid aims
to alleviate suffering, protect lives, and restore dignity by providing essential goods
and services such as food, shelter, clean water, medical care, and psychosocial
support.
Humanitarian crisis: is defined as a singular event or a series of events that pose
a significant threat to the health, safety, security, or well-being of a community or
large group of people, often over a wide area.

Official Resolution passed by UNHRC: CLICK HERE

(https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n21/405/25/pdf/n2140525.pdf
?token=JnHnWn0RY74xnt0K9u&fe=true)

****
 Agenda
Implications of Non-state actors on Human
Rights - Developing Frameworks for
Accountability and Protection"
Non-state actors can both violate and promote human rights. Some non-state
actors, like terrorist or criminal groups, can directly harm human rights, while
others, like NGOs, can work to protect and advance human rights.
In this agenda, we're focusing on violent non-state actors (NSAs). It's all about
understanding that governments aren't the only ones who can violate people's
rights. This is crucial, especially when individuals are dealing with abuses from
brutal NSAs .
Non-state actors violate human rights in conflict situations by perpetrating
violence against civilians, displacing populations, restricting access to
humanitarian aid, and exacerbating instability. They may also contribute to
peacebuilding efforts, provide humanitarian assistance, and monitor human rights
abuses.
How do NSAs violate human rights?:
Targeting Civilians: Deliberately attacking non-combatants, including women,
children, and the elderly, which violates the right to life and protection from
violence.
Forced Disappearances: Abducting individuals and holding them in secret
detention, denying them the right to due process and protection from arbitrary
detention.
Torture and Cruel Treatment: Subjecting captives to physical and psychological
torture, violating the prohibition against torture and inhuman treatment.
Denial of Fair Trial: Holding individuals captive without access to legal
representation or a fair trial, infringing upon the right to a fair and public hearing.
 Use of Child Soldiers: Recruiting and exploiting children for combat roles,
violating the rights of children to protection and education.
Attacks on Freedom of Expression: Suppressing freedom of speech, press, and
assembly through intimidation, censorship, or violence.
Forced Labor and Slavery: forcing individuals into labour against their will,
denying them the right to work under fair conditions.
Gender-Based Violence: Targeting women and girls for sexual violence, forced
marriages, and other forms of gender-based abuse, violating their rights to safety
and equality.
Denial of Medical Care: Preventing access to medical treatment for wounded
individuals, violating the right to health and well-being

Impacts on human rights in conflict situations:

Armed conflicts: often witness serious violations of international humanitarian
and human rights laws. These violations can range from widespread atrocities to
acts that are so cruel they constitute genocide, war crimes, or crimes against
humanity.
Threat to Peace:Conflict situations pose a significant threat to international
peace and security. They destabilise governments, weaken civil society, and
undermine efforts to maintain peace and security. This instability jeopardises
social and economic development and can disproportionately harm certain groups
within society, directly impacting their fundamental human rights.
Threat to Humanity: Armed groups engaged in conflict often operate with a
code of destruction and violence, which poses a threat to humanity itself. Their
actions aim to sow discord, disrupt communal harmony, and instil fear among the
public. This not only undermines the fabric of society but also directly affects
individuals' ability to enjoy their human rights in a peaceful and secure
environment.
Responsibility for Crimes: Individuals involved in conflict may be held
responsible for a range of crimes against humanity, including mass murder,
genocide, and other severe crimes. These crimes target civilian populations and
include acts such as murder, rape, torture, enslavement, and deportation, all of
which inflict severe harm on individuals' human rights and dignity.
Off late NSAs have been a threat to world peace and security damaging human
rights and some them are discussed below:

ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria): Although started in 1999, late in June
2014, they created a global “caliphate” under the leader Abu Bakr al Baghdadi.
One of the main reasons for the group’s rise to power was the fallout after the
America and Iraq war, a consequence of the American military complex (discussed
below). The 2015 Paris attacks are an example of ISIS attacking another nation
outside Iraq and Syria. They were armed with guns and explosive devices, carrying
out shootings and suicide bombings at various venues across Paris. Casualties
included more than 138 deaths and 416 injuries, who were civilians. They have
control over small pockets of Afghanistan, West Africa, the Sahara, Somalia,
Mozambique, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Libya,
and Mali outside of Iraq and Syria.
Al-Qaeda: This is the notorious group responsible for the 9/11 attacks in NY and
Washington DC, where militants associated with the group carried out the
deadliest attack in the world, with around 3000 people killed under the leadership
of Osama Bin Laden. The attack was executed when plans were hijacked and
made to run through the buildings of the twin towers of the World Trade Center.
This was a turning point in the world’s geopolitics. The group was developed by
Osama in the early 1980s to support war efforts in Afghanistan against the Soviets.
Allegations have been raised by the CIA regarding ties with the group of Osama
fighters then named Mujahideen.
Taliban: The Taliban, a non-state actor, established control over Afghanistan by
1996, capitalising on the power vacuum after the fall of the Soviet-backed
government in 1992. During the Cold War, the USA supported Afghan mujahideen,
inadvertently contributing to the Taliban's rise. The group, notorious for egregious
human rights abuses, including targeting activists and minorities, banning women's
education and employment, and enforcing strict dress codes, regained power in
2021 following the US withdrawal prompted by 9/11.
 Al-Shabab : Founded in 2004 in Somalia because of the collapse of the
government of Siad Barre. By 2006, they already waged an insurgency against the
Transitional Federal Government. Some reasons for the rise of this non-state actor
were the Cold War, where America and Russia took sides on internal conflicts of
sovereign nations, but mainly the Somalia conflict with Ethiopia and the collapse
of the Barre government. The group is notorious for amputations, beheadings,
suicide bombings, and mass murder.
Lashkar-e-Taiba: This non-state actor operates against India in Pakistan, seeking
to unite Kashmir with Pakistan. It has its headquarters in Muridke, Punjab, Pakistan.
Notable attacks include the 2001 Indian Parliament attack, the 2008 Mumbai
attacks, and the 2016 Uri attack. In the 2001 Indian Parliament Attack, LeT, along
with Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM), carried out a coordinated attack on the Indian
Parliament in New Delhi, escalating tensions between India and Pakistan. In the
2008 Mumbai Attacks, LeT militants conducted a series of coordinated shootings
and bombings in Mumbai, resulting in 166 deaths and hundreds injured, straining
Indo-Pak relations. In the 2016 Uri Attack, LeT militants attacked an Indian Army
base in Uri, leading to the deaths of 19 Indian soldiers and escalating tensions
between India and Pakistan.
Hamas: Established in 1987 during the first Palestinian intifada. The group’s most
notable attacks were the October 7 attack in response to the Israeli blockade on
Gaza, Israeli settler violence, restrictions on movement, and the imprisonment of
Palestinians. It was previously a political party that had won the 2006 elections in
Palestine but later became a non-state actor in Gaza and carried out many
bombings and mass murders against innocents. It is supported by Iran.
Hezbollah: Backed by Iran, Hezbollah is a non-state actor in Lebanon created
during the Israeli invasion in southern Lebanon. The group’s manifesto is about
destroying Israel and expelling Western sources. Hezbollah has been involved in
anti-US and anti-Israel attacks, including suicide bombings, plane hijackings, and
kidnapping of soldiers.
Houthis: Used as a pawn by Iran in the Cold War between Saudi Arabia and Iran,
they're fighting an ongoing civil war against Saudi Arabia and UAE. Houthis are
now firing missiles at Israel and attacking ships at the coast of the Red Sea in
response to the war in Gaza.
 Boko Haram: They go by the motto of "Westernization is sacrilege." Boko Haram is
a jihadist terrorist organisation based in northeastern Nigeria, seeking to establish
an Islamic state in Nigeria. Boko Haram has carried out numerous attacks,
including bombings, kidnappings, and massacres, resulting in thousands of deaths
and displacements.

A BRIEF OVERVIEW OF PORTFOLIO-SPECIFIC RESEARCH WITH

SPECIAL REFERENCE TO UNHRC : CLICK HERE
American Military Complex: The relationship between the American military
and violent non-state actors is very complex. It includes defence industries,
military intervention, and foreign policies. The most important aspect is through
interventionist foreign policy motivated by geopolitical interests that destabilise
regions, create power vacuums, and increase conflicts. For example, the 2003
Iraq invasion of the US caused the collapse of the Iraq government and the
emergence of ISIS. Another way the American Military Complex calls non-state
actors is through its reliance on arms sales to sustain itself, which means selling
arms to governments with questionable human rights records and unstable
politics, potentially ending up in black markets. Additionally, the USA carries out
drone strikes that harm civilians more than non-state actors, aiding these non-
state actors in spreading propaganda for recruitment. Lastly, the most important
way the American Military Complex increases non-state actors is by supporting
regimes and dictators who lead oil-rich nations.
WOMEN & GIRLS: They face heightened risks of gender-based violence,
including sexual violence, forced marriages, and exploitation by non-state actors
(NSAs). These acts are used by NSAs to bolster their power through financing,
recruitment, and community disruption. Additionally, harmful traditional practices
such as forced marriage and family violence are prevalent in societies influenced
by NSAs, resulting in human rights violations. Efforts should focus on reducing the
involvement of women and minorities in violent extremism by radicalization
processes.
TIMELINE OF EVENTS :
1945: End of world war 2, defeat of Adolf Hitler, end of Holocaust, end of
prosecution of Jews in Europe.
1947: Colonialism ends in India and India and Pakistan are partitioned, Kashmir is
legally given to India but also claimed by Pakistan, 2 million people died during
migration.
1948: Arab Israeli war, Arab nations declare war on Israel after the announcement
of an independent Israel. On March 10 1949, Israel emerged victorious.
1982: Creation of Hezbollah to combat the israel invasion of Lebanon, backed by
Ayatollah Khomeini of Iran.
1987: Creation of Hamas during the first Intifada as an outgrowth of Muslim
brotherhood.
1987: Lasher-i-Taiba was created, influenced by Wahhabi sect of Sunni’s law, aims
to establish Muslim rule over the Indian subcontinent.
1979-1989: Soviet war in Afghanistan:1979-1989). The Soviet Union intervened in
Afghanistan in 1979 to support the Marxist government against Mujahideen
insurgents. The conflict, known as the Soviet-Afghan War, lasted for nearly a
decade and resulted in significant casualties and widespread destruction.
1979 to 1989 : US backed Mujahideen in Afghanistan ,the Mujahideen was created
as an anti communism effort that was funded by the CIA and had foreign fighters
from all over the world.
1989: Formation of Al Qaeda created by Osama Bin Laden after the end of the
Afghanistan war.
1991: Fall of Siad Barre government due to massive uprising.
1994: Taliban is created as a militant Islamic movement for restoration of peace
and security by initially leading to human right violations.
1996: Afghanistan is under taliban: Taliban captured Kabul and established the
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan in September 1996. The Taliban, a Sunni Islamic
fundamentalist movement, gained control of about two-thirds of the country by
late 1996.
2001: September 11 attacks: Two planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the
World Trade Center in New York City, causing both towers to collapse. A third
plane crashed into the Pentagon, just outside Washington, DC. The fourth plane
crashed in rural Pennsylvania after the crew and passengers attacked the terrorists
on board, preventing it from hitting another target thought to be the White House.
2001- 2021: Afghanistan war: Following the September 11 attacks, the United
States, along with NATO allies, launched military operations in Afghanistan to oust
the Taliban regime and dismantle al-Qaeda. The war lasted for nearly two
decades, becoming the longest conflict in US history.
2002: Boko Haram was created in Nigeria. Boko Haram, Islamic sectarian
movement, founded in 2002 by Muhammed Yusuf in northeastern Nigeria, that
since 2009 has carried out assassinations and large-scale acts of violence in that
country.
2004: Creation of Al Shabaab in Somalia: Al-Shabaab, an Islamist militant group,
emerged in Somalia in 2004. The group initially aimed to oust foreign forces and
establish an Islamic state in Somalia. Al-Shabaab has been responsible for
numerous terrorist attacks, including bombings and assassinations, both in Somalia
and neighbouring countries.
2004: Creation of Houthis: Under the leadership of Zaidi religious leader Hussein
al-Houthi, the Houthis emerged as an opposition movement to Yemen President Ali
Abdullah Saleh, whom they accused of corruption and being backed by Saudi
Arabia and the United States
2008: Mumbai attacks: In November 2008, a group of Pakistani militants affiliated
with the Pakistan-based terrorist organisation Lashkar-e-Taiba carried out
coordinated attacks in Mumbai, India. The attacks targeted multiple locations,
including a railway station, hotels, and a Jewish centre, resulting in the deaths of
over 160 people.
2004: April ISIS is created: An Iraqi extremist network led by Abu Musab al-
Zarqawi merged with al-Qa'ida to form ISIS's predecessor group, al-Qaeda in Iraq,
which Zarqawi led until his death in 2006. Now-deceased Amir Abu Bakr al-
Baghdadi took over the group in 2010 and began to expand its operations into
eastern Syria in 2011.
2014: ISIS declared itself as a caliphate: The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS),
also known as the Islamic State (IS) or Daesh, emerged in the mid-2000s as an
offshoot of al-Qaeda. The group gained international attention in 2014 when it
declared the establishment of a caliphate and seized large swathes of territory in
Iraq and Syria.
2021: August 15 still present Taliban controlled Afghanistan again: The Taliban
regained control of Afghanistan on August 15, 2021, marking their return to power
after being ousted in 2001. Despite seizing Kabul and gaining control, they lack
international recognition. Challenges include economic collapse and frozen assets.
The international community awaits assurances on security, governance, and
human rights, particularly girls' education. The Taliban's resurgence partly stems
from harbouring al-Qaeda post-9/11. President Biden's decision to withdraw US
forces by September 11, 2021, led to the government's collapse, leaving Afghans in
precarious conditions.
2023: Oct 7 Hamas attacks Israel: On October 7, 2023, Hamas and several other
Palestinian militant groups launched coordinated armed incursions from the Gaza
Strip into the Gaza envelope of southern Israel, marking the first invasion of Israeli
territory since the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. The attack was named Operation Al-Aqsa
Flood and involved over 5,000 rockets launched into Israel within a span of 20
minutes
2023: Still present war on Gaza: The war on Gaza, which began on October 7,
2023, is an armed conflict between Israel and Hamas-led Palestinian militant
groups. The war is taking place chiefly in and around the Gaza Strip, with
significant clashes also occurring in the Israeli-occupied West Bank and along the
Israel–Lebanon border. The conflict began when Hamas launched a surprise attack
on southern Israel from the Gaza Strip, which was followed by an extensive aerial
bombardment of the Gaza Strip and a large-scale ground invasion by the Israeli
military on October 27. The war is part of the broader Israeli–Palestinian conflict
and is the most significant military escalation in the region since the Yom Kippur
War in 1973. It has resulted in significant casualties and human suffering, with
ongoing tensions and conflict between Israel and Palestinian militant groups
CASE STUDIES:
9/11 attacks: On September 1st, 2011 some al-Qaeda NSAs hijacked 4 commercial
planes in the USA, 2 of which flew into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center
in New York causing both buildings to collapse. The third plane crashed in
Washington DC, and the 4th one crashed. This was one of the worst terrorist
attacks in the world’s history, changing geopolitics forever, all coordinated by
Osama Bin Laden. He was born into a wealthy family in Saudi Arabia but was
influenced by an NSA organisation as a youth, he then joined Afghan Mujahideen
(who were backed by the USA at that time) and later founded al Qaeda and
attacked America in 9/11. The number of deaths included almost 3000 people after
which the world was altered irreversibly, this event had a huge consequence to all
parties involved and also many countries in the Middle East who might not have
had anything to do with it directly but still suffered the consequences.The 9/11
attacks had a significant economic impact, causing disruptions across various
sectors. Immediate consequences included substantial losses in the airline and
insurance industries, with major stock sell-offs affecting companies like American
Airlines and United Airlines. The insurance industry faced an estimated $40 billion
in 9/11-related claims, leading to the passage of the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act.
Additionally, there was a decline in air travel, bankruptcies of airlines, and
disruptions in commodity trading and imports, resulting in financial losses in the
agricultural industry. Despite resilience shown by the U.S. economy in regaining
pre-9/11 stock levels within weeks, sectors like airlines, insurance, and hospitality
experienced prolonged challenges. The attacks had lasting effects, with estimates
suggesting an $83 billion economic impact on New York City's economy, leading to
job losses and challenges for small businesses.The 9/11 attacks had significant and
lasting social effects on American society. Individuals experienced a range of
psychological consequences, leading to defensive reactions and a willingness to
sacrifice civil liberties for security. Social responses were influenced by factors like
gender, race, and education level, with men and women coping differently. The
aftermath also saw a surge in stress-related symptoms, especially among those
exposed to extensive media coverage.
Yazidi Genocide: Between 2014 and 2017 Yazidi ppl of Iraq and Syria were
massacred, trafficked, or forced to convert their religion by ISIS. 71 percent of the
Yazidi population was displaced Around 5,000 Yazidi people died, few hundred
went missing, many were even enslaved after the genocide but the world must
have forgotten this people. Yazidi genocide is the one of worst case of religion
prosecution in modern history because they were attacked solely because they
followed another religion. Yazidi had a unique culture where in monotheists who
believed in a benevolent angel who appeared as a peacock called Melek taus.
They had rich culture and tradition which were unfortunately eclipsed by ISIS. The
scars inflicted by this genocide were irrevocable. The Yazidi community has faced
prolonged persecution, with an estimated 74 genocides against them in the last
800 years, disrupting their economic and social development.The 2014 Yazidi
genocide by ISIS led to the destruction of homes, businesses, and infrastructure,
causing major economic losses and displacements.Many Yazidis were forced into
slavery, captivity, and displacement, depriving them of economic opportunities and
livelihoodsThe Yazidi genocide has led to high rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety,
and suicidality among survivors, especially women who experienced captivity and
sexual violence.It disrupted Yazidi social and cultural structures, eroding their
collective identity and sense of belonging.Yazidi women and girls subjected to
slavery and forced conversion face social stigma and rejection, leading to isolation
and marginalisation. The genocide strained family and community bonds, causing
trauma from separation and loss, impacting the social fabric and collective psyche
of the Yazidi people.
October 7 attacks: Hamas exploits the failure of intelligence and operational
systems of Israel and attacks and causes one of the deadliest attacks in a while.
Hamas kills thousands of people and takes hundreds of them hostage. They even
attacked the music festival near Gaza Strip and nearby military base, 20 civilian
locations were attacked forcing many of them to go into hiding and rockets started
raining down ,many people had to come face to face with gunmen whom they
forced on vehicles to take them hostage and kill others. Although a few hostages
were released some still are in captivity.
Israel immediately declared war on Gaza creating a humanitarian crisis where no
food and water or any type of aid circulating the area, Israel seems to be
abandoning all their humanity and cracking down on Gazans and stripping down
human rights in this deadly war where more than 20,000 people died where most of
them having nothing to do with Hamas.The October 7 attacks caused a significant
rise in oil prices, potentially leading to global economic consequences like higher
food prices and market volatility.Israel experienced economic losses and disruptions,
leading to compensation efforts and labour shortages. The conflict could impact
China and Europe more severely than the US due to energy market disruptions. The
attacks could escalate into a broader regional conflict, increasing social and
political radicalization in the region.Psychological impacts such as anxiety and PTSD
may increase among affected populations.The conflict could erode public
confidence in government security measures and disrupt social structures and
collective identities.
26/11 attacks: In 2008 series of attacks in Mumbai coordinated by a member of
Lashkar – e- taiba lasted 4 days with the casualties of 170 ppl along with 300
injuries, the main area which was attacked was the Taj attack, most of the
attackers were dead except 1 Ajmel Kasab was later tried and executed by the
Indian judiciary. This attack caused a rift against Pakistan and India cuz Pakistan
showed no accountability towards the attack, this attack caused huge scars for
the Indian people and ended any hopes of good ties b/w India and Pakistan,
Pakistan is still centre for growing NSAs, this attack was followed by many such
similar attacks on the Indian soil.The 26/11 attacks in Mumbai, India, had
significant social and economic effects. The attacks led to a tragic loss of lives,
instilled fear and anxiety in the population, and strained social cohesion.
Economically, the attacks caused disruptions in various sectors, including tourism,
hospitality, and financial markets. The aftermath of the attacks resulted in
increased security measures, impacting daily life and business operations. The
long-term effects included changes in government policies, investments in
security infrastructure, and a reevaluation of emergency response protocols to
prevent future incidents.
Houthi ship hijack: Groups of Houthis have photos taking selfies and touring
cargo ships seized by them they attacked Israel-linked ships as their response to
the war in Gaza, Houthi fighters descended on ships from their helicopter and
taking crew members hostage, putting a strain on global trade and commerce on
the Red Sea, they also launched missiles and drone strikes on commercial ships in
the gulf Aden. The group has been backed by Iran making Iran the enemy in the
eyes of many. The Houthis of Yemen aim to rule all of Yemen and destroy America,
Israel, and Saudi Arabia, they are also notorious for having no sense of human
rights especially when it comes to women and children.The attacks have disrupted
global trade routes, leading to increased insurance rates for vessels with Israeli
connections and avoidance of high-risk regions, impacting shipping costs and
trade patterns.The attacks have caused a decline in shipping traffic through the
Suez Canal, resulting in a drop in global trade and increased costs for diverting
ships around Africa, affecting international aid delivery and trade flows.The
redirection of shipping routes and increased insurance costs have added financial
burdens to shipping companies and affected global trade, with potential long-term
economic repercussionsThe hijack incidents and attacks have instilled fear and
uncertainty among sailors, crew members, and shipping companies, impacting the
safety and security of maritime operations.The attacks have raised concerns about
the escalation of conflict in the region, potentially leading to further disruptions in
trade, increased tensions, and risks to maritime security. The social impact extends
to the broader implications of disrupted trade routes, potential delays in cargo
delivery, and the overall stability of global commerce, affecting various
stakeholders and economies.
Fall of Kabul: In 2021 followed by the us withdrawal from Afghanistan Taliban
captured all of Afghanistan enforcing draconian laws that included excluding
women from most public places like schools and universities and forcing them to
always cover up in public, even America spent millions in nation building in
Afghanistan just so that Taliban doesn’t take control again, they still managed to
take hold of the nation within just a few days causing Ashraf Ghani the president
of Afghanistan to be exiled.
Afghanistan’s condition has been deteriorating with economic upheavals and
constant hr violation by Taliban. The Fall of Kabul in 2021 refers to the capture of
Afghanistan's capital city by the Taliban after a major insurgent offensive that began
in May 2021. This event marked the final action of the War in Afghanistan, resulting in
the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan under President Ashraf Ghani
and the reinstatement of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under Taliban control.
The fall of Kabul led to significant economic and social consequences, including
disruptions in global trade routes, increased shipping costs, and impacts on
international aid delivery. Socially, the event instilled fear and uncertainty among the
population, raised concerns about regional conflict escalation, and impacted the
safety and security of maritime operations.
July war: The main parties involved were Israeli defence forces and the Hezbollah
in July 2006, due to unprecedented Iran support to Hezbollah, some consider that
the Iranian-Israel proxy war, Hezbollah fighters fired rockets, abducted soldiers
caused the IDF to start the ground invasion of southern Lebanon, thousands of
Lebanese people died and Lebanese civil infrastructure was destroyed and many
ppl both Israeli and Lebanese people displaced. IDF failed to destroy Hezbollah
and faced a massive defeat in the war, the hostilities only ended with a broken
Lebanon with Hezbollah controlling many pockets of Lebanon and reigning terror
on them. The July 2006 war between the IDF and Hezbollah resulted in substantial
financial setbacks for Lebanon and Israel, with estimated costs of $5 billion and
$3.5 billion respectively. The conflict disrupted trade routes and tourism, leading
to indirect economic losses. The war caused civilian casualties, displacements,
and damage to economic and social structures in both countries.The ongoing
clashes threatened to escalate into a wider conflict, leading to fear, uncertainty,
and potential social unrest in the region.

****
 Glossary
Non State Actors: They are individuals or organisations that have significant
political influence but are not allied to any particular country or state. They can be
categorised into various types, including multinational corporations, non-
governmental organisations (NGOs), philanthropic super-empowered individuals,
and armed non-state actors.ANSAs can include rebel groups, militias,
organisations led by tribal warlords, and criminal networks, among others.
Refugees : People who have crossed an international border and are at risk, or
have been victims, of persecution in their country of origin.
Internally Displaced People: Individuals or groups of individuals who have been
fo or reblogged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in
particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict,
situations of generalised violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-
made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally.
Indoctrination: Communication aimed at manipulating or influencing group
opinions often employs symbols, images, and slogans to sway beliefs. NSAs exploit
emotional vulnerabilities, using manipulation, coercion, and persuasion to recruit
and radicalise members, often leveraging religion. Addressing these vulnerabilities
is essential for effective counter-radicalization efforts to prevent individuals from
joining terrorist groups.
Islamophobia: Sharia law, derived from Islamic religious teachings, encompasses
criminal, family, inheritance, and business laws. It's practised in many Islamic
nations, serving as the main legal framework for Muslims. It's complex, evolving
over centuries, and interpreted by Islamic scholars and legal experts.
Human Rights: Human rights are the fundamental rights and freedoms that every
individual is entitled to, regardless of their nationality, race,ethnicity, religion, or
other characteristics. These rights include, but are not limited to, the right to life,
liberty, equality, and non-discrimination.
Systemic or Institutional Racism: Systemic or institutional racism refers to
patterns of discrimination and inequality embedded within social, political,
economic, and legal institutions. It can result in disparate outcomes for different
racial or ethnic groups, even in the absence of overt prejudice.
Counter terror funding: Counter terror funding refers to the measures and
strategies employed by governments and international organisations to prevent and
combat the financing of terrorist activities. These efforts are crucial in the fight
against terrorism, as terrorist groups rely on financial resources to sustain their
operations and carry out attacks.
Recruiting Foreign soldiers: NSA groups recruit foreign fighters through forced
enlistment, community encouragement, economic incentives, and indoctrination,
exploiting vulnerabilities and fueling global terrorism. By targeting vulnerable
individuals and communities, they manipulate people into supporting violent
agendas. Counterterrorism efforts must prevent, intervene, and rehabilitate to
counter these tactics and safeguard vulnerable populations.
Serial Law: Sharia law, derived from Islamic religious teachings, encompasses
criminal, family, inheritance, and business laws. It's practised in many Islamic nations,
serving as the main legal framework for Muslims. It's complex, evolving over centuries,
and interpreted by Islamic scholars and legal experts.
Ethnic genocide: Ethnic genocide is a form of genocide that specifically targets a
particular ethnic group. It involves the intentional destruction of a specific ethnic
group, often through violence, forced displacement, or other means. The term "ethnic
cleansing" is often used interchangeably with ethnic genocide, but it is a euphemism
that has been criticized for downplaying the severity of the crime.
Trafficked Individuals: Trafficked individuals are people who have been forced into
exploitative situations through the use of force, fraud, or deception. They are often
subjected to labour exploitation, domestic servitude, child begging, or the removal of
their organs for profit.
Illicit arms circulation : Illicit arms trafficking is a significant contributor to
insecurity, conflict, and human rights abuses worldwide.NSAGs sometimes engage in
illicit economies as a source of funding, including in criminal pursuits such as looting,
extortion and kidnapping, resource extraction, and the production and sale of other
illicit commodities. Illicit arms and ammunition are key enablers of armed conflict
and organised criminal activities.
Sectarian violence: It is a form of communal violence that is inspired by
sectarianism, which is discrimination, hatred, or prejudice between different sects of
a particular religion or ideology within a nation or community. Religious segregation
often plays a role in sectarian violence.
Money laundering: is the process of illegally concealing the origin of money
obtained from illicit activities such as drug trafficking, corruption, embezzlement, or
gambling. It is a crime in many jurisdictions with varying definitions, often involving
the conversion or transfer of property, the concealment or disguising of the
proceeds, and the acquisition, possession, or use of property derived from criminal
acts.
Military–industrial complex:The military-industrial complex is characterised by
close links between defence contractors, the military, and politicians. It tends to
promote policies that may not be in the country's best interests, as both the military
and defence firms benefit from increased military spending. Most often associated
with the United States, showcasing close links among defence contractors, the
Pentagon, and politicians.

PAST RESOLUTIONS :
Countering religious hatred constitutes incitement to discrimination, hostility or
violence .
Prevention of genocide- 23 March 2018
Terrorism and human rights- 23 March 2018
Effects of terrorism on the enjoyment of all human rights- 24 March 2016
Protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms while countering terrorism-
27 March 2014
Ensuring use of remotely piloted aircraft or armed drones in counter-terrorism and
military operations in accordance with international law, including international
human rights and humanitarian law -28 March 2014

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Quarma - questions a resolution must
answer
1. Do foreign interventions increase NSAs activity? Can they be staged in a way
that does not do so?
2. How can foreign states be accountable for staging military interventions that
cause harm to the local people and destabilise the region?
3. How to better financial mechanisms to make sure money doesn't go to fund
NSAs
4. Should countries be allowed to sell arms to parties with a bad human rights
track record? If not, what consequences do they get?
5. What should be the appropriate export control measures
6. How can we stop NSA from committing genocides?
7. How can women be protected?
8. How can human rights be protected?
9. How can we stop recruitment of nsa online?
10. How can we prevent foreign fighters from joining NSAs while ensuring fair
trials, especially for foreign fighters? Should nations abandon citizens who
join NSAs abroad?

Suggested Mod Caucuses

1. Discussing on the role of foreign interventions in causing the rise to NSAs
2. Discussing the ways to hold accountable all the countries that have explicitly
aided violent NSAs
3. Addressing the radicalization and recruitment of NSAs through the internet
 Bibliography
1. https://www.ohchr.org/en/hr-bodies/hrc/about-council
2. https://archive.unescwa.org/non-state-actors
3. https://press.un.org/en/2023/sc15396.doc.htm
4. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/Child-
Victims/Handbook_on_Children_Recruited_and_Exploited_by_Terrorist_and_Vi
olent_Extremist_Groups_the_Role_of_the_Justice_System.E.pdf
5. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/Financial-Integrity/amlcft
6. https://archive.unescwa.org/non-state-actors
7. https://knowledge4policy.ec.europa.eu/foresight/topic/increasing-influence-
new-governing-systems/non-state-actors-impacts-all-level-governance_en
8. https://www.unodc.org/documents/e4j/18-
04932_CT_Mod_01_ebook_FINALpdf.pdf
9. https://www.un.org/unispal/document/auto-insert-184742/
10. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2023/10/human-rights-violations-
while-countering-terrorism-are-systematic-across

“Debate and deliberation is how you stir the soul of a democracy”

-Jesse Jackson

As we conclude this background guide, let's emphasise the importance of upholding

human rights, fostering dialogue, and seeking solutions that benefit all. To all
delegates, regardless of experience, MUN offers a transformative journey of skill
development in public speaking, research, negotiation, and teamwork. For
beginners, embrace this enriching world of diplomacy. For seasoned delegates, your
dedication is commendable. Let's unite to make MUN a platform for understanding,
cooperation, and positive change. Your commitment is valued and cherished.