ALICNAS, JASPER

BALUCA, ALEX
DAPNISAN, BRYNNER
NAMES HILARIO, HARTBONN
ISIDRO, STEVEN JOHN
LUMIQUED, RAM
PALSIW, RYAN

COURSE CODE &

FORSEM7_BDB
SECTION
TOPIC FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY
DATE 8-27-2024
INSTRUCTOR GLENA A. ALOS

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page 1 Objectives
Page 2 3.1. Principles and Significance of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology
Page 3 3.2. Preliminary and Confirmatory Tests in The Examination of Biological,
Physical and Trace Evidence
Page 6 3.3. Procedure in The Collection and Preservation of Biological and
Physical Evidence.
Page 9 3.4. Biological and Chemical Poisons and Its Types Including Its Antidotes
Page 11 Reference

A. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. To be able to explain the principles and significance of forensic chemistry and
Toxicology
2. To be able to identify the reliable Preliminary and Confirmatory tests in the
examination of biological, physical and trace evidence
3. To be able to apply the procedure in the collection and preservation of biological
and physical evidence.
4. To be able to compare biological and chemical poisons and its types including its
antidotes

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3.1. EXPLAIN THE PRINCIPLES AND SIGNIFICANCE OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY
AND TOXICOLOGY

CHEMISTRY FORENSIC CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is a science that deals with That branch of chemistry, which deals with the
the composition, structure, and application of chemical principles in the solution
properties of substances and with the of problems that arise in connection with the
transformations that they undergo. It administration of justice. It is chemistry applied in
includes the study of the composition the clarification of legal problems. It is chemistry
and chemical properties of a used in courts of law.
substance, chemical processes and A Forensic Chemist is the one who practices
phenomena (as of an organism) forensic chemistry

PRINCIPLES OF FORENSIC CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

1. Principle of Law of Individuality

This principle states that no two objects are exactly alike, even if they appear
identical. In forensic chemistry and toxicology, this means that every sample,
whether it's a hair, fiber, or chemical substance, has unique characteristics that
distinguish it from others. This principle is fundamental in identifying evidence
and linking it to a specific source.

2. Principle of Comparison
The principle of comparison states that evidence can be compared to known
samples to determine if they have a common origin. This is a crucial step in
forensic investigations. For example, a fingerprint found at a crime scene can be
compared to a known fingerprint of a suspect.

3. Principles of Circumstantial Facts

Circumstantial facts are indirect evidence that suggests a connection between a
person or object and a crime. While they may not directly prove guilt, they can
provide strong support for a prosecution's case. For example, if a suspect's DNA
is found at a crime scene, it can be considered circumstantial evidence linking
them to the crime.

4. Principle of Probability
The principle of probability recognizes that no scientific test is 100% accurate.
There's always a chance of error, and the likelihood of a particular outcome can
be calculated using statistical methods. In forensic chemistry and toxicology,
probability is used to assess the strength of evidence and to determine the
likelihood of a match between samples.

5. Principle of Exchange

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 The principle of exchange, often attributed to Edmond Locard, states that when
two objects come into contact, they exchange material. This means that evidence
can be transferred from a crime scene to a suspect, or vice versa. This principle
is fundamental to the collection and analysis of evidence in forensic
investigations.

6. Law of Progressive Change

The law of progressive change recognizes that evidence can change over time.
For example, a body may decompose, or a chemical substance may degrade.
This principle is important for understanding the limitations of forensic analysis
and for interpreting evidence that has been exposed to the elements.

7. Principle of Analysis
The principle of analysis states that evidence must be analyzed using
appropriate scientific methods. This involves selecting the correct techniques,
ensuring proper handling and storage, and interpreting results accurately.
Forensic chemists and toxicologists must have a deep understanding of the
principles and techniques used in their field to provide reliable and admissible
evidence.

3.2. IDENTIFY THE RELIABLE PRELIMINARY AND CONFIRMATORY TESTS IN

THE EXAMINATION OF BIOLOGICAL, PHYSICAL AND TRACE EVIDENCE

PRELIMINARY AND CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BIOLOGICAL EVIDENCE

Prior to conducting additional confirmatory testing, accurate preliminary testing is
crucial for the analysis of biological evidence in order to detect and validate the
existence of materials such as blood, semen, or saliva. These early tests are vital
because they may be conducted in the lab or on-site, and they are sensitive and
fast. The following are a few of the most popular preliminary tests:

1. Presumptive Blood Test

a) Kastle-Meyer test
One of the most popular blood presumed testing is this one. It makes use
of hydrogen peroxide and phenolphthalein. The presence of hemoglobin is
suggested by a positive reaction, which is represented by a pink hue.

b) Luminol test
The purpose of this test is to find minute amounts of blood. When luminol
combines with the iron in hemoglobin, it produces a blue light in the dark,
which is advantageous for locating removed blood remnants.

c) LMG test
When the reagent combines with hemoglobin, it produces a green or
blue-green tint that indicates the presence of blood.

2. Presumptive semen test

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 a) Acid Phosphate Test
Acid phosphatase is present in large amounts in semen. The presence of
semen is suggested by a positive test result, which is represented by the
color purple.

b) PSA Test
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in semen is detected by this test. A
favorable outcome is a reliable sign of the presence of seminal fluid.

3. Presumptive saliva test

a) Phadebas Test
The enzymatic process which is present in saliva in high concentrations, is
detected by this test. A good result implies the presence of saliva and is
shown by the color blue.

4. DNA test
a) Swabbing
Skin cells can be extracted from surfaces or objects using this method.
After that, the sample can be subjected to DNA extraction and analysis to
see if there is enough DNA present for additional testing.

5. Hair and Fiber test

a) Microscopic Examination
This is an initial technique for identifying fibers or hair that has been
discovered at a crime scene. Under a microscope, the color, texture, and
medulla pattern of hair can be analyzed to identify if it comes from an
animal or human and to pinpoint its possible origin.

PRELIMINARY AND CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR PHYSICAL EVIDENCE

Preliminary tests are frequently the first step in the assessment of physical evidence;
these tests are dependable and aid in directing more in-depth study. Although the
results of these tests are often quick and non-destructive, they are not always
conclusive. Several trustworthy initial testing include of:

1. Presumptive Blood test

- Blood can be found using tests like the luminol spray and the Kastle-Meyer test.
They can detect blood but can also react with other compounds because they
are sensitive but not selective.

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2. Chromatography
- Drugs or ink components can be identified in part by using thin-layer
chromatography (TLC). It’s a fast way to separate materials and provide a rough
understanding of their makeup.

3. Microscopic Examination
- Under a microscope, fiber, hair, and glass can be studied to establish initial
judgments about their properties and their sources.

4. Gunshot residue test

- If a person has recently fired a gun, it can be ascertained whether they have
gunshot residue by presumptive testing utilizing methods such as colorimetric
assays or scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

5. Fingerprint analysis
- One typical and dependable first step in reviewing evidence is the employment of
chemicals or powders to disclose latent fingerprints. If necessary, a more
thorough analysis can come after this.

6. UV light examination
- Since many of these materials glow when exposed to ultraviolet light, it is
possible to use this light to identify fluids like semen, urine, or saliva on evidence.

PRELIMINARY AND CONFIRMATORY TESTS IN THE EXAMINATION OF TRACE

EVIDENCE

Preliminary test
Tetramethyl Benzidine test also known as the TMB test is one of the most
common presumptive tests for blood. TMB is a modification of the Benzidine test
(as benzidine is carcinogenic) and both these tests work on the same principle.
Both these tests are used for detecting the peroxidase activity found in blood.

Confirmatory test
As discussed in the previous lesson, microcrystalline tests such as the Takayama
test and the Teichmann test, are used to confirm the presence of blood. When
certain reagents are added to the suspected area, crystals appear in case of
blood stains which can be observed through the microscope.

PROCEDURE IN THE COLLECTION OF BLOOD EVIDENCE

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Blood collection
Blood that is in a liquid form should be picked up on a gauze pad or other clean
sterile cotton cloth and allowed to air dry thoroughly, at room temperature. Once
dry, it should be refrigerated or frozen as soon as possible and brought to the
Laboratory as quickly as possible.

3.3. APPLY THE PROCEDURE IN THE COLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OF

BIOLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL EVIDENCE.

Collecting Hair Evidence

Hair evidence can be collected from various sources, including the victim's body, the
suspect's body, and the crime scene. The following procedures are generally followed:
● Use clean forceps: clean forceps should be used to collect hair samples to avoid
cross-contamination.
● Package separately: Each group of hair should be packaged separately in a
clean paper envelope, sealed, and labeled.
● Avoid damaging hair roots: Care should be taken to avoid damaging the hair
roots, as they contain DNA.
● Air-dry mixed samples: Hairs mixed with blood, tissue, or other body fluids should
be air-dried and placed in separate envelopes to prevent mold growth.

Collecting Semen Evidence

Semen evidence is typically collected during a forensic medical examination of the
victim. The following procedures are commonly used:
● Swabbing: Sterile swabs are used to collect semen from various areas of the
body, including the vagina, cervix, anus, and mouth.
● Slides: Slides are prepared for microscopic examination of spermatozoa.
● Preservation: Semen stains are preserved on gauze or cotton swabs and dried
before packaging to prevent decomposition.
● Clothing: Clothing suspected of containing semen stains is collected and
packaged separately.
● Other samples: Fingernail scrapings, pubic hair combings, and bite mark swabs
can also be collected for DNA analysis.

Additional Considerations for Evidence Collection

● Chain of custody: Maintaining a strict chain of custody is essential to ensure the
admissibility of evidence in court. This involves documenting every step of the
collection, handling, and storage of evidence.
● Documentation: Detailed documentation of the evidence collection process is
crucial. This includes the date and time of collection, the location of the evidence,
the name of the collector, and any other relevant information.

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 ● Training: Law enforcement officers and forensic technicians should receive
proper training on evidence collection procedures to ensure the integrity of the
evidence.

Conclusion
The proper collection of hair and semen evidence is critical for successful prosecution in
sexual assault cases. By following established procedures and maintaining a strict chain
of custody, investigators can ensure that the evidence is admissible in court and can
help bring perpetrators to justice.

PROCEDURE IN THE COLLECTION OF PHYSICAL EVIDENCE (DRUGS, FIBERS)

The collection of physical evidence, such as drugs and fibers, is a critical aspect of
forensic investigations. Proper procedures must be followed to ensure the integrity of
the evidence, maintain a chain of custody, and prevent contamination. Below are
general steps to follow in the collection of such evidence:

1. Scene Assessment
● Safety First: Ensure the scene is secure and safe for investigators.
● Initial Survey: Conduct a preliminary survey of the scene to identify potential
evidence.
2. Documentation
● Photograph the Scene: Take thorough photographs of the entire scene, including
close-ups and wide-angle shots.
● Sketch the Scene: Create a rough sketch with relevant measurements to help in
future analysis.
● Note Taking: Write detailed notes about the scene, including the location of
evidence, conditions, and any relevant observations.
3. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)
● Wear appropriate PPE such as gloves, masks, eyewear, and lab coats to prevent
contamination of both evidence and the investigator.
4. Collection of Drugs
● Identification: Use appropriate field tests to identify drugs when necessary (if
local laws permit).
● Use of Tools: Use clean, appropriate tools (like tweezers or spatulas) to handle
substances.
● Packaging:
- Place the substance in a clean, dry, and appropriate container (e.g., glass
vials, paper bags).
- Avoid plastic bags for drugs, as they can create condensation and
degrade substances.
● Labeling:
- Clearly label each container with details such as case number, item
description, date, time, location, and collector's name.
- Include chain of custody information as required.

5. Collection of Fibers

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 ● Visual Inspection: Look for fibers that may be readily visible. Use a magnifying
glass if necessary.
● Tape lifts: Use clear adhesive tape to collect fibers from surfaces. Place the tape
on an appropriate backing (e.g., paper or glass) for transport.
● Packaging:
- Place collected fibers in a clean, labeled envelope or container.
- Avoid folding fibers to prevent damage or mixing.
● Labeling: Ensure proper labeling as described for drug evidence.

6. Chain of Custody
● Documentation: Maintain a thorough chain of custody log that documents every
individual who has handled or analyzed the evidence.
● Transfer Procedures: Ensure that all evidence is handed over in accordance with
established protocols, with accompanying documentation.
7. Final Thoughts
● Secure Storage: All collected evidence should be stored in a secure, controlled
environment until analysis or trial.
● Legal Considerations: Ensure compliance with all legal and ethical standards for
evidence collection, particularly regarding warrants and consent.
8. Follow-Up
● Analysis: Submit the evidence to a forensic lab for appropriate testing and
analysis.
● Reporting: Prepare a detailed report summarizing the evidence collection
process, findings, and any relevant observations.
● By adhering to these procedures, investigators can help ensure that physical
evidence is collected in a manner that preserves its integrity and significance in
any legal proceedings.

GLASS
Is a solid-like and transparent material that is used in numerous applications in our daily
lives. It is made from natural and abundant raw materials (sand, soda ash and
limestone) that are melted at high temperature to form a new material.

Procedures in collection:
a) Collect fragments: Collect as many fragments as possible, including any pieces that
may be embedded in other objects.
b) Package carefully: Place each fragment in a separate, airtight container to prevent
breakage and contamination.
c) Document the location: Note the location of each fragment at the scene to help
reconstruct the events.

TOOLMARKS
A tool is a hard object which when forcefully comes into contact with another object,
leaves a mark on the softer one like a screw driver, plier or an arc joint plier, hammer
and wire cutters etc.

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Procedures in Collection:
a) Photograph carefully: Take detailed photographs of the toolmarks to capture the
unique characteristics.
b) Cast if necessary: If the toolmarks are on a soft surface, consider casting them to
preserve the details.
c) Document the location: Note the location of the toolmarks at the scene to help
identify the tool used.

3.4. COMPARE BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL POISONS AND ITS TYPES

INCLUDING ITS ANTIDOTES

BIOLOGICAL POISONS
Biological poisons are toxins produced by living organisms, such as bacteria, plants,
animals, or fungi. These toxins can affect human health in various ways.
Types of Biological Poisons
1. Bacterial Toxins:
● Botulinum Toxin: Produced by Clostridium botulinum. It causes botulism, leading
to muscle paralysis.
✔ Antidote: Botulinum antitoxin.

● Tetanus Toxin: Produced by Clostridium tetani. It causes tetanus, characterized

by severe muscle spasms.
✔ Antidote: Tetanus antitoxin (human tetanus immune globulin) and tetanus
toxoid vaccine for prevention.

2. Plant Toxins:
● Ricin: Derived from castor beans (Ricinus communis). It inhibits protein
synthesis, leading to cell death.
✔ Antidote: There is no specific antidote, but supportive care and treatments
to manage symptoms can be provided.
● Aconitine: Found in plants like monkshood (Aconitum). It affects cardiac and
neurological functions.
✔ Antidote: Supportive care; activated charcoal may be used if ingestion was
recent.

3. Animal Venoms:
● Snake Venom: Produced by various snakes, such as cobras, vipers, and pit
vipers. It can cause hemotoxic, neurotoxic, or cytotoxic effects.
✔ Antidote: Specific antivenoms depending on the snake species.
● Bee Stings: Venom from bees (e.g., honeybees). It can cause allergic reactions
and pain.
✔ Antidote: For severe allergic reactions, epinephrine (adrenaline) is used.
Antihistamines and corticosteroids may also be administered.

4. Fungal Toxins:

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 ● Aflatoxins: Produced by certain molds (e.g., Aspergillus species). They are
carcinogenic and affect the liver.
✔ Antidote: There is no specific antidote. Treatment focuses on managing
symptoms and reducing exposure.

CHEMICAL POISONS
Chemical poisons are synthetic or naturally occurring substances that can cause harm
through chemical reactions or toxic properties.
Types of Chemical Poisons
1. Heavy Metals:
● Lead: Affects multiple systems, including the nervous and hematopoietic
systems.
✔ Antidote: Chelating agents like EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) or
DMSA (dimercaptosuccinic acid).
● Mercury: Affects the kidneys and nervous system.
✔ Antidote: Chelating agents such as DMPS
(2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonic acid) or DMSA.

2. Pesticides:
● Organophosphates: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase, leading to overstimulation of the
nervous system.
✔ Antidote: Atropine and pralidoxime (2-PAM) are used to counteract the
effects.
● Carbamates: Similar to organophosphates but generally less persistent.
✔ Antidote: Atropine; pralidoxime is less effective.

3. Industrial Chemicals:
● Cyanide: Inhibits cellular respiration by blocking cytochrome c oxidase.
✔ Antidote: Hydroxocobalamin or sodium thiosulfate.
● Carbon Monoxide: Binds to hemoglobin, reducing oxygen transport.
✔ Antidote: Hyperbaric oxygen therapy or oxygen supplementation.

4. Household Chemicals:
● Bleach (Sodium Hypochlorite): Causes burns and irritation.
✔ Antidote: Rinsing with water; dilution with water in case of ingestion.
● Acids (e.g., Sulfuric Acid): Causes corrosive burns.
✔ Antidote: Rinsing with water; in some cases, dilution with a base like
sodium bicarbonate may be used.

CONCLUSION
Both biological and chemical poisons can have severe effects on health, but their
sources and mechanisms of action differ. Biological poisons are produced by living
organisms and often require specific antitoxins or supportive care. Chemical poisons

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are substances that cause harm through chemical interactions, and their antidotes
range from chelating agents to specific counteracting medications or treatments.
Effective management often involves a combination of early recognition,
appropriate use of antidotes, and supportive care to mitigate the effects of poisoning.

REFERENCE:
Poison & Antidote Chart | Atlantic Canada Poison Centre. (n.d.).
https://atlanticcanadapoisoncentre.ca/poison-and-antidote-chart.html

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