Microscope Ray Optics:

Optical Instruments
Lecture - 1
The Eye
nearly Spherical Shape of diameter about an inch.

Front portion is more sharply curved and is

covered by a transparent protective membrane called Cornea.
The Eye
muscular diaphragm called Iris,
which has a small hole in it called Pupil.

Iris is the coloured part

Pupil appears black

No chance of light coming back to the outside.

The Eye

Amount of light controlled by varying the aperture of the pupil

In low-light condition, Iris expands the Pupil

In good light conditions, Iris contracts the Pupil.

The Eye Lens is hard in the middle .
Lens is soft towards the outer edge.

The curvature of the lens and

hence the focal length can be
altered by the Ciliary Muscles
 Image formed on the Retina
The Eye
Most of the bending occurs at the Cornea itself
Additional bending is done by the lens.

The retina contains about 125 million receptors called “rods and cones”

About one million optic-nerve fibres

 Front portion is filled with a liquid called the Aqueous humor

The space between the lens and the retina is filled with another liquid
called the “Vitreous Humor”

The aqueous humor and the vitreous humor have almost

same refractive index. On the average it is about 1.396
The Eye

The cornea-lens-fluid system is equivalent to a single converging lens

whose focal length may be adjusted by the Ciliary muscles.

Accomodation

This process of adjusting focal length is called Accommodation.

➔ Far object
➔ Parallel rays
➔ Little refraction needed
➔ Ciliary Muscles relaxed
➔ Lens pulled thinner
Accomodation

➔ Near Object
➔ Diverging rays
➔ Much refraction needed
➔ Ciliary Muscles contracted
➔ Lens more spherical

But Muscles cannot be strained beyond a limit.

Near Point

If the object is brought too close to the eye, the focal length
cannot be adjusted to form the image on the retina.

The nearest point which a image can be

focussed on the retina is called the
Near Point of the eye.
Least Distance for Clear Vision

The distance of the Near Point of the eye is called the

Least Distance for Clear Vision Or Least Distance of Distinct Vision

The near point may be as 7 - 8 cm at lower ages.

The average value of least distance for clear vision for

a normal eye is generally taken to be 25cm.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Near and Far points of a human eye are

A. 0 and 25 cm
B . 0 and ∞
C. 25 cm and 100 cm
D. 25 cm and ∞
Apparent Size

The size of the image on the retina

is roughly proportional to
the angle subtended by the object on the eye.

Closer the Object, Larger is its Apparent Size

Apparent Size
The size of the image on the retina
is roughly proportional to
the angle subtended by the object on the eye.
Visual Angle

This angle is known as the Visual Angle θ

h
θ
θ
Image

optical instruments are used to increase this angle

artificially in order to improve the clarity.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Microscope is an optical instrument which

A. Enlarges the object

B. Brings the object nearer

C. Increases the visual angle

formed by the object at the eye.

D. Decreases the visual angle

formed by the object at the eye
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

An observer looks at a distant tree of height 10 m

with a telescope of magnifying power of 20.
To the observer the tree appears
[JEE Main 2016]

A. 20 times taller

B. 20 times nearer

C. 10 times taller

D. 10 times nearer
Near Point
The maximum Visual Angle θo is subtended on the
eye when the object is at the Near Point.

h
θ0
D

Where h is the size of the object and

D is the least distance for clear vision.
Simple Microscope

This angle can be further increased if a converging lens

of short focal length is placed just in front of the eye.

When a converging lens used for increasing the visual angle,

it is called a simple microscope or a magnifier.

h
Simple Microscope

h
θ
F

The actual size of the image is infinite but

the angle subtended on the lens (and hence on the eye) is
Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments

Magnifying Power of any optical instrument is θ/θ0.

m = θ/θ0

Where θ0 is the angle subtended on the naked eye when the

object is placed at the near point.

And θ is the angle subtended by final image on eye

This is also known as the Angular Magnification.

Simple Microscope
As the image is situated at infinity,
Case 1
the Ciliary Muscles are least strained
This situation is is known as Normal Adjustment .

h
θ
F

f
Simple Microscope

Case 1

Thus, the magnifying power is the factor by which

the image on the retina can be enlarged by using the microscope.

or,

If f < D, , θ > θ0

the magnifying power is greater than 1.

Simple Microscope Magnifying Power can be further increased

Case 2 Object to a distance u 0 from the lens such that

the virtual erect image is formed at the Near Point.

Here v = - D and u - - u 0 , so that

h
θ
F
u0

D
Simple Microscope

Case 2

The angle subtended by the image on the lens

(and hence on the eye) is

The angular magnification or magnifying power

in this case is
Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments

The magnifying power is written with a unit X.

If a magnifier produces an angular magnification of 10, it is called 10 X magnifier.

Due to several other aberrations the image becomes too defective at large
magnifications
A magnification upto 4 X is trouble free.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

Least distance of distinct vision is 25 cm. Magnifying power

of simple microscope of focal length 5 cm is [For distinct
vision]

A. 1/5 B. 5 C. 1/6 D. 6
Compound Microscope

It consists of two converging lenses arranged coaxially.

The one close The one

to the eye is facing the
called the object is
Eyepiece or called the
Ocular. Objective

Eyepiece has larger aperture & larger focal length

Objective has smaller aperture & smaller focal length
Compound Microscope
The object is placed at a distance u o

Case 1 A real, inverted & magnified image is formed

at a distance vo on the other side of the objective.
For Normal Adjustment, final image is then formed at infinity.
Compound Microscope
The position of the eyepiece can also be adjusted in such a
Case 2
way that the final virtual image is formed at the Near Point.
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

In a compound microscope, if the objective produces an

image I o and the eye piece produces an image Ie, then’

A. I o is virtual but Ie is real

B. Io is real but Ie is virtual
C. I o and Ie are both real
D. I o and Ie are both virtual
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]

The image formed by an objective of a compound

microscope is [IIT JEE 2003]

A. virtual and diminished

B. real and diminished

C. real and enlarged

D. virtual and enlarged

Compound Microscope

The largest angle formed by the object on the unaided eye when no microscope is used

When a compound microscope is used, the final image subtends an

angle θ′ on the eyepiece ( and hence on the eye) given by

Where h′ is the height of the first image and u o is its distance from the eyepiece.
Magnifying Power
The magnifying power of the compound microscope is, therefore,

Where

D/u e is the magnifying power of the eyepiece treated as a simple microscope.

Case Ⅰ D/fe in normal adjustment (image at infinity) and

Case Ⅱ 1 + D/ fe for the adju stm ent when the

image is formed at the least distance for clear vision.
Magnifying Power

Hence Magnifying Power of compound microscope is

Case 1 For Normal adjustment and

Case 2 At the least distance for clear vision.

Daily Practice Problems
Example In a compound microscope, the intermediate image is

A. virtual, erect and magnified [2000 S]

B. real, erect and magnified

C. real, inverted and magnified

D. virtual, erect and reduced

Ans : C
Example The focal length of a s imple convex lens us ed as a
m agnifier is 10 cm . For the image to be form ed at a
distance of distinct vision D = 25 cm, the object must be
placed away from the lens nearly at a distance of

A. 5 cm B. 7 cm C. 8 cm D. 16 cm

Ans : B
Example
A compound microscope has magnifying power as 32 and
magnifying power of eye-piece is 4, then the magnifying
power of objective is

A. 8 B. 10 C. 6 D. 12

Ans : A
Example In a compound microscope, the focal lengths of objective
and eye-lenses are 1.2 cm and 3 cm respectively. If the
object is put 1.25 cm away from the objective lens and the
final image is formed at infinity, the magnifying power of
the microscope is
A. 150 B. 200 C. 250 D. 400

Ans : B
Example In a microscope the focal lengths of two lenses are 1.5 cm
and 6.25 cm. If an object is placed at 2 cm from objective
and final image is formed at 25 cm from eye – lens, the
distance between two lenses is
A. 6 cm B. 7.75 cm C. 9 .25 cm D. 11 cm

Ans : D
Near Point
The maximum Visual Angle θo is subtended on the
eye when the object is at the Near Point.

h
θ0
D

Where h is the size of the object and

D is the least distance for clear vision.
Magnifying Power of Optical Instruments

Magnifying Power of any optical instrument is θ/θ0.

m = θ/θ0

Where θ0 is the angle subtended on the naked eye when the

object is placed at the near point.

And θ is the angle subtended by final image on eye

This is also known as the Angular Magnification.

Simple Microscope
As the image is situated at infinity,
Case 1
the Ciliary Muscles are least strained
This situation is is known as Normal Adjustment .

h
θ
F

If f < D,, θ > θ0

Simple Microscope Magnifying Power can be further increased

Case 2 Object to a distance u 0 from the lens such that

the virtual erect image is formed at the Near Point.

h
θ
F
u0

D
Compound Microscope

It consists of two converging lenses arranged coaxially.

The one close The one

to the eye is facing the
called the object is
Eyepiece or called the
Ocular. Objective

Eyepiece has larger aperture & larger focal length

Objective has smaller aperture & smaller focal length
Compound Microscope
The object is placed at a distance u o
Case 1

A real, inverted & magnified image is formed

at a distance vo on the other side of the objective.
For Normal Adjustment, final image is then formed at infinity.
Compound Microscope
The position of the eyepiece can also be adjusted in such a way tha
Case 2
the final virtual image is formed at the Near Point.
Compound Microscope

The largest angle formed by the object on the unaided eye when no microscope is used

When a compound microscope is used, the final image subtends an

angle θ′ on the eyepiece ( and hence on the eye) given by

Where h′ is the height of the first image and u o is its distance from the eyepiece.
Magnifying Power
The magnifying power of the compound microscope is, therefore,

Where

D/u e is the magnifying power of the eyepiece treated as a simple microscope.

Case Ⅰ D/fe in normal adjustment (image at infinity) and

Case Ⅱ 1 + D/ fe for the adju stm ent when the

image is formed at the least distance for clear vision.
Magnifying Power

Hence Magnifying Power of compound microscope is

Case Ⅰ For Normal adjustment and

Case Ⅱ At the least distance for clear vision.

Magnifying Power

or, or,

In general, the focal length of the objective is very small so that v/f0 >>1.
Also, the first image is close to eyepiece so that v ≈ l,
where l is the tube length (separation between the objective and the
eyepiece).
Magnification of Compound Microscope

Thus , For normal adjustment

Case Ⅰ

For adjustment for the final image

at the least distance for clear vision.

Case Ⅱ
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
A compound microscope has magnifying power as 32 and
magnifying power of eye-piece is 4, then the magnifying
power of objective is

A. 8 B. 10 C. 6 D. 12
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
The focal length of a s imple convex lens us ed as a
m agnifier is 10 cm. For the image to be form ed at a
distance of distinct vision D = 25 cm, the object must be
placed away from the lens nearly at a distance of

A. 5 c m B. 7 c m C. 8 c m D. 16 c m

Ans : B
Example MCQ type Question [ +4 , -1]
In a microscope the focal lengths of two lenses are 1.5 cm
and 6.25 cm. If an object is placed at 2 cm from objective
and final image is formed at 25 cm from eye – lens, the
distance between two lenses is
A. 6 cm B. 7.75 cm C. 9.25 cm D. 11 cm

Ans : D
Teles copes

To look at distant objects such as a star,

a planet or a distant tree, etc, we use
another instruments called a Telescope.
1. Astronomical Telescope

One facing the distant object

Two converging lens
is called the Objective
placed coaxially,
It has a large aperture
Objective and Eyepiece
and a large focal length.

The other is called Eyepiece as

eye is placed close to it,
Has a smaller aperture and a
smaller focal length.
1. Astronomical Telescope

In Normal Adjustment, the position is

Case Ⅰ Q so adjusted that the final image is formed at infinity.

E
P′
P 𝖺 ′ β
O

Q′

u o is very large, the first image P′Q′ is formed in the focal plane of the objective.
1. Astronomical Telescope

The image can be brought closer by pushing the eyepiece closer to the first image.

Maximum angular magnification is produced

Case Ⅱ when the final image is formed at the Near Point.

E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
P Pʺ O

Q′

Qʺ
Magnifying Power of a Telescope

Angular Magnification or the Magnifying Power of the telescope is defined as

angle subtended by the final image on the eye

m=
angle subtended by the object on the unaided eye
Magnification

Case Ⅰ For Normal Adjustment

the final image is formed at infinity, then EP′ = fe

E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
P Pʺ O
β/𝖺 is negative.
Q′

Qʺ
Magnifying Power of a Telescope

u o is very large, the first image P′Q′ is formed in the focal plane of the objective.
Q

Case Ⅱ
E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
P Pʺ O

Q′

Qʺ

P′′Q′′ subtends an angle β on the eyepiece

or,
Magnification If final image is formed at the Near Point of the eye,
the angular magnification is further increased.
Case Ⅱ
Here u = -EP’ and v = -EP’’ = -D

The lens equation is

Q

E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
P Pʺ O

Q′

Qʺ
Magnification

Case Ⅱ If final image is formed at the Near Point of the eye,

the angular magnification is further increased.

The magnification is
Length of Telescope
L =OP′ + P′E = f o + P′E
Q

E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
Pʺ O
P

Q′

For Normal Adjustment, P′E = fe so that

Qʺ
L = f o + fe.

For adjustment for Near Point vision, we have

S o that the length is

2. Terrestrial Telescope

In an astronomical telescope,
the final image is inverted with respect to the object.

E
P′
𝖺 ′ β
P Pʺ O

Q′

Qʺ
2. Terrestrial Telescope
To remove this difficulty, a convex lens of focal length f
is included between the objective and the eyepiece in such a way that
Q′′′

Q
Q′′

P′
P′′′ P′′ β
P

Q′

Lo
L

The role of the intermediate lens L is only to invert the image.

2. Terrestrial Telescope

for Normal Adjustment

And for final image at Near Point

Length of Telescope

for Normal Adjustment

And for final image at Near Point

Resolving Power of Optical Instruments

Ability of an optical instrument

to separate two objects,
that are close together, into individual images.

Resolving power is the ability of an imaging device to separate (i.e., to see as

distinct) points of an object that are located at a small angular distance
Resolving Power of a Microscope

It is the reciprocal of the distance between two objects

which can be just resolved when seen through the microscope.

Depends on the Object

Wavelength λ of the light,
Refractive index μ of the medium between the
object and the objective of the microscope.

Angle θ subtended by a radius of the objective on the object

Resolving Power of a Microscope

Resolving Power is
inversely proportional to Wavelength λ of the light used,

Light of shorter wavelength like Blue produces better Resolving Power.

To increase the resolving power,

the objective and the object
are kept immersed in oil.
This increases μ and hence R.
Resolving Power of a Telescope
Resolving power of a telescope is defined as the
reciprocal of the angular separation between two distant objects
which are just resolved when viewed through a telescope.
Resolving Power of a Telescope

Resolving power of a telescope is defined as the reciprocal of the angular

separation between two distant objects which are just resolved when viewed
through a telescope.

𝖺 is the diameter of the objective of the telescope.

The telescopes with larger objective aperture (1m or more) are used in
astronomical studies.
Daily Practice Problems
Example In a compound microscope, the focal lengths of objective
and eye-lenses are 1.2 cm and 3 cm respectively. If the
object is put 1.25 cm away from the objective lens and the
final image is formed at infinity, the magnifying power of
the microscope is

A. 150 B. 200 C. 250 D. 400

Ans : B
Example The magnifying power of a simple microscope is given by 1 + D/f,
where D is the least distance for clear vision. For farsighted persons,
D is greater than the usual. Does it mean that the magnifying power
of a simple microscope is greater for a farsighted person as
compared to a normal person ? Does it mean that a farsighted
person can see an insect more clearly under a microscope than a
normal person ?

Ans : Yes, yes

Example A person has a near point at 100 cm. What power of lens is
needed to read at 20 cm if he/she uses
1. Contact lens
2 . S p ectacles having glas s es 2.0 cm s eparated from the
eyes ?

Ans : +4D, + 4.53D

Example M agnification produced by as tronom ical teles cope for
normal adjustment is 10 and length of telescope is 1.1 m.
The m agnification w hen the image is form ed at leas t
distance of distinct vision (D = 25 cm) is

A. 14 B. 6 C. 16 D. 18

Ans : A
Example An astronomical telescope has a converging eye-piece of
focal length 5 cm and objective of focal length 8 0 cm.
When the final image is formed at the least distance of
distinct vision (25 cm), the separation between the two
lenses is
A. 75.0 cm B. 80.0 cm C. 84.2 cm D. 85.0 cm

Ans : C
Example A telescope of objective lens diameter 2m uses light of
wavelength 5000 Å for viewing stars. The minimum angular
separation between two stars whose image is just resolved
by their telescope is
A. 4 × 10 –4 rad B. 0.25 × 10 –6 rad

C. 0.31 × 10 –6 rad D. 5 × 10 –3 rad

Ans : C
Example An eye can distinguish between two points of an object if they are
separated by more than 0.22 m m when the object is placed at 25 c m
from the eye. The object is now seen by a compound microscope
having a 20 D objective and 10 D eyepiece separated by a distance of
20 cm. The final image is formed at 25 cm from the eye.

What is the minimum separation between two points of the object

which can now be distinguished ?

Ans : 0.04mm
Defects of Images

Image formation developed for mirrors and lenses suffers

from various approximations. As a result, the actual images
formed contain several defects.

1) Chromatic Aberration

The defects arising from variation of the refractive index

are termed as Chromatic Aberrations.

2) Monochromatic Aberration

The defects arise even if light of a single colour is used,

are termed as Monochromatic Aberrations.
Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration
If it is assumed that the aperture of the lens or the mirror is small.

Then only It is possible to have a point image of a point object.

Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration

Rays refract from points at different distances

from the principal axis.
Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration

Rays refract from points at different distances

from the principal axis.

Rays farthest from

the principal axis are
called the marginal rays and
are focused at point F’
somewhat closer to the mirror.
Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration A 3-dimensional blurred image is formed.

focus

If the image of a point is a blurred surface,

that defect is called as ‘Spherical Aberration’.

Intersection of this image with the plane

of figure is called the Caustic curve.
Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration

Placing stops/masks at various places

to reduce Spherical Aberration
Parallel rays may be bought to focus at one point if a parabolic mirror is
used.

Reflectors in automobile headlights.

Monochromatic Aberrations

1. Spherical Aberration

Lens too produces a blurred disc type image of a point object.

They meet at a point different from that

given by geometrical optics formulae.
M onochromatic Aberrations 2. Coma

Image received on screen is in the Shape of the image is like a Comet.

This defect is called Coma.

Basic reason of this aberration is the rays passing through different

regions of the lens meet at different points on a plane
perpendicular to principal axis.
3. Astigmatism

Spreading of the image of a point object along the principal axis.

3. Astigmatism

Spreading of the image of a point object along the principal axis.

3. Astigmatism Test for Astigmatism
4. Curvature

Image is spread both along and perpendicular to the principal axis.

Image is formed not in a plane but on a curved surface

This defect is known as Curvature.
5. Distortion

Defect arising when extended objects are imaged.

Relation between the object distance and the image

distance is not linear and hence, the magnification is not
the same at all portions of the extended object.
Chromatic Aberrations

Refractive index of the material of a lens varies with the wavelength

and the focal length is also different for different wavelengths.

Focal length is maximum for red and minimum for violet.

Chromatic Aberrations
In the first case, the chromatic aberration is called positive
and in the second case, it is negative.

Separation between the images

formed by extreme wavelengths of the visible range
is called the Axial Chromatic Aberration or
Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration.
Chromatic Aberrations
A combination of a convex and a concave lens may result
in no chromatic aberration.

Such a combination is called as Achromatic Combination.

Lens Displacement Method
Method for determining focal length of thin convex lens.

Position 1 Position 2
v

I
u u
a

D: distance between object & screen (kept fixed)

a: distance between two position of lens for which
real image is obtained on screen.
 u1 v1

O l2
u2
v2
l1

L1 a L2

u = -x
At L1
v=D - x
Lens Displacement Method x 2 - Dx + fD = 0
Lens Displacement Method x 2 - Dx + fD = 0
Lens Displacement Method x 2 - Dx + fD = 0

x; will be real if
1. D > 4f;
there are two positions of lens at distances |u1|& |u2|
from object for which real image is formed.

2. If D = 4f;
|u|= D/2 = 2f; only one pos ition of lens can produce
real image.

3. If D < 4f; no position of lens will produce an image on

screen
Methods for Determining Focal Length of a Convex Lens

Graphical Method
A convex lens forms real and inverted images of an object
placed between infinity and focus. From lens equation,
using our sign convention, we have
Graphical Method
If a graph between 1/+v and 1/-u, it represents
a straight line with slope equal to -1.

1/+v

O 1/- u
Graphical Method The intercept with horizontal axis 1/-f and
that with the vertical axis is 1/+f

1/+v

1/+f A

1/2f P

45 0 B
O 1/- 2f 1/- f 1/- u

If a line OP is drawn at angle 45 0 ,

it intersects the line AB at the point P.
The coordinates of the point P are (1/-2f, 1/2f)
Following Conclusions may be obtained for a Convex Lens

➔ A convex lens will form a real image for a real object

when the object is placed beyond focus (x > f0).

➔ When the object comes within focus. i.e. x < f0, then
Virtual image is formed for the real object.

➔ The real image formed is always inverted while the

virtual image is always erect.

➔ Anything (object or image) which is farther from

the lens is always larger.
Experiments with Curved Mirror

Graphical Method of determining focal length of Concave Mirror

It forms real and inverted image of an object placed

beyond its focus. From mirror equation,

A graph between 1/-v and 1/-u is

Graphical Method of determining focal length of Concave Mirror

A graph between 1/-v and 1/-u is a straight line, as shown below

1/-v

1/- f A

1/- 2f P

45 0 B
O 1/- 2f 1/- f 1/- u

Slope of the straight line is -1 and the intercepts

on the horizontal and vertical axes are equal. It is
equal to 1/-f.
Graphical Method of determining focal length of Concave Mirror

A straight line OP at angle 45 0 with the horizontal axis

is drawn which intersects the line AB at the point P.
The coordinates of the point P are (1/-2f, 1/-2f)

The focal length of the mirror can be calculated

by measuring the coordinates of either of the points A, B or P.
Alternatively, a graph between -v and - u can also be
plotted. A line drawn at an angle of 45 0 from the origin
intersects it at the point P' w hose coordinates are (-2f, -2f).
- v

- 2f P

45 0
O - 2f - u

By measuring the coordinates of this point,

the focal length of the mirror can also be measured.
Daily Practice Problems
 Example A slab of high quality flat glass, with parallel faces, is placed in the
path of a parallel light beam before it is focused to a spot by a
lens. The glass is rotated slightly back and forth from the dotted
centre about an axis coming out of the page, as shown. According
to ray optics the effect on the focused spot is

A. There is no movement of the spot

B. The spot moves towards then away from lens

S pot
C. The spot moves up and down parallel to
the lens
D. The spot moves along a line making an
Lens Rotating angle (neither zero nor 90 0 ) with axis of lens.
glass

Ans : A
Example The distance between an object and its real image
formed
by a convex lens cannot be
A. greater than 2f B. less than 2f
C. greater than 4f D. less than 4f

Ans : D
Example

Spherical aberration in a thin lens can be reduced

by
(1994)
A. using a monochromatic light

B. using a doublet combination

C. using a circular annular mark over the lens

D. increasing the size of the lens

Ans : C
Example

A real image of a dis tant object is form ed by a

plano- convex lens on its principal axis. Spherical
aberration

A. is absent.

B. is smaller if the curved

surface of the lensAns : B
Example In an optics experiment, with the position of the object fixed, a student
varies the position of a convex lens and for each position, the screen is
adjusted to get a clear image of the object. A graph between the object
distance u and the image distance v, from the lens, is plotted using the
same scale for the two axes. A straight line passing through the origin
and making an angle of 45° with the x-axis meets the experimental
curve at P. The coordinates of P will be
[200 9 ]
A. (f/2 , f/2) B. (f, f) C. (4f, 4f) D. (2f, 2f)

Ans : D
Example A student measures the focal length of a convex lens by
putting an object pin at a distance ‘u’ from the lens and
measuring the distance ‘v’ of the image pin. The graph
between ‘u’ and ‘v’ plotted by the student should look like
[200 8]
A. V(cm) B. V(cm)

O u (cm) O u (cm)

V(cm) V(cm)
C. D.

O u (cm) O u (cm)
Ans : C
Example The distance between an object and the screen is 100 cm.
A lens produces an image on the screen when placed at
either of two positions 40 cm apart. The power of the lens
is approximately
A. 3 D B. 5 D C. 7 D D. 9 D

Ans : B
Example A thin converging lens of focal
length f is placed between an
object an a screen at a distance D apart. (Displacement
method)
A. if D > 4f, there are two positions of the lens as which
a sharp image of the object is formed on the screen
B. f = (D 2 — x2)/ 4D, x : distance between two
positions of the lens

C. m1 = (D + x)/(D - x) ; m 2 = (D - x)/(D + x); for two

positions of the lens. Object size O = √(l1l2); f = x/(m1 - m 2 )

D. all the options are correct

Ans : D
Example In the displacement method, a convex lens is placed in
between an object and a screen. If the magnification in
the two positions are m1 and m 2 (m1 > m 2 ) and the
distance between the two positions of the lens is x, the
focal length of the lens is

A. B.

C. D.

Ans : B