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Developmental Psychology
Mock Board Examination

INSTRUCTIONS: Determine the letter of the correct answer.

1. What is heredity?
A. The process of learning from one's environment
B. The transmission of traits from parents to offspring through genes
C. The process of adapting to one's surroundings
D. The influence of culture on human development

2. Which of the following refers to the environment in human growth and development?
A. The sum of all genetic influences
B. The combination of genetic and environmental factors
C. The accumulation of experiences and external influences
D. The process of genetic mutation

3. Nature versus nurture is a debate that explores the role of which two factors in human
development?
A. Genetic and epigenetic
B. Heredity and environment
C. Social and cultural
D. Biological and environmental

4. Which term describes the study of heredity and environment on human behavior?
A. Sociology
B. Anthropology
C. Behavioral genetics
D. Developmental psychology

5. Which of the following is an example of an environmental influence on human development?

A. Eye color
B. Blood type
C. Parenting style
D. Genetic disorders

6. Which term refers to the potential range of development influenced by genetic factors?
A. Genotype
B. Phenotype
C. Reaction range
D. Epigenetics

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7. Epigenetics studies the effect of which of the following on gene expression?

A. Genetic mutations
B. DNA replication
C. Environmental factors
D. Chromosome structure

8. Which of the following is an example of a hereditary influence on human development?

A. Prenatal nutrition
B. Exposure to toxins
C. Height
D. Educational experiences

9. What is the term for the observable characteristics resulting from the interaction of genotype
and environment?
A. Genotype
B. Phenotype
C. Reaction range
D. Epigenetics

10. The concept of gene-environment interaction suggests that:

A. Genetic factors alone determine human development
B. Environmental factors alone determine human development
C. Both genetic and environmental factors influence human development
D. Neither genetic nor environmental factors play a role in human development

11. Which of the following research methods might be considered ethically problematic due to
the potential for deception or harm to participants?
A. Naturalistic observation
B. Surveys
C. Experimental manipulation
D. Case studies

12. In developmental psychology research, obtaining informed consent is crucial. Which of the
following populations typically requires additional consent procedures?
A. Adults
B. College students
C. Children
D. Senior citizens

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13. Which of the following is an essential ethical consideration when conducting longitudinal
studies in developmental psychology?
A. The potential for social desirability bias
B. Ensuring participants' anonymity and confidentiality
C. The possibility of observer bias
D. The generalizability of the study findings

14. What is the primary ethical concern when conducting research with vulnerable populations,
such as children or individuals with cognitive impairments?
A. Obtaining informed consent
B. Ensuring ecological validity
C. Avoiding demand characteristics
D. Guaranteeing statistical significance

15. Which ethical principle emphasizes the need for researchers to minimize potential harm and
maximize potential benefits for participants in developmental psychology research?
A. Autonomy
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity

16. A researcher in developmental psychology is conducting a study on the effects of parental

divorce on children's mental health. What ethical issue must the researcher be cautious of when
interpreting and reporting the findings?
A. Bias in data analysis
B. Violating participants' anonymity
C. Overgeneralizing the results
D. Not providing adequate debriefing

17. Which of the following ethical considerations is particularly relevant when conducting
cross-cultural research in developmental psychology?
A. Ensuring that the research design is culturally sensitive
B. Avoiding potential harm to participants
C. Obtaining informed consent from all participants
D. Providing adequate compensation for participants

18. In developmental psychology research, debriefing is an essential ethical procedure. What is

the primary purpose of debriefing?
A. To inform participants about the study's purpose and address any concerns
B. To obtain informed consent from participants
C. To minimize the risk of harm to participants
D. To ensure the validity of the study's findings

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19. When conducting research in developmental psychology, which of the following is an

essential ethical guideline to prevent the exploitation of participants?
A. Ensuring that participants receive adequate compensation for their time
B. Ensuring that the study has clear scientific and societal benefits
C. Guaranteeing the anonymity and confidentiality of participants' data
D. Providing proper debriefing and follow-up support for participants

20. Which ethical principle highlights the importance of treating all participants fairly and
impartially in developmental psychology research?
A. Autonomy
B. Beneficence
C. Justice
D. Fidelity

21. Which of the following theories is primarily focused on the influence of unconscious desires
and drives in shaping an individual's personality development?
A. Psychosexual theory
B. Psychosocial theory
C. Ecological theory
D. Attachment theory

22. According to Erikson's psychosocial theory, which stage of development involves the conflict
between trust and mistrust?
A. Stage 1: Infancy
B. Stage 2: Early Childhood
C. Stage 3: Play Age

23. Bronfenbrenner's ecological theory emphasizes the importance of which of the following in
understanding human development?
A. Unconscious desires and drives
B. The interplay between various environmental systems
C. The role of culture and society
D. Early attachment experiences

24. In Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory, which concept refers to the difference between what a
child can do independently and what they can do with guidance from an adult or more
experienced peer?
A. Zone of Proximal Development
B. Scaffolding
C. Cultural Mediation
D. Assisted Learning

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25. Which of the following theories is most closely associated with the idea that early
attachment experiences form the basis for an individual's future relationships and emotional
well-being?
A. Psychosexual theory
B. Psychosocial theory
C. Ecological theory
D. Attachment theory

26. Which of the following concepts is a central component of Bandura's social learning theory?
A. The Oedipus complex
B. Identity crisis
C. Observational learning
D. The strange situation

27. How do the psychosexual and psychosocial theories of development differ in their emphasis
on the driving forces behind personality development?
A. Psychosexual theory focuses on unconscious desires, while psychosocial theory focuses on
social and cultural factors
B. Psychosexual theory focuses on biological drives, while psychosocial theory focuses on
unconscious desires
C. Psychosexual theory focuses on social and cultural factors, while psychosocial theory
focuses on unconscious desires
D. Psychosexual theory focuses on attachment, while psychosocial theory focuses on the
interaction of environmental systems

28. According to Freud's psychosexual theory, which stage of development is characterized by a

child's focus on the genitals and the development of the Oedipus and Electra complexes?
A. Oral stage
B. Anal stage
C. Phallic stage
D. Latency stage

29. In the context of Erikson's psychosocial theory, which of the following life stages involves the
conflict between generativity and stagnation?
A. Early adulthood
B. Middle adulthood
C. Late adulthood
D. Maturity

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30. Based on the various theories of development, which of the following statements best
captures the complex interplay of factors that shape human personality and attributes?
A. Development is primarily driven by unconscious desires and biological drives
B. Development is shaped by a combination of genetic, environmental, social, and cultural
factors
C. Development is determined by early attachment experiences and social learning
D. Development is solely influenced by the surrounding environment and cultural context

31. Which of the following theories of cognitive development emphasizes the role of schemas
and cognitive structures in shaping how individuals perceive and understand the world?
A. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B. Kohlberg's theory of moral development
C. Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory
D. Erikson's psychosocial theory

32. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which level is characterized by an

individual's adherence to social rules and laws due to a belief in their importance for maintaining
social order?
A. Pre-conventional level
B. Conventional level
C. Post-conventional level
D. Maturational level

33. In the context of Piaget's theory of cognitive development, which stage is characterized by
the development of abstract and hypothetical reasoning abilities?
A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Preoperational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage

34. The concept of "theory of mind" is most closely associated with which aspect of cognitive
development?
A. Moral reasoning
B. Abstract thinking
C. Empathy and perspective-taking
D. Memory and attention

35. According to Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory of cognitive development, which of the

following plays a crucial role in shaping cognitive development across the lifespan?
A. Biological maturation
B. Social interactions and cultural context
C. Moral reasoning abilities
D. Cognitive structures and schemas

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36. In the context of moral development, which of the following factors is considered most
influential in shaping an individual's moral reasoning abilities?
A. Cognitive development and perspective-taking abilities
B. Strict adherence to social norms and rules
C. The individual's genetic predisposition
D. The quality of early attachment experiences

37. How do the theories of cognitive and moral development differ in their emphasis on the
factors influencing human development?
A. Cognitive development focuses on mental processes, while moral development focuses on
social and cultural factors
B. Cognitive development focuses on social interactions, while moral development focuses on
cognitive structures
C. Cognitive development focuses on cognitive structures, while moral development focuses on
moral reasoning abilities
D. Cognitive development focuses on biological maturation, while moral development focuses
on cognitive development

38. Which of the following cognitive skills is typically developed during adolescence, as
described by Piaget's formal operational stage?
A. Object permanence
B. Conservation
C. Abstract reasoning
D. Egocentrism

39. According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by an

individual's focus on individual rights and universal ethical principles, rather than social rules
and laws?
A. Stage 4: Law and Order
B. Stage 5: Social Contract
C. Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles
D. Stage 3: Good Interpersonal Relationships

40. Which of the following theories emphasizes the role of biological maturation in shaping
cognitive development across the lifespan?
A. Piaget's theory of cognitive development
B. Kohlberg's theory of moral development
C. Vygotsky's socio-cultural theory
D. None of the above

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41. Which theorist is most closely associated with the concept of identity formation during
adolescence?
A. Sigmund Freud
B. Jean Piaget
C. Erik Erikson
D. Lawrence Kohlberg

42. According to Erikson's theory, which stage of psychosocial development is specifically

focused on identity formation?
A. Stage 4: Industry vs. Inferiority
B. Stage 5: Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Stage 6: Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Stage 7: Generativity vs. Stagnation

43. In the context of identity formation during adolescence, what does the term "identity crisis"
refer to?
A. A period of intense confusion about one's sense of self
B. The inability to form close relationships with others
C. A period of rapid cognitive development
D. The inability to adjust to new social roles and expectations

44. Which of the following factors is considered most influential in shaping an individual's
identity during adolescence?
A. The development of cognitive structures
B. The quality of early attachment experiences
C. Social and cultural context
D. Biological maturation

45. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which of the following is a key
component of a healthy identity formation during adolescence?
A. Avoiding conflict with peers
B. Strict adherence to social norms
C. Developing a sense of personal values and beliefs
D. Achieving academic success

46. What is the primary outcome of successfully navigating the identity vs. role confusion stage
of psychosocial development during adolescence?
A. A strong sense of self and personal identity
B. The ability to form and maintain intimate relationships
C. A commitment to contributing to society
D. The development of abstract reasoning abilities

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47. In the context of identity formation during adolescence, which of the following is an example
of "role confusion"?
A. Struggling to find a sense of belonging within a peer group
B. Questioning one's religious or cultural upbringing
C. Experimenting with different hobbies and interests
D. Feeling overwhelmed by academic and social pressures

48. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which of the following best
describes the process of identity exploration during adolescence?
A. A linear progression toward a stable sense of self
B. A period of experimentation and self-discovery
C. A sudden transformation in response to a crisis
D. A passive absorption of cultural values and norms

49. Which of the following aspects of identity is typically most salient during the adolescent
period of identity formation?
A. Occupational identity
B. Religious identity
C. Gender identity
D. Political identity

50. How does the process of identity formation during adolescence differ from earlier stages of
psychosocial development?
A. Adolescents face unique challenges in developing a stable sense of self
B. Identity formation during adolescence is primarily focused on cognitive development
C. Adolescents are more likely to rely on external sources of validation and support
D. Identity formation during adolescence is less influenced by social and cultural factors

51. Which of the following principles of human development highlights the importance of
considering both genetic and environmental factors in understanding developmental outcomes?
A. The principle of individual differences
B. The principle of interaction between nature and nurture
C. The principle of multidimensionality
D. The principle of lifelong development

52. According to the principle of multidirectionality, human development is characterized by

which of the following features?
A. Linear progression through a series of stages
B. The simultaneous occurrence of gains and losses across different domains
C. A consistent pattern of growth across all individuals
D. The sole influence of environmental factors on development

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53. Which developmental principle emphasizes that different aspects of human development
may be more or less influenced by environmental factors at different times in a person's life?
A. Principle of plasticity
B. Principle of lifelong development
C. Principle of sensitive periods
D. Principle of individual differences

54. According to the principle of plasticity, which of the following statements is true about human
development?
A. Development is fixed and determined by genetic factors alone
B. Development is malleable and can be influenced by environmental factors
C. Development occurs in a linear and predictable manner
D. Development is primarily influenced by early life experiences

55. Which developmental principle highlights the importance of considering the unique genetic
makeup, experiences, and social contexts of each individual when studying human
development?
A. Principle of individual differences
B. Principle of multidimensionality
C. Principle of interaction between nature and nurture
D. Principle of sensitive periods

56. The principle of lifelong development asserts that human development:

A. Occurs primarily during childhood and adolescence
B. Is a static process that does not change over time
C. Continues throughout the entire lifespan
D. Is solely influenced by early life experiences

57. Which of the following principles emphasizes the interrelatedness of different aspects of
development, such as cognitive, emotional, and social domains?
A. Principle of multidimensionality
B. Principle of holistic development
C. Principle of individual differences
D. Principle of sensitive periods

58. According to the principle of context specificity, which of the following factors should be
considered when studying human development?
A. Only genetic factors
B. Only environmental factors
C. Both genetic and environmental factors
D. The specific cultural, social, and historical context in which development occurs

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59. In the context of the developmental principle of equifinality, which of the following statements
is true?
A. All individuals follow the same developmental pathway to reach a particular outcome
B. Different individuals may follow different developmental pathways to reach the same outcome
C. Development is fixed and cannot be influenced by environmental factors
D. Development is solely determined by early life experiences

60. Which of the following developmental principles highlights the importance of understanding
the interaction between various aspects of an individual's environment, such as family, school,
and community, in shaping development?
A. Principle of systems theory
B. Principle of plasticity
C. Principle of multidimensionality
D. Principle of context specificity

61. Which of the following factors is most critical for healthy prenatal physical development?
A. The mother's emotional well-being
B. The mother's nutrition and overall health
C. The father's involvement in prenatal care
D. The socioeconomic status of the family

62. Teratogens are substances that can have a negative impact on prenatal development.
Which of the following is an example of a teratogen?
A. Prenatal vitamins
B. Alcohol
C. Folic acid
D. Moderate exercise

63. What is the primary purpose of prenatal cognitive development?

A. Forming emotional bonds with the mother
B. Developing abstract reasoning skills
C. Establishing the foundation for future cognitive development
D. Learning to communicate with others

64. Which of the following prenatal factors has been shown to have a significant impact on
socio-emotional development in infants?
A. The mother's level of stress during pregnancy
B. The father's genetic contributions
C. The mother's intelligence
D. The amount of prenatal care received

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65. During which stage of prenatal development do the most critical aspects of physical
development, such as the formation of major organs, occur?
A. Germinal stage
B. Embryonic stage
C. Fetal stage
D. Postnatal stage

66. Which of the following statements is true regarding the relationship between prenatal
cognitive development and the postnatal environment?
A. Prenatal cognitive development has no impact on postnatal cognitive abilities
B. Prenatal cognitive development plays a minor role in determining postnatal cognitive abilities
C. Prenatal cognitive development interacts with the postnatal environment to shape cognitive
abilities
D. Prenatal cognitive development solely determines postnatal cognitive abilities

67. What is the primary function of the placenta during prenatal development?
A. Providing physical support for the fetus
B. Facilitating communication between the mother and fetus
C. Supplying nutrients and oxygen to the fetus and removing waste products
D. Protecting the fetus from harmful substances in the mother's bloodstream

68. Which of the following factors has been shown to have a negative impact on prenatal
cognitive development?
A. Exposure to high levels of stress during pregnancy
B. The mother's consumption of a balanced diet
C. Regular prenatal care and check-ups
D. The father's emotional support during pregnancy

69. During prenatal development, the process of cell differentiation primarily occurs during which
stage?
A. Germinal stage
B. Embryonic stage
C. Fetal stage
D. Postnatal stage

70. How does the mother's emotional well-being during pregnancy potentially affect the
socio-emotional development of the fetus?
A. The mother's emotions have no impact on the fetus's development
B. Positive emotions experienced by the mother can lead to negative outcomes for the fetus
C. High levels of stress experienced by the mother can negatively affect the fetus's development
D. The emotional well-being of the mother is only relevant after the baby is born

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71. Which of the following developmental milestones is characteristic of the physical

development of children during early childhood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. The development of fine motor skills
C. Puberty and the onset of secondary sexual characteristics
D. Decreased physical activity and strength

72. During adolescence, which cognitive skill typically undergoes significant development,
according to Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
A. Object permanence
B. Egocentrism
C. Abstract reasoning and hypothetical thinking
D. Reversibility and conservation

73. In terms of psychosocial development, Erikson's theory posits that young adults primarily
face which developmental challenge?
A. Identity vs. Role Confusion
B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Trust vs. Mistrust

74. Which of the following best describes the physical development of adults during middle age?
A. Increased physical strength and endurance
B. Peak physical performance
C. Gradual decline in physical abilities
D. Rapid deterioration of health

75. In terms of cognitive development during adulthood, which of the following statements is
true?
A. Cognitive decline is inevitable for all adults
B. Some cognitive abilities may decline, while others remain stable or improve
C. Adults experience significant improvements in cognitive abilities
D. Cognitive development ceases after adolescence

76. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which challenge do individuals

typically face during middle adulthood?
A. Identity vs. Role Confusion
B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair

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77. During childhood, the development of theory of mind primarily affects which aspect of
development?
A. Physical development
B. Cognitive development
C. Psychosocial development
D. Moral development

78. In terms of physical development, which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to
the onset of puberty during adolescence?
A. Environmental factors
B. Genetic factors
C. Cognitive development
D. Psychosocial development

79. Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive development and
psychosocial development during childhood?
A. Cognitive development directly influences psychosocial development
B. Psychosocial development directly influences cognitive development
C. Cognitive and psychosocial development are unrelated
D. Cognitive and psychosocial development mutually influence each other

80. During late adulthood, which of the following factors has been shown to contribute to
successful cognitive aging?
A. Physical inactivity
B. Social isolation
C. Engagement in mentally stimulating activities
D. High levels of stress

81. Which of the following is a common stage in the grieving process, as described by Elisabeth
Kubler-Ross?
A. Resilience
B. Acceptance
C. Reconstruction
D. Reintegration

82. In the context of bereavement, what is meant by the term "complicated grief"?
A. A typical grief response that occurs immediately after a loss
B. Grief that is characterized by a prolonged and intense reaction to loss
C. The process of adapting to life after the death of a loved one
D. The ability to find meaning and growth in the experience of loss

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83. Which of the following factors is most likely to influence an individual's experience of grief
and bereavement?
A. The age of the deceased person
B. The nature of the relationship with the deceased person
C. The cause of death
D. The cultural background of the bereaved person

84. In the dual-process model of coping with bereavement, what does the term "loss-oriented
coping" refer to?
A. Focusing on rebuilding one's life after a loss
B. Engaging in activities that distract from the experience of grief
C. Processing and confronting the emotions associated with the loss
D. Seeking social support and sharing feelings with others

85. What is the primary goal of grief counseling?

A. To help the bereaved person forget about the deceased individual
B. To provide a structured environment for the expression of grief
C. To facilitate the process of mourning and adaptation to life after loss
D. To prevent the development of complicated grief

86. According to the concept of "continuing bonds," how do bereaved individuals maintain a
connection with the deceased person?
A. By seeking out new relationships to replace the lost one
B. By engaging in activities that were shared with the deceased person
C. By incorporating the deceased person's values and beliefs into their own lives
D. By avoiding reminders of the deceased person

87. Which of the following is a common emotional response to the death of a loved one?
A. Indifference
B. Anger
C. Envy
D. Apathy

88. In the context of bereavement, what role does social support play in the grieving process?
A. It has no impact on the experience of grief
B. It may help alleviate feelings of isolation and facilitate coping
C. It may hinder the grieving process by promoting avoidance of emotions
D. It can replace the lost relationship and eliminate the need for grieving

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89. Which of the following factors is most likely to contribute to a prolonged and complicated
grieving process?
A. A strong support system of friends and family
B. A sudden and unexpected loss
C. A history of previous losses and grief experiences
D. The use of adaptive coping strategies

90. According to the concept of "post-traumatic growth," how might some individuals experience
positive changes following the death of a loved one?
A. By developing a greater appreciation for life
B. By avoiding reminders of the deceased person
C. By seeking out new relationships to replace the lost one
D. By suppressing their emotions related to the loss

91. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, during which stage do children
typically develop the ability to think logically about concrete objects and events?
A. Sensorimotor stage
B. Preoperational stage
C. Concrete operational stage
D. Formal operational stage

92. In terms of physical development, which of the following is a major developmental milestone
during early childhood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Gradual decline in physical abilities

93. Erikson's theory of psychosocial development posits that the primary developmental task for
adolescents is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

94. Which of the following best describes the expected cognitive development during
adulthood?
A. Cognitive abilities decline consistently across all domains
B. Some cognitive abilities decline, while others remain stable or improve
C. Cognitive abilities continue to improve across all domains
D. Cognitive development remains constant throughout adulthood

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95. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, which challenge do individuals

typically face during early adulthood?
A. Identity vs. Role Confusion
B. Intimacy vs. Isolation
C. Generativity vs. Stagnation
D. Integrity vs. Despair

96. During middle childhood, which of the following psychosocial developmental tasks is most
relevant?
A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Developing a sense of identity
D. Achieving emotional intimacy in romantic relationships

97. Which of the following is a key cognitive developmental milestone during adolescence?
A. The ability to think abstractly and hypothetically
B. The development of object permanence
C. The ability to understand the perspective of others
D. The ability to think logically about concrete objects and events

98. In terms of physical development, which of the following is a major developmental milestone
during early adulthood?
A. Peak physical performance
B. Onset of puberty
C. Gradual decline in physical abilities
D. Rapid growth in height and weight

99. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, the primary developmental task
during middle adulthood is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

100. Which of the following best describes the expected physical development during middle
adulthood?
A. Continued rapid growth in height and weight
B. Peak physical performance
C. Gradual decline in physical abilities
D. Onset of puberty

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101. Which of the following developmental tasks is primarily associated with physical
development during early childhood?
A. Development of object permanence
B. Formation of peer relationships
C. Development of fine and gross motor skills
D. Establishing a sense of identity

102. During adolescence, the primary cognitive developmental milestone typically involves the
ability to:
A. Think abstractly and hypothetically
B. Understand the perspective of others
C. Think logically about concrete objects and events
D. Develop object permanence

103. In terms of psychosocial development, which of the following tasks is primarily associated
with early adulthood, according to Erikson's theory?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

104. Which of the following best describes the primary cognitive developmental task expected
during middle childhood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Achieving a sense of identity

105. The primary developmental task related to psychosocial development during adolescence
is:
A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Establishing a sense of identity
D. Achieving emotional intimacy in romantic relationships

106. In terms of physical development, which of the following tasks is primarily associated with
middle adulthood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Peak physical performance
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

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107. Which of the following cognitive developmental tasks is primarily associated with early
childhood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Achieving a sense of identity

108. During middle adulthood, the primary developmental task related to psychosocial
development is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

109. Which of the following best describes the primary physical developmental task expected
during adolescence?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

110. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following tasks is primarily associated with
early adulthood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Achieving a sense of identity

111. Which of the following is a primary challenge faced during the prenatal stage in terms of
physical development?
A. Exposure to teratogens
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

112. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following challenges is faced during early
childhood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Achieving a sense of identity

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114. During adolescence, a primary psychosocial challenge is:

A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Establishing a sense of identity
D. Achieving emotional intimacy in romantic relationships

115. Which of the following best describes a primary challenge faced during middle childhood in
terms of physical development?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

116. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following challenges is primarily faced
during adolescence?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Achieving a sense of identity

117. During early adulthood, a primary psychosocial challenge is:

A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

118. Which of the following best describes a primary challenge faced during middle adulthood in
terms of cognitive development?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Maintaining cognitive abilities and adapting to age-related changes
D. Achieving a sense of identity

119. In terms of psychosocial development, which of the following challenges is primarily faced
during late adulthood?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair

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120. Which of the following best describes a primary challenge faced during adolescence in
terms of physical development?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

121. During middle adulthood, a primary challenge in terms of physical development is:
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Development of fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

122. Which of the following challenges is specifically related to the prenatal stage in terms of
physical development?
A. Exposure to teratogens
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

123. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following challenges is specifically related
to early childhood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

124. A primary psychosocial challenge faced specifically during adolescence is:

A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Establishing a sense of identity
D. Achieving emotional intimacy in romantic relationships

125. Which of the following challenges is specifically related to middle childhood in terms of
physical development?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

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126. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following challenges is specifically related
to adolescence?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

127. A primary psychosocial challenge faced specifically during early adulthood is:
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

128. Which of the following challenges is specifically related to middle adulthood in terms of
cognitive development?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

129. In terms of psychosocial development, which of the following challenges is specifically

related to late adulthood?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair

130. Which of the following challenges is specifically related to adolescence in terms of physical
development?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

131. A primary challenge faced specifically during middle adulthood in terms of physical
development is:
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

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132. Which of the following is a common challenge experienced by individuals coping with the
death of a loved one?
A. Denial
B. Acceptance
C. Detachment
D. Resilience

133. During the grieving process, which stage involves intense feelings of sadness, guilt, or
anger?
A. Denial
B. Bargaining
C. Depression
D. Acceptance

134. In terms of coping strategies, which of the following is typically considered an unhealthy
way to deal with the death of another person?
A. Seeking support from friends and family
B. Engaging in physical activity
C. Suppressing emotions and avoiding grieving
D. Attending a grief support group

135. Which factor can complicate the grieving process for an individual coping with the death of
another person?
A. A strong support system
B. A history of unresolved loss
C. Emotional resilience
D. Effective communication skills

136. What is a potential risk for individuals who experience prolonged or complicated grief?
A. Increased resilience
B. Improved coping strategies
C. Development of mental health issues
D. Enhanced emotional intelligence

137. Which of the following is a common challenge when coping with the death of another
person in relation to cultural and religious beliefs?
A. Accepting the reality of the loss
B. Navigating differing beliefs about death and mourning practices
C. Experiencing denial and isolation
D. Seeking support from friends and family

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138. How might the relationship with the deceased person affect an individual's ability to cope
with their death?
A. A closer relationship always makes coping more difficult
B. A distant relationship always makes coping easier
C. The impact of the relationship varies depending on the individual's unique circumstances and
emotions
D. The relationship has no effect on coping with the death

139. In the context of grief, what is the primary function of the stage known as "bargaining"?
A. To come to terms with the reality of the loss
B. To search for a way to reverse or lessen the pain of the loss
C. To express anger toward oneself or others
D. To find acceptance and peace with the loss

140. Which of the following might be a helpful coping strategy for an individual dealing with the
death of another person?
A. Avoiding reminders of the deceased
B. Suppressing emotions and not discussing the loss
C. Engaging in creative expression, such as writing or art
D. Isolating oneself from supportive friends and family

141. What is a potential consequence of not allowing oneself to grieve or process the death of
another person?
A. Enhanced emotional resilience
B. Quicker return to normal functioning
C. Delayed or complicated grief reactions
D. Greater acceptance of the loss

142. Which of the following is a typical physical developmental milestone for early childhood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

143. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is generally expected
during middle childhood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

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144. Which of the following psychosocial milestones is typically achieved during adolescence?
A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Establishing a sense of identity
D. Achieving emotional intimacy in romantic relationships

145. Which of the following is a common physical developmental milestone during

adolescence?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

146. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is generally expected
during adolescence?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

147. During early adulthood, which of the following psychosocial milestones is typically
achieved?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

148. Which of the following is a common physical developmental milestone during middle
adulthood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

149. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is generally expected
during middle adulthood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

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150. Which of the following psychosocial milestones is typically achieved during late adulthood?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Identity vs. Role Confusion
C. Intimacy vs. Isolation
D. Integrity vs. Despair

151. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is generally expected
during late adulthood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities and maintaining cognitive health

152. Which of the following physical developmental milestones is specifically associated with
early childhood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

153. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is specifically

associated with adolescence?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

154. Which of the following psychosocial milestones is specifically associated with middle
adulthood?
A. Developing a sense of autonomy
B. Forming close friendships and peer relationships
C. Establishing a sense of identity
D. Generativity vs. Stagnation

155. In terms of physical development, which of the following milestones is specifically

associated with middle childhood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

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156. Which of the following cognitive developmental milestones is specifically associated with
early adulthood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

157. In terms of psychosocial development, which of the following milestones is specifically

associated with early childhood?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Initiative vs. Guilt
C. Identity vs. Role Confusion
D. Intimacy vs. Isolation

158. Which of the following physical developmental milestones is specifically associated with
late adulthood?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Adjusting to the physical changes associated with puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

159. In terms of cognitive development, which of the following milestones is specifically

associated with middle adulthood?
A. Developing abstract reasoning skills
B. Mastering basic literacy and numeracy skills
C. Developing advanced problem-solving skills
D. Adjusting to age-related changes in cognitive abilities

160. Which of the following psychosocial milestones is specifically associated with

adolescence?
A. Trust vs. Mistrust
B. Initiative vs. Guilt
C. Identity vs. Role Confusion
D. Intimacy vs. Isolation

161. In terms of physical development, which of the following milestones is specifically

associated with adolescence?
A. Rapid growth in height and weight
B. Developing fine and gross motor skills
C. Onset of puberty
D. Coping with the gradual decline in physical abilities

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162. Which of the following factors should be considered when making decisions about
end-of-life care?
A. The individual's values and beliefs
B. The preferences of the healthcare providers
C. The individual's financial status only
D. The preferences of friends and acquaintances

163. In the context of end-of-life decisions, what is the primary purpose of an advance directive?
A. To provide guidance for healthcare providers and family members regarding an individual's
treatment preferences
B. To allocate financial resources to cover medical expenses
C. To determine who will inherit the individual's estate
D. To outline funeral and burial preferences

164. When evaluating issues involved in decisions about death, which ethical principle
emphasizes the importance of respecting an individual's autonomy?
A. Beneficence
B. Nonmaleficence
C. Justice
D. Autonomy

165. In the context of end-of-life care, which of the following is an essential aspect of evaluating
the quality of life?
A. The individual's financial resources
B. The individual's level of physical pain or discomfort
C. The preferences of the healthcare providers
D. The individual's social status

166. Which of the following is a significant ethical issue involved in decisions about euthanasia
or physician-assisted suicide?
A. The right to self-determination
B. The allocation of healthcare resources
C. The use of medical technology
D. The role of healthcare professionals in end-of-life care

167. When evaluating issues involved in decisions about death, which ethical principle
emphasizes the importance of doing good and promoting the well-being of others?
A. Beneficence
B. Nonmaleficence
C. Justice
D. Autonomy

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168. In the context of end-of-life care, what is the primary goal of palliative care?
A. To cure the individual's illness
B. To prolong life as much as possible
C. To manage pain and provide comfort
D. To minimize the use of healthcare resources

169. Which of the following factors is essential for healthcare providers to consider when
discussing end-of-life care options with patients and their families?
A. The healthcare provider's personal beliefs about death
B. The individual's cultural and religious beliefs
C. The opinions of the individual's friends and acquaintances
D. The potential impact on the healthcare provider's reputation

170. In the context of end-of-life decision-making, what is the primary purpose of a Do Not
Resuscitate (DNR) order?
A. To prevent the use of aggressive treatments that may cause harm or prolong suffering
B. To allocate financial resources to cover medical expenses
C. To determine who will inherit the individual's estate
D. To outline funeral and burial preferences

171. When evaluating issues involved in decisions about death, which ethical principle
emphasizes the importance of treating individuals fairly and equitably?
A. Beneficence
B. Nonmaleficence
C. Justice
D. Autonomy

172. Sarah is concerned because her 6-month-old baby hasn't rolled over yet. Which milestone
might be delayed if the baby still hasn't rolled over by 9 months?
a) Sitting up without support
b) Crawling
c) Walking
d) Grasping objects

173. John noticed that his 3-year-old daughter doesn't talk in complete sentences yet. Which of
the following factors could potentially contribute to a delay in language development?
a) Limited exposure to language
b) Preference for solitary play
c) Late development of motor skills
d) Early toilet training

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174. Laura's 12-month-old son hasn't started walking independently. Which of the following
interventions might a developmental psychologist recommend to support her child's motor
development?
a) Encourage crawling and cruising
b) Increase screen time
c) Limit tummy time
d) Focus on language development

175. Jane's friend mentioned that her child has a secure attachment with his mother. Which of
the following behaviors might indicate a secure attachment in an infant?
a) Avoiding eye contact
b) Clinging excessively to the caregiver
c) Crying when the caregiver leaves and calming down upon their return
d) Showing no distress when the caregiver leaves

176. Emily is worried that her 4-year-old daughter doesn't understand that others may have
different thoughts and feelings. Which of the following skills might a developmental psychologist
suggest to foster empathy in a child?
a) Teaching about emotions
b) Encouraging independent play
c) Limiting exposure to peers
d) Focusing on academic skills

177. David's 2-year-old son doesn't seem to play well with other children. Which of the following
types of play might the child be engaging in at this stage of development?
a) Solitary play
b) Parallel play
c) Associative play
d) Cooperative play

178. Karen's 5-year-old child still wets the bed occasionally. Which of the following factors might
contribute to bedwetting in children?
a) Genetics
b) Too much screen time
c) Lack of empathy
d) Early language development

179. Michelle's 18-month-old daughter doesn't seem to recognize familiar people. Which of the
following could be a reason for this difficulty in recognition?
a) Lack of exposure to various faces
b) Limited motor skills
c) Delayed language development
d) Early toilet training

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180. Peter's 7-year-old son struggles with understanding the concept of conservation. Which of
the following stages of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is the child likely in?
a) Sensorimotor stage
b) Preoperational stage
c) Concrete operational stage
d) Formal operational stage

181. Alice's 10-year-old daughter has trouble with problem-solving and abstract thinking. Which
of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to support her cognitive
development?
a) Engage in pretend play
b) Provide opportunities for hands-on learning
c) Encourage rote memorization
d) Limit exposure to challenging tasks

183. Sarah Gee is concerned that her 14-year-old son seems to be experiencing mood swings
and irritability. Which of the following factors might contribute to these emotional changes during
adolescence?
a) Hormonal fluctuations
b) Lack of sleep
c) Peer pressure
d) Academic stress

184. Johnathan noticed that his 15-year-old daughter has become more self-conscious and
concerned about her appearance. Which of the following terms best describes this
developmental issue?
a) Identity crisis
b) Imaginary audience
c) Personal fable
d) Role confusion

185. Lorena's 13-year-old son has started to question his parents' values and beliefs. Which of
the following developmental tasks is her child likely navigating?
a) Developing a sense of autonomy
b) Establishing an identity
c) Fostering intimacy
d) Preparing for a career

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186. Janet's friend mentioned that her adolescent child seems to have an inflated sense of their
own uniqueness and invulnerability. Which of the following terms best describes this
developmental issue?
a) Identity crisis
b) Imaginary audience
c) Personal fable
d) Role confusion

187. Emilia is worried that her 16-year-old daughter is struggling with establishing her identity.
Which of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to support identity
development in adolescents?
a) Encourage exploration of various roles and activities
b) Limit exposure to diverse viewpoints
c) Discourage open communication
d) Focus solely on academic achievement

188. David's 17-year-old son seems to be experiencing conflicts with his parents about rules
and expectations. Which of the following factors might contribute to parent-adolescent conflicts?
a) Adolescents' increasing desire for independence
b) Parents' reluctance to adjust their expectations
c) Differences in values between generations
d) All of the above

189. Karen's 15-year-old child has started to engage in risk-taking behaviors. Which of the
following explanations might account for this behavior during adolescence?
a) Underdeveloped prefrontal cortex
b) Excessive parental control
c) Low self-esteem
d) Academic stress

190. Michelle's 14-year-old daughter has become more susceptible to peer pressure. Which of
the following factors might contribute to this increased vulnerability?
a) Desire for acceptance and belonging
b) Poor decision-making skills
c) Low self-confidence
d) Lack of adult supervision

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191. Patrick’s 16-year-old son is struggling with managing his emotions and coping with stress.
Which of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to help the
adolescent develop emotional regulation skills?
a) Encourage open communication
b) Teach mindfulness and relaxation techniques
c) Provide guidance on problem-solving strategies
d) All of the above

192. Alice's 17-year-old daughter is having difficulty forming close relationships with her peers.
Which of the following developmental tasks, according to Erikson, is the adolescent likely
navigating?
a) Developing a sense of autonomy
b) Establishing an identity
c) Fostering intimacy
d) Preparing for a career

193. Maria is concerned that her 27-year-old son seems to be having difficulty forming a
long-term romantic relationship. Which of the following developmental tasks, according to
Erikson, is her son likely navigating?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Trust vs. mistrust

194. Jose noticed that his 35-year-old wife is experiencing work-related stress and burnout.
Which of the following factors might contribute to these issues during young adulthood?
a) Increased responsibilities
b) Balancing work and personal life
c) Career transitions
d) All of the above

195. Lourdes' 30-year-old daughter has started questioning her career choices and is
considering a major career change. Which of the following terms best describes this
developmental issue?
a) Quarter-life crisis
b) Midlife crisis
c) Identity crisis
d) Role confusion

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196. Juancho's friend mentioned that his 45-year-old spouse seems to be experiencing a strong
desire to give back to the community and mentor younger people. Which of the following
developmental tasks, according to Erikson, is his friend's spouse likely navigating?
a) Intimacy vs. isolation
b) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Identity vs. role confusion
d) Trust vs. mistrust

197. Imelda is worried that her 40-year-old husband is struggling with establishing a work-life
balance. Which of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to
support this balance in middle adulthood?
a) Prioritizing self-care and personal interests
b) Setting boundaries between work and personal life
c) Developing effective time-management skills
d) All of the above

198. Rizal's 32-year-old sister seems to be experiencing conflicts with her partner about their
roles and expectations in the relationship. Which of the following factors might contribute to
relationship conflicts during young and middle adulthood?
a) Differences in values and priorities
b) Poor communication skills
c) Stress from external sources
d) All of the above

199. Teresa's 48-year-old friend has started to engage in activities to maintain her physical
health and well-being. Which of the following explanations might account for this behavior
during middle adulthood?
a) Increased awareness of aging
b) Desire to prevent age-related health issues
c) Prioritizing self-care
d) All of the above

200. Pedro's 28-year-old daughter has become more focused on establishing financial security.
Which of the following factors might contribute to this increased focus during young adulthood?
a) Desire for independence and self-sufficiency
b) Preparation for future life events
c) Social expectations
d) All of the above

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201. Liza's 42-year-old brother is struggling with managing his emotions and coping with stress.
Which of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to help him
develop emotional regulation skills in middle adulthood?
a) Encourage open communication
b) Teach mindfulness and relaxation techniques
c) Provide guidance on problem-solving strategies
d) All of the above

202. Andres' 38-year-old wife is having difficulty maintaining close friendships as her friends
move away or become occupied with their own families. Which of the following strategies might
a developmental psychologist suggest to help her maintain social connections during young and
middle adulthood?
a) Cultivate new friendships through shared interests
b) Stay in touch with long-distance friends through technology
c) Join social or community groups
d) All of the above

203. Felicidad is concerned that her 75-year-old husband seems to be withdrawing from social
activities and becoming more isolated. Which of the following factors might contribute to social
isolation in older adults?
a) Health issues
b) Loss of friends or loved ones
c) Reduced mobility
d) All of the above

204. Ramon noticed that his 80-year-old mother is experiencing memory lapses and difficulty
concentrating. Which of the following age-related cognitive changes might be affecting her?
a) Normal age-related cognitive decline
b) Mild cognitive impairment
c) Dementia
d) Alzheimer's disease

205. Ligaya's 85-year-old father has started to question the meaning of his life and whether he
has made a difference in the world. Which of the following developmental tasks, according to
Erikson, is her father likely navigating?
a) Ego integrity vs. despair
b) Generativity vs. stagnation
c) Intimacy vs. isolation
d) Trust vs. mistrust

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206. Emilio's friend mentioned that his 90-year-old father seems to be experiencing a decrease
in physical strength and mobility. Which of the following factors might contribute to these
physical changes during late adulthood?
a) Age-related muscle loss
b) Reduced bone density
c) Joint degeneration
d) All of the above

207. Corazon is worried that her 78-year-old sister is struggling with feelings of loneliness and
grief after the loss of her spouse. Which of the following strategies might a developmental
psychologist suggest to support her sister's emotional well-being in late adulthood?
a) Encourage participation in social activities
b) Seek grief counseling or support groups
c) Maintain open communication with loved ones
d) All of the above

208. Ernesto's 82-year-old mother seems to be experiencing difficulties with self-care and daily
living activities. Which of the following interventions might a developmental psychologist
recommend to support her independence and well-being?
a) Home modifications for safety and accessibility
b) Assistive devices to aid in daily tasks
c) Home care services or support from loved ones
d) All of the above

209. Aurora's 76-year-old friend has started to plan for her end-of-life care and make decisions
about her preferences. Which of the following documents might be helpful for her to complete?
a) Advance directives
b) Last will and testament
c) Power of attorney
d) All of the above

210. Teodoro's 88-year-old father has become more focused on reminiscing about his past and
sharing stories with his family. Which of the following explanations might account for this
behavior during late adulthood?
a) Life review process
b) Desire to pass down family history
c) Preparation for the end of life
d) All of the above

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211. Lorna's 92-year-old mother is struggling with managing her emotions and coping with
stress. Which of the following strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to help her
develop emotional regulation skills in late adulthood?
a) Encourage open communication
b) Teach mindfulness and relaxation techniques
c) Provide guidance on problem-solving strategies
d) All of the above

212. Francisco's 79-year-old wife is having difficulty maintaining close relationships with her
friends who are facing their own health issues or have passed away. Which of the following
strategies might a developmental psychologist suggest to help her maintain social connections
during late adulthood?
a) Cultivate new friendships through shared interests
b) Stay in touch with long-distance friends through technology
c) Join social or community groups geared toward older adults
d) All of the above

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