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3 Extraction

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50 views41 pages

3 Extraction

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vpraveen6831
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Multistage Extraction

i. Cross-current extraction
ii. Counter-current extraction
1000 kg of an aqueous solution containing 35 mass % tri-methyl amine
(TMA) and 65 mass % water, is to be extracted using benzene as
solvent. A three stage cross current extractor scheme is suggested. The
amounts of solvent (98% benzene, 2% TMA)to be used in successive
stages are 815 kg, 950 kg and 2625 kg. Determine the fraction of the
solute removed if the stages are ideal. The composition of the raffinate
and the extract (two phases) as well as the tie line data are given below
(water: A, benzene: B, and TMA:C).

0.25
Solution
Solution
Locate xM1 = 0.202 on y axis on
the feed line And put M1

Draw a tie line through M1 such


that it is Parallel to the nearest
existing dotted line

One such line is R1E1


Locate the y coordinate at R1
and E1 end, these corresponds
to solute c in raffinate and
Extract phase
xCR1 = 0.24; yCE1 = 0.166
M1 = 1000+815 = 1815 kg; xCM1 = 0.202 kg/kg

xCR1 = 0.24; yCE1 = 0.166

M1 = R1 + E1 = 1815 (1)
M1. xCM1 = R1. xCR1 + E1. yCE1 (2)
R1 = 882 kg ; E1 = 933 kg
xCR1 = 0.24; yCE1 = 0.166

Total material balance: M1 = R1 + E1 = 1815

Solute balance: M1. xcM1 = R1.xcR1+ E1.ycE1

(1815)(0.202) = (R)(0.24) + (E)(0.166)

R1 = 882 kg ; E1 = 933 kg
R1 = 882 kg = F2
with xCR1 = 0.24 is the feed for 2nd stage
S2 = 950 kg
M2 = 882+950 = 1832 kg; xCM2 = 0.126 kg/kg

xCR2 = 0.15; yCE2 = 0.105

M2 = R2 + E2 = 1832

R2 = 854.3 kg ; E2 = 977.7 kg
R2 = 854.3 kg = F3
with xCR2 = 0.15 is the feed for 3rd stage
S3 = 2625 kg
M3 = 854.3+2625 = 3479.3 kg; xCM3 = 0.052 kg/kg

xCR3 = 0.0596; yCE3 = 0.0506

M3 = R3 + E3 = 3479.3

R3 = 540.8 kg ; E3 = 2938.5 kg
Design calculation of counter current multistage
extraction
Continuous counter current multistage extraction

less
Where Δ is a stream obtained by removing the mass F (feed) from the first
Stage extract E1. Or removing the mass RN (last stage raffinate) from the
Solvent S
xC vs xB and yC vs. yB is plotted in
rectangular co-ordinate.
The tie lines are shown by light
dotted lines. The points F(0, xC,F),
S(1.0, 0), M (on the line FS at XCM),
RN (at xC = 0.04 on the equilibrium
curve) are located.
RN and M are joined and the line is extended to meet the
equilibrium curve at E1. The lines FE1 and RNS, when extended,
meet at the ‘difference point’, Δ.
Δ =E1 -F = S - RN
If xN the solute conc. of raffinate of Nth stage is known, locate xCN, join MRN

This is over all tie line for all the stages.


Draw a tie line E1R1 for stage 1 parallel to near by tie line
Alternative Technique
An alternative technique can be more conveniently used
for graphical construction of stages.
A line emanating from the difference point, A, intersects
the extract arm of the LLE curve at a point En+1 [corres-
ponding solute concentration is yc = (yc)n+1 ] and the
raffinate arm at a point Rn, [where xc = (Xc)n]. A few such
lines (drawn as dashed lines) are shown in Figure below.
The ‘locus’ of the point [(xc)n (yc)n+1] is the operating line
and used to draw the OP line on the xc vs yc plane
Prob 4 (Multistage counter current extraction) It is planned to extract
diphenyl hexane (DPH) from a solution in docosane (A) using ‘pure’
furfural (B) as the solvent. The feed enters the extractor cascade at a
rate of 2000 kg/h with 45% DPH (C) that has to be reduced to 4% in the
final raffinate. The solvent rate is 2500 kg/h. Determine the number of
theoretical stages required. Extraction is to be carried out at 45°C.
Several compositions on the extract and the raffinate arms and the tie-
line data in mass% of the components at 45°C are given below.
The stages being ideal, the tie line through E1 meets the equilibrium
curve at the point R1, the raffinate phase leaving the first stage. Also,
putting n = 2, it is evident from Eq. for Δ that E2 lies on the point of
intersection of the line R1 Δ and the equilibrium curve.

En – Rn-1 = S –Rn = Δ

In fact, R1E2 is the ‘operating line’ for the second stage of the cascade.
The tie line through the point E2 meets the equilibrium curve at R2.
Proceeding in the same way, we can draw successive stage still the
point RN is reached.

From Figure, the number of ideal stages required for the separation is 4.
Stage 1 tie line
xC1 = 0.262 yC1 = 0.255
Tie data
xC1 = 0.245 yC1 = 0.242
En – Rn-1 = S –Rn = Δ
E2 – R1 = S –R2 = Δ

Tie data
xC1 = 0.10 yC1 = 0.098
Stage 2 tie line
xC2 = 0.125 yC2 = 0.12
E1 – F = S –RN = Δ

En – Rn-1 = S –Rn = Δ
The set of (xc, yc) values derived from Figure above and used to draw the
operating line as in Figure is given below.
The equilibrium line is drawn in Figure
using the given ‘tie line’ data. The
operating line is also drawn by plotting
the above xc-yc data. Stages are now
constructed by drawing stages between
the equilibrium line and the operating
line. The number of ideal stages is 4.8
[compared to 4 obtained from Figure
8.13(a); the difference probably occurs
because of the error in drawing the tie
lines].
This technique of construction is simpler
and gives a more accurate estimate of
the number of stages and is recomme-
nded for use.

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