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Binomial Theorem

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27 views3 pages

Binomial Theorem

Uploaded by

pihuakku882
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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BINOMIAL THEOREM

(x + y)n = nC0xn + nC1xn-1 y + nC2xn-2 y2 + ..... + nCrxn-r yr + ..... + nCnyn


n
= å
r =0
n
Cr xn-r yr , where n Î N.

1. IMPORTANT TERMS IN THE BINOMIAL EXPANSION


ARE :

(a) General term: The general term or the ( r +1)th term in the
expansion of (x + y)n is given by

Tr +1= nCr x n-r. yr

(b) Middle term :

The middle term (s) is the expansion of ( x + y) n is ( are) :

(i) If n is even, there is only one middle term which is given by


T(n +2)/2= nCn/2. x n/2. yn/2

(ii) If n is odd, there are two middle terms which are T (n +1)/2 &
T[(n+1)/2]+1

(c) Term independent of x :

Term independent of x contains no x ; Hence find the value of


r for which the exponent of x is zero.

2. SOME RESULTS ON BINOMIAL COEFFICIENTS :


(a) nCx = nCy Þ x = y or x + y = n
(b) nCr–1 + nCr = n+1Cr
n n
(c) C0+ C1+ C2 +...... = Cn = 2 , Cr = Cr
n
(d) C0+ C2+ C4 +...... = C1+ C3+ C5 + ...... = 2n-1 , Cr = Cr

(2n)! n
(e) C02+ C12+ C22 +......+ Cn2 = 2nCn = , Cr = Cr
n!n!
3. Greatest coefficient & greatest term in expansion of (x + a)n :
(a) If n is even, greatest binomial coefficient is nCn/2
n n
If n is odd, greatest binomial coefficient is C n -1 or C n +1
2 2

(b) For greatest term :


ì n +1
ï Tp & Tp +1 if is an integer equal to p
x
ï +1
ï a
Greatest term = í
ïT n +1
if is non integer and Î (q, q + 1), q Î I
ï q+1
x
ï +1
î a

4. BINOMIAL THEOREM FOR NEGATIVE OR FRACTIONAL


INDICES :
n(n - 1) 2 n(n - 1)(n - 2) 3
If n Î ¡, then (1+ x)n = 1 + nx + x + x +....
2! 3!
¥ provided | x | < 1.
Note :
(i) (1 – x)–1 = 1 + x + x2 + x3 + ............ ¥
(ii) (1 + x)–1 = 1 – x + x2 – x3 + ............ ¥
(iii) (1 – x)–2 = 1 + 2x + 3x2 + 4x3 + ............ ¥
(iv) (1 + x)–2 = 1 – 2x + 3x2 – 4x3 + ............ ¥

5. EXPONENTIAL SERIES :
x x2 x3
(a) e = 1 + +
x
+ + .......¥ ; where x may be any real or
1! 2! 3!
n
æ 1ö
complex number & e = Lim ç 1+ ÷
n ®¥ è nø
x x2 x3
(b) ax = 1 + lna + ln2 a + ln3 a + .......¥ , where a > 0
1! 2! 3!

6. LOGARITHMIC SERIES :

x2 x3 x 4
(a) ln(1 + x) = x - + - + .......¥ , where –1 < x £ 1
2 3 4
x2 x3 x4
(b) ln(1 – x) = – x - - - - .......¥ , where –1 £ x < 1
2 3 4

(1 + x) æ x3 x5 ö
(c) ln = 2ç x + + + .......¥ ÷ ,|x| < 1
(1 - x) è 3 5 ø

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