Elizabeth Blackburn

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn (born 26 November

1948) is an Australian-American Nobel laureate who is Elizabeth Blackburn
AC FRS FAA FRSN
the former president of the Salk Institute for Biological
Studies.[2] In 1984, Blackburn co-discovered
telomerase, the enzyme that replenishes the telomere,
with Carol W. Greider. For this work, she was awarded
the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine,
sharing it with Carol W. Greider and Jack W. Szostak,
becoming the first Australian woman Nobel laureate.

She also worked in medical ethics, and was

controversially dismissed from the Bush
administration's President's Council on Bioethics. 170
scientists signed an open letter to the president in her
support, maintaining that she was fired because of
political opposition to her advice.[3]

Early life and education Elizabeth Blackburn in 2024

Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, the second of seven Born Elizabeth Helen Blackburn
children, was born in Hobart, Tasmania, on 26 26 November 1948
November 1948, with both her parents being family Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
physicians.[4][5] Her family moved to the city of Citizenship Australian and American
Launceston when she was four, where she attended the Alma mater University of Melbourne (BSc)
Broadland House Church of England Girls' Grammar
University of Cambridge (PhD)
School (later amalgamated with Launceston Church
Grammar School) until the age of sixteen. Awards NAS Award in Molecular Biology
(1990)
Upon her family's relocation to Melbourne, she Australia Prize (1998)
attended University High School, and ultimately
Harvey Prize (1999)
gained very high marks in the end-of-year final
statewide matriculation exams.[6] She went on to earn Dickson Prize (2000)
a Bachelor of Science in 1970 and Master of Science Heineken Prize (2004)
in 1972, both from the University of Melbourne in the Lasker Award
field of biochemistry. Blackburn then went to receive Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize
her PhD in 1975 from Darwin College at the
ASCB Public Service Award
University of Cambridge,[5] for work she did with
(2004)
Frederick Sanger at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular
Meyenburg Prize (2006)
Biology developing methods to sequence DNA using L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for
RNA, as well as studying the bacteriophage Phi X Women in Science (2008)
174.[4][7] Nobel Prize in Physiology or
Medicine (2009)
AIC Gold Medal (2012)
Career and research Scientific career

During her postdoctoral work at Yale, Blackburn was Fields Molecular biology
doing research on the protozoan Tetrahymena Institutions University of California, Berkeley
thermophila and noticed a repeating codon at the end University of California, San
of the linear rDNA which varied in size.[8] Blackburn Francisco
then noticed that this hexanucleotide at the end of the
Yale University
chromosome contained a TTAGGG sequence that was
MRC Laboratory of Molecular
tandemly repeated, and the terminal end of the
Biology
chromosomes were palindromic. These characteristics
allowed Blackburn and colleagues to conduct further Salk Institute
research on the protozoan. Using the telomeric Thesis Sequence studies on
repeated end of Tetrahymena, Blackburn and colleague bacteriophage ØX174 DNA by
Jack Szostak showed the unstable replicating plasmids transcription (http://ethos.bl.uk/O
of yeast were protected from degradation, proving that rderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.4
these sequences contained characteristics of 49954) (1974)
telomeres.[8] This research also proved the telomeric Doctoral Frederick Sanger[1]
repeats of Tetrahymena were conserved evolutionarily advisor
between the species.[8] Through this research,
Doctoral Carol W. Greider
Blackburn and collaborators noticed the replication
students
system for chromosomes was not likely to add to the
lengthening of the telomere, and that the addition of Website biochemistry2.ucsf.edu/labs
these hexanucleotides to the chromosomes was likely /blackburn (http://biochemistry2.
due to the activity of an enzyme that is able to transfer ucsf.edu/labs/blackburn)

specific functional groups.[8] The proposition of a

possible transferase-like enzyme led Blackburn and PhD student
Carol W. Greider to the discovery of an enzyme with reverse
transcriptase activity that was able to fill in the terminal ends of
telomeres without leaving the chromosome incomplete and unable
to divide without loss of the end of the chromosome.[9] This 1985
discovery led to the purification of this enzyme in lab, showing the
transferase-like enzyme contained both RNA and protein
components.[8] The RNA portion of the enzyme served as a
template for adding the telomeric repeats to the incomplete
telomere, and the protein added enzymatic function for the
addition of these repeats.Through this breakthrough, the term Profile of Elizabeth Blackburn
"telomerase" was given to the enzyme, solving the end-replication created by the organisation Science
process that had troubled scientists at the time.[9]
for All as part of the UN's
International Day of Women and
Girls in Science
Telomerase
In 1984, Blackburn was a biological researcher and professor of biology and physiology at the University
of California, San Francisco, studying the telomere, a structure at the end of chromosomes that protects
the chromosome.

Telomerase works by adding base pairs to the overhang of DNA on the 3' end, extending the strand until
DNA polymerase and an RNA primer can complete the complementary strand and successfully
synthesize the double-stranded DNA. Since DNA polymerase only synthesizes DNA in the leading strand
direction, the shortening of the telomere results.[10] Through their research, Blackburn and collaborators
were able to show that the telomere is effectively replenished by the enzyme telomerase, which conserves
cellular division by preventing the rapid loss of genetic information internal to the telomere, leading to
cellular aging.[8]

On 1 January 2016, Blackburn was interviewed about her studies, discovering telomerase, and her current
research. When she was asked to recall the moment of telomerase discovery she stated:[11]

Carol had done this experiment, and we stood, just in the lab, and I remember sort of
standing there, and she had this – we call it a gel. It's an autoradiogram because there were
trace amounts of radioactivity that were used to develop an image of the separated DNA
products of what turned out to be the telomerase enzyme reaction. I remember looking at it
and just thinking, 'Ah! This could be very big. This looks just right.' It had a pattern to it.
There was a regularity to it. There was something that was not just sort of garbage there, and
that was really kind of coming through, even though we look back at it now, we'd say,
technically, there was this, that, and the other, but it was a pattern shining through, and it just
had this sort of sense, 'Ah! There's something real here.' But then, of course, the good
scientist has to be very skeptical and immediately say, 'Okay, we're going to test this every
way around here, and really nail this one way or the other.' If it's going to be true, you have to
make sure that it's true, because you can get a lot of false leads, especially if you're wanting
something to work.[11]

In 1978, Blackburn joined the faculty of the University of California, Berkeley, in the Department of
Molecular Biology. In 1990, she moved across the San Francisco Bay to the Department of Microbiology
and Immunology at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), where she served as the
Department Chair from 1993 to 1999 and was the Morris Herzstein Professor of Biology and Physiology
at UCSF. Blackburn became a Professor Emeritus at UCSF at the end of 2015.[12][13]

Blackburn co-founded the company Telomere Health which offers telomere length testing to the public,
but later severed ties with the company.[14][15]

In 2015, Blackburn was announced as the new President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies in La
Jolla, California. "Few scientists garner the kind of admiration and respect that Dr. Blackburn receives
from her peers for her scientific accomplishments and her leadership, service and integrity", says Irwin
M. Jacobs, chairman of Salk's Board of Trustees, on Blackburn's appointment as President of the institute.
"Her deep insight as a scientist, her vision as a leader, and her warm personality will prove invaluable as
she guides the Salk Institute on its continuing journey of discovery". In 2017, she announced her plans to
retire from the Salk Institute the following year.[16]

Nobel Prize
For their research and contributions to the understanding of telomeres and the enzyme telomerase,
Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Greider, and Jack Szostak were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine. The substantial research on the effects of chromosomal protection from telomerase, and the
impact this has on cellular division has been a revolutionary catalyst in the field of molecular biology.[17]
For example, the addition of telomerase to cells that do not possess this enzyme has shown to bypass the
limit of cellular ageing in those cells, thereby linking this enzyme to reduced cellular aging.[17] The
addition of telomerase, and the presence of the enzyme in cancer cells has been shown to provide an
immunity mechanism for the cell in proliferating, linking the transferase activity to increased cellular
growth and reduced sensitivity for cellular signaling. Telomeres are also believed to play an important
role in certain types of cancers, including pancreatic, bone, prostate, bladder, lung, kidney, and head and
neck cancer.[18] The importance of discovering this enzyme has since led her continued research at the
University of California San Francisco, where she studies the effect of telomeres and telomerase activity
on cellular aging.[19]

Bioethics
Blackburn was appointed a member of the President's Council on Bioethics in 2002.[20] She supported
human embryonic cell research, in opposition to the Bush administration. Her Council terms were
terminated by White House directive on 27 February 2004.[21] Dr. Blackburn believes that she was
dismissed from the Council due to her disapproval of the Bush administration's position against stem cell
research.[22] This was followed by expressions of outrage over her removal by many scientists, 170 of
whom signed an open letter to the president maintaining that she was fired because of political opposition
to her advice.[23]

Scientists and ethicists at the time even went as far as to say that Blackburn's removal was in violation of
the Federal Advisory Committee Act of 1972, which "requires balance on such advisory bodies"[22]

"There is a growing sense that scientific research—which, after all, is defined by the quest for truth—is
being manipulated for political ends", wrote Blackburn. "There is evidence that such manipulation is
being achieved through the stacking of the membership of advisory bodies and through the delay and
misrepresentation of their reports."[24][25]

Blackburn serves on the Science Advisory Board of the Regenerative Medicine Foundation formerly
known as the Genetics Policy Institute.[26]

Current research
In recent years Blackburn and her colleagues have been investigating the effect of stress on telomerase
and telomeres[27] with particular emphasis on mindfulness meditation.[28][29] She is also one of several
biologists (and one of two Nobel Prize laureates) in the 1995 science documentary Death by Design/The
Life and Times of Life and Times. She also featured in the 2012 Emmy award-winning science
documentary, 'Decoding Immortality' (also known as 'Immortal') by Genepool Productions.[30] Studies
suggest that chronic psychological stress may accelerate ageing at the cellular level. Intimate partner
violence was found to shorten telomere length in formerly abused women versus never abused women,
possibly causing poorer overall health and greater morbidity in abused women.[31]

At the University of California San Francisco, Blackburn currently researches telomeres and telomerase
in many organisms, from yeast to human cells.[19] The lab is focused on telomere maintenance, and how
this has an impact on cellular aging. Many chronic diseases have been associated with the improper
maintenance of these telomeres, thereby affecting cellular division, cycling, and impaired growth. At the
cutting edge of telomere research, the Blackburn lab currently investigates the impact of limited
maintenance of telomeres in cells through altering the enzyme telomerase.[19]

Publications
Blackburn's first book The Telomere Effect: A Revolutionary Approach to Living Younger, Healthier,
Longer[32] (2017) was co-authored with health psychologist Dr. Elissa S. Epel of Aging, Metabolism, and
Emotions (AME) Center at the UCSF Center for Health and Community.[33] Blackburn comments on
ageing reversal and care for one's telomeres through lifestyle: managing chronic stress, exercising, eating
better and getting enough sleep; telomere testing, plus cautions and advice.[34] While studying telomeres
and the replenishing enzyme, telomerase, Blackburn discovered a vital role played by these protective
caps that revolved around one central idea: ageing of cells. The book hones in on many of the effects that
poor health can have on telomeres and telomerase activity.[35] Since telomeres shorten with every
division of a cell, replenishing these caps is essential to long term cell growth. Through research and data,
Blackburn explained that people that lead stressful lives exhibit less telomerase functioning in the body,
which leads to a decrease in the dividing capabilities of the cell.[35] Once telomeres shorten drastically,
the cells can no longer divide, meaning the tissues they replenish with every division would therefore die
out, highlighting the ageing mechanism in humans. To increase telomerase activity in people with stress-
filled lives, Blackburn suggests moderate exercise, even 15 minutes a day, which has been proven to
stimulate telomerase activity and replenish the telomere.[35]

Blackburn states that unhappiness in lives also has an effect on the shortening of telomeres. In a study
done on divorced couples, their telomere length was "significantly shorter" compared to couples in
healthy relationships, and Blackburn states, "There's an obvious stressor ... we are intensely social
beings."[36] She suggests positivity in daily life increases health. While increasing the amount of exercise,
decreasing stress, and tobacco use, and maintaining a balanced sleep schedule, Blackburn explains that
telomere length can be maintained, leading to a decrease in cell aging.[36] Blackburn also tells readers to
be wary of clinical pills that proclaim to lengthen or telomeres and protect the body from aging. She says
that these pills and creams have no scientific proof of being anti-aging supplements and that the key to
preserving our telomeres and stimulating telomerase activity comes from leading a healthy life.[36]

Personal life
While working at the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge, Blackburn met her husband
John Sedat.[37] Sedat had taken a position at Yale, where she then decided to finish her postdoctoral.[4][5]
"Thus it was that love brought me to a most fortunate and influential choice: Joe Gall’s lab at Yale." They
moved to New Haven and were married soon after.[5]

Blackburn splits her time living between La Jolla and San Francisco with her husband, and has a son,
Benjamin, born in 1986.[5][38] She serves as a mentor and advocate for scientific research and policy.[39]

Awards and honours

Blackburn's awards and honors include:

Eli Lilly Research Award for Microbiology and

Immunology (1988)
United States National Academy of Sciences Award in
Molecular Biology (1990)
Harvey Society Lecturer at the Harvey Society in New
York (1990)
Honorary Doctorate of Science from Yale University
(1991)
Fellow of American Academy of Arts and Sciences
(1991)[40]
Elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in
1992[41][42]
Fellow of American Academy of Microbiology (1993)
Foreign Associate of National Academy of Sciences Elizabeth Blackburn (Nobel Prize in
(1993)[43] Medicine or Physiology 2009) in
Stockholm, June 2016
Australia Prize (1998)
Gairdner Foundation International Award (1998)
Harvey Prize (1999)
Keio Medical Science Prize (1999)[44]
Passano Award (1999)[45]
California Scientist of the Year in 1999[46]
American Academy of Achievement's Golden Plate Award (2000)[47]
American Association for Cancer Research – G.H.A. Clowes Memorial Award (2000)
American Cancer Society Medal of Honor (2000)
Fellow of American Association for the Advancement of Science (2000)
AACR-Pezcoller Foundation International Award for Cancer Research (2001)
General Motors Cancer Research Foundation Alfred P. Sloan Award (2001)
E.B.Wilson Award of the American Society for Cell Biology (2001)
Bristol-Myers Squibb Award (2003)
Robert J. and Claire Pasarow Foundation Medical Research Award (2003)
Dr A.H. Heineken Prize for Medicine (2004)
Benjamin Franklin Medal in Life Science of The Franklin Institute (2005)
Albert Lasker Award for Basic Medical Research (2006) (shared with Carol W. Greider and
Jack Szostak)
Genetics Prize from the Peter Gruber Foundation (2006)
Honorary Doctorate of Science from Harvard University (2006)[48]
 Wiley Prize in Biomedical Sciences from the Wiley Foundation (shared with Carol W.
Greider) (2006)
Fellow of Australian Academy of Science (2007)
Corresponding fellow of the Australian Academy of Science (2007)
Recipient of the UCSF Women's Faculty Association Award
Honorary Doctorate of Science from Princeton University (2007)
Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize of Columbia University (2007) (shared with Carol W. Greider
and Joseph G. Gall)
L'Oréal-UNESCO Award for Women in Science (2008)
Albany Medical Center Prize (2008)
Pearl Meister Greengard Prize[49] (2008)
Tasmanian Honour Roll of Women (2008)
Victorian Honour Roll of Women (2010)
Mike Hogg Award (2009)
Paul Ehrlich and Ludwig Darmstaedter Prize (2009) (shared with Carol W. Greider)[50]
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2009, shared with Carol W. Greider and Jack W.
Szostak "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the
enzyme telomerase"[51]
Companion of the Order of Australia (Australia Day Honours, 2010), for "eminent service to
science as a leader in the field of biomedical research, particularly through the discovery of
telomerase and its role in the development of cancer and ageing of cells and through
contributions as an international adviser in Bioethics."[52]
Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales (FRSN) (2010)[53]
California Hall of Fame (2011)
AIC Gold Medal (2012)[54]
The Royal Medal of the Royal Society (2015).[55]
Honorary Fellow at Jesus College, Oxford[56]
Blackburn was elected:

President of the Salk Institute for Biological Studies (2016–2017)[2]

President of the American Association for Cancer Research for 2010[57]
President of the American Society for Cell Biology for 1998
Foreign associate of the National Academy of Sciences (1993)
Member of the Institute of Medicine (2000)
Board member of the Genetics Society of America (2000–2002)
Member of the American Philosophical Society (2006)[58]
In 2007, Blackburn was listed among Time magazine's 100 people who shape our world.[59]

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External links
 Elizabeth Blackburn (https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/835) on Nobelprize.org
Video Lecture on Telomeres and Telomerase (https://www.ibiology.org/genetics-and-gene-re
gulation/telomerase/)

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