Object Oriented System

& Design
(BCS-054)
Unit -1
 What Is an Object?
• Definition: An object is a software bundle of
variables and related methods.
• As the name object-oriented implies, objects are
key to understanding object-oriented
technology.
• You can look around you now and see many
examples of real-world objects: your dog, your
desk, your television set, your bicycle.
• Software objects are modeled after real-world
objects in that they, too, have state and
behavior.
 Object-Orientation
Analysis Design Implementation

Investigation of
Logical solution. Code.
the problem.

• Object-oriented analysis.
– Investigation that is object-centric.
• Object-oriented design.
– Solution in terms of interacting software
objects.
• Object-oriented programming.
– Coding in an object-oriented
A Simple Data Model
 A Simple Object Model
STUDENT
COURSE
-ID Number
-Name -Subject
0..* -Number
-Grade Point Average has record for>
-Title
+Admit() 0..* -Credit
+Regsiter for Classes()
+Create a Course()
+Withdraw()
+Change Address() +Delete from Course Master()
+Calculate GP A() +Change in Course Master()
+Graduate() 1

TRANSCRIPT COURSE

-Semester
-Division
-Grade
+Add()
+Drop()
+Complete()
+Change Grade()
Object Oriented Modeling
What is UML?

⚫ UML stands for “Unified Modeling Language”

⚫ It is a industry-standard graphical language .

⚫ UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints

⚫ It is used for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting

the artifacts of software systems

⚫ UML is different from the other common programming languages

⚫ It uses mostly graphical notations.

⚫ Simplifies the complex process of software design

Why UML for Modeling
⚫ Use graphical notation to communicate more clearly than natural
language (imprecise) and code(too detailed).

⚫ Help acquire an overall view of a system.

⚫ Tools can be used to generate code in various languages using

UML diagrams

⚫ UML is not dependent on any one language or technology.

⚫ A picture is worth than thousand words

⚫ UML can be defined as a simple modeling mechanism to model all

possible practical systems in today’s complex environment.
History of UML
conceptual model of UML
⚫ It is a model which is made of concepts and their relationships.

⚫ It is the first step before drawing a UML diagram.

⚫ It helps to understand the entities in the real world and how

they interact with each other

⚫ It can be mastered by learning the following three major

elements: UML building blocks
Rules to connect the building blocks
Common mechanisms of UML
Object oriented concepts
⚫ object contains both data and methods that control
the data.

⚫ The data represent the state of the object

⚫ Data can also describe the relationships between this

object and other objects

⚫ objects are the real world entities

Object oriented concepts
⚫ Every object belongs to (is an instance of) a class
⚫ An object may have fields, or variables
⚫ The class describes those fields
⚫ An object may have methods
⚫ The class describes those methods
⚫ A class is like a template, or cookie cutter
⚫ You use the class’s constructor to make objects
Example: A “Rabbit” object

⚫ You could (in a game, for example) create an object

representing a rabbit
⚫ It would have data:
◦ How hungry it is
◦ How frightened it is
◦ Where it is
⚫ And methods:
◦ eat, hide, run, dig
Concept: Classes form a hierarchy

⚫ Classes are arranged in a tree like structure called a

hierarchy
⚫ The class at the root is named Object
⚫ Every class, except Object, has a super class
⚫ A class may have several ancestors, up to Object
⚫ When you define a class, you specify its super class
⚫ Every class may have one or more subclasses
Fundamental concepts of object oriented world

⚫ Objects: Objects represent an entity and are the

basic building block.
⚫ Class: Class is the blue print of an object.
⚫ Abstraction: Abstraction represents the behavior
of an real world entity.
⚫ Encapsulation: Encapsulation is the mechanism
of binding the data together and hiding them from
outside world.
⚫ Inheritance: Inheritance is the mechanism of
making new classes from existing one.
⚫ Polymorphism: It defines the mechanism to
exists in different forms.
Kinds of access
⚫ C++ provides four levels of access:

⚫ public: available everywhere

⚫ protected: available within the package (in the

same subdirectory) and to all subclasses

⚫ private: only available within the class itself

 OO System and Design
⚫ it is the investigation of objects. Design means
collaboration of identified objects.

⚫ identifying the objects their relationships are

identified and finally the design is produced

⚫ Identifying the objects of a system.

⚫ Identify their relationships.

⚫ OO Analysis --> OO Design --> OO implementation

using OO languages
Building blocks of UML
⚫ The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
⚫ Things
⚫ Relationships
⚫ Diagrams
Things
⚫ Things are the most important building blocks of
UML. Things can be:
⚫ Structural
⚫ Behavioral
⚫ Grouping
⚫ Annotational
Structural things
⚫ The Structural things define the static part of the
model.
⚫ They represent physical and conceptual elements.
Class:
⚫ Class represents set of objects having similar
responsibilities.

Interface:
⚫ Interface defines a set of operations which specify the
responsibility of a class

Collaboration:
⚫ Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Structural things
Use case:
⚫ Use case represents a set of actions performed by a
system for a specific goal.
Component:
⚫ Component describes physical part of a system.
Node:
⚫ A node can be defined as a physical element that
exists at run time.
Behavioral things
⚫ It consists of the dynamic parts of UML models.
Interaction:
⚫ It is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of
messages exchanged among elements to accomplish
a specific task.
State machine:
⚫ It is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle
is important. It defines the sequence of states an
object goes through in response to events.
Grouping things
⚫ Grouping things can be defined as a mechanism to
group elements of a UML model together. There is
only one grouping thing available:

Package:
⚫ Package is the only one grouping thing available for
gathering structural and behavioral things.
 Annotational things

⚫ Annotational things can be defined as a mechanism

to capture remarks, descriptions, and comments of
UML model elements.

Note
⚫ It is the only one Annotational thing available.
⚫ A note is used to render comments, constraints etc of
an UML element.
Relationships
⚫ It shows how elements are associated with each other
and this association describes the functionality of an
application.
There are four kinds of relationships available.
Dependency:
⚫ Dependency is a relationship between two things in
which change in one element also affects the other
one.
Association:
⚫ Association is basically a set of links that connects
elements of an UML model. It also describes how
many objects are taking part in that relationship.
 Relationships
Generalization:
⚫ Generalization can be defined as a relationship which
connects a specialized element with a generalized
element. It basically describes inheritance relationship
in the world of objects.
Realization:
⚫ Realization can be defined as a relationship in which
two elements are connected. One element describes
some responsibility which is not implemented and the
other one implements them. This relationship exists in
case of interfaces.
Notations
Notations
Types of UML Diagrams
⚫ UML includes the following nine diagrams
⚫ Class diagram
⚫ Object diagram
⚫ Use case diagram
⚫ Sequence diagram
⚫ Collaboration diagram
⚫ Activity diagram
⚫ Statechart diagram
⚫ Deployment diagram
⚫ Component diagram
Structural Diagrams

⚫ They represent the static aspect of the system. These

static aspects represent those parts of a diagram which
forms the main structure and therefore stable

The four structural diagrams are:

⚫ Class diagram
⚫ Object diagram
⚫ Component diagram
⚫ Deployment diagram
Behavioral diagrams

⚫ Any system can have two aspects, static and dynamic.

⚫ A model is considered as complete when both the
aspects are covered fully.
⚫ It basically capture the dynamic aspect of a system.
⚫ Dynamic aspect can be further described as the
changing/moving parts of a system.

UML has the following five types of behavioral diagrams:

⚫ Use case diagram
⚫ Sequence diagram
⚫ Collaboration diagram
⚫ Statechart diagram
⚫ Activity diagram
Classes

⚫ Each class is represented by a rectangle subdivided into three

compartments
⚫ Name
⚫ Attributes
⚫ Operations
⚫ Modifiers are used to indicate visibility of attributes and operations.
⚫ ‘+’ is used to denote Public visibility (everyone)
⚫ ‘#’ is used to denote Protected visibility (friends and
derived)
⚫ ‘-’ is used to denote Private visibility (no one)
⚫ By default, attributes are hidden and operations are visible.
An example of Class

Name
Account_Name
- Customer_Name
Attributes
- Balance
+addFunds( ) Operations
+withDraw( )
+transfer( )
OO Relationships
⚫ There are two kinds of Relationships
◦ Generalization (parent-child relationship)
◦ Association (student enrolls in course)
⚫ Associations can be further classified as
◦ Aggregation
◦ Composition
 OO Relationships: Generalization

Supertype Example: Customer

Regular Loyalty
Customer Customer

Subtype1 Subtype2
or: Customer
- Generalization expresses a
parent/child relationship among related
classes.
- Used for abstracting details in several Regular Loyalty
layers Customer Customer
OO Relationships: Association

⚫ Represent relationship between instances of classes

◦ Student enrolls in a course
◦ Courses have students
◦ Courses have exams
◦ Etc.
⚫ Association has two ends
◦ Role names (e.g. enrolls)
◦ Multiplicity (e.g. One course can have many
students)
◦ Navigability (unidirectional, bidirectional)
 Association: Multiplicity and Roles

student
1 *

University Person

0..1 *
employer teacher

Role
Multiplicity
Symbol Meaning
1 One and only one Role
0..1 Zero or one “A given university groups many people;
M..N From M to N (natural language) some act as students, others as teachers.
* From zero to any positive integer
A given student belongs to a single
university; a given teacher may or may not
0..* From zero to any positive integer
be working for the university at a particular
1..* From one to any positive integer time.”
Association: Model to Implementation
* 4
Student Course
has enrolls

Class Student {
Course enrolls[4];
}

Class Course {
Student have[];
}
 OO Relationships: Composition
Composition: expresses a relationship among instances
Whole Class of related classes. It is a specific kind of Whole-Part
Class W relationship.

It expresses a relationship where an instance of the

Whole-class has the responsibility to create and initialize
instances of each Part-class.

Class P1 Class P2 It may also be used to express a relationship where instances

of the Part-classes have privileged access or visibility to
certain attributes and/or behaviors defined by the
Part Classes Whole-class.

Composition should also be used to express relationship where

Example instances of the Whole-class have exclusive access to and
control of instances of the Part-classes.
Automobile Composition should be used to express a relationship where
the behavior of Part instances is undefined without being
related to an instance of the Whole. And, conversely, the
behavior of the Whole is ill-defined or incomplete if one or
more of the Part instances are undefined.
Transmissio
Engine
n

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

OO Relationships: Aggregation
Container Class
Class C Aggregation: expresses a relationship among instances
of related classes. It is a specific kind of
AGGREGATION Container-Containee
relationship.

It expresses a relationship where an instance of the

Class E1 Class E2 Container-class has the responsibility to hold and maintain
instances of each Containee-class that have been created
outside the auspices of the Container-class.
Containee Classes
Aggregation should be used to express a more informal
relationship than composition expresses. That is, it is an
appropriate relationship where the Container and its
Containees can be manipulated independently.
Example
Bag
Aggregation is appropriate when Container and
Containees have no special access privileges to each other.

Apples Milk

[From Dr.David A. Workman]

Aggregation vs. Composition
Composition is really a strong form of aggregation
•components have only one owner
•components cannot exist independent of their
owner
•components live or die with their owner
e.g. Each car has an engine that can not be shared
with other cars.

•Aggregations may form "part of" the aggregate, but

may not be essential to it. They may also exist
independent of the aggregate.
e.g. Apples may exist independent of the bag.