K.

J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

El
ementsofEl
ectr
icalandEl
ect
roni
cs
Cour
seName: Semes
ter
: I
/I
I
Engi
neer
ingLaboratory
Dat
e of
/ /
2024 Bat
chNo:
Per
for
mance:
St
udentName: Rol
lNo:
Facul
tySi
gn&Dat
e: Gr
ade/
Mar
ks: /20

Experi
mentNo:6
Ti
tl
e:Zenerdiodevol
tager
egul
ator

Ai
m andObj
ect
iveoft
heExper
iment
:

 Tounder
standt
hewor
kingofZenerdi
odeasvol
tager
egul
ator

 Tocal
cul
atel
i
neandl
oadr
egul
ati
onofZenerdi
odebas
eds
huntr
egul
ator

COstobeachieved:
CO4:Ex
plai
nrecti
fi
er-
fi
lt
erci
rcui
tsus
ingPNj
unct
iondi
odeandvol
tager
egul
atorci
rcui
ts
usi
ngZenerdi
ode

Requi
rement
s:

Zenerdi
ode,
res
ist
or,
pot
ent
iomet
er,
vol
tmet
er,
ammet
er,
DCs
our
ceandbr
eadboar
d.

Theor
y:

TheZenerdi odeisli
keagener al
-purposesi
gnaldiode.Whenbiasedi
nt heforward
dir
ecti
onitbehavesj
us tl
i
keanormal s
ignaldi
ode,butwhenarever
sevol
tageisappl
ied
toit
,thevol
tageremainscons
tantf
orawi derangeofcurr
ent
s.

AvalancheBr eakdown:Ther ei salimitfort

her ever
sevoltage.Revers
evolt
agecan
i
ncrease untilthe diode breakdown vol
tage reaches.Thispointiscall
edAval
anche
Breakdownr egion.Att hi
ss tagemax i
mum currentwi l
lfl
ow throughtheZenerdiode.
Thisbreakdownpoi ntisref
erredas“Zenervol
tage”.

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

Fi
g1:
ZenerDi
ode
TheZenerDi odei susedi nits"r
eversebias"
.From theI-VCharacterist
icscurvewecan
studyt hatthezenerdi odehasar egioninitsrevers
ebi ascharacterist
icsofalmosta
cons t
antnegat i
vevol tager egardl
essoft hevalueoft hecurrentf l
owi ngthroughthe
diodeandr emainsnear lycons t
antevenwi thlargechangesi ncur rentaslongast he
zenerdi odescur r
entremai nsbet weenthebr eakdowncur r
entIZ(
min)andt hemax i
mum
currentrati
ngIZ(
max).

Thisabil
it
yt ocontroli
tsel
fcanbeus edtogr
eateffectt
oregulat
eors tabi
l
iseavolt
age
sourceagainstsupplyorloadvari
ati
ons
.Thef
actthatthevol
tageacrossthediodei
nthe
breakdownr egioni sal
mos tconst
anttur
nsouttobeani mportantappli
cati
onofthe
zenerdiodeasavol tageregul
ator
.

ZenerI
-VChar
act
eri
sti
cs:

Fi
gure2s howsthecur
rentvers
usvol
tagecur
vef
oraZenerdi
ode.Obs
ervet
henear
ly
cons
tantvolt
ageint
hebreakdownr
egi
on.

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

Fi
g2:
Zenerdi
odechar
act
eri
sti
ccur
ve

Thef orwardbi asregionofaZenerdi odei sident i

cal tothatofar egulardiode. Thet ypical
forwar dvol
tageatr oom temperaturewi thacur rentofar ound1mAi saround0. 6vol ts.
I
nt her eversebiascondi t
iontheZenerdi odei sanopenci r
cui
tandonl yas mal ll
eakage
currenti sfl
owi ng ass hownont heex agger ated pl ot.Ast hebr eakdownvol tagei s
appr oachedt hecur rentwi l
lbegi
nt oaval anche.Thei nit
ialtr
ans i
ti
onf rom leakaget o
breakdowni ss oftbutt hent hecurr entr apidlyi ncreasesass hownont hepl ot.The
volt
ageacr osst heZenerdi odeinthebr eakdownr egioni sverynearlycons tantwithonl y
as mallincr
eas einvol t
agewi thi
ncreas i
ngcur r
ent .Ats omehi ghcur rentl
evel thepower
dissi
pat i
on oft he diode becomesex cessive and t he partisdes tr
oyed.Ther ei sa
minimum Zenercur rent,Iz(mi
n),t hatpl aces t he oper ati
ng poi ntint he des i
red
breakdown.Ther eisamax imum Zenercur rent ,Iz(max ),atwhicht hepowerdi ss
ipat i
on
dri
vest hejunct i
ontemper aturetothemax i
mum al lowed.Beyondt hatcur r
entt hedi ode
canbedamaged.

Zenerdi
odesareavai
l
ablef
rom about2.
4t o200vol
tst
ypi
cal
lyus i
ngthes ames equence
ofval
uesasusedforthe5%resis
torser
ies–2.
4,2.
7,3.
03.
3,3.6,3.
9,4.3,4.7,5.
1,5.
6,6.2,

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

6.8,7.5,8.
2,9.1
,10,1
1,12,1
3,15,16,1
8,20,22,24,etc.Al lZenerdi
odeshaveapower
rati
ng,PZ.From Watt’sl
aw themax i
mum currentisIZ(MAX)=PZ/VZ.Zenerdiodesare
typical
lyavai
l
ablewit
hpowerr at
ingsof0.
25,0.
4,0.5,1,2,3,and5wat tsal
thoughother
valuesareavail
abl
e.

ZenerDi
odeasVol
tageRegul
ator
s

Thef unct
ionofar egulatori
st oprovideacons tantout putvoltagetoaloadconnect edin
parall
elwithi ti
ns pit
eoft her ipplesint hes upplyvol tageort hevariati
oni ntheload
currentandt hezenerdiodewi l
lcontinuet or egulatet hevoltageuntilt
hedi odescurr
ent
fal
lsbelow t hemi nimum I Z(min)val uei nt her eversebr eakdown r egi
on.I tpermit
s
currenttof l
ow int heforwarddi rectionasnor mal,butwi l
lalsoall
ow itt ofl
ow inthe
reversedirecti
onwhent hevoltagei saboveacer tainval ue-t hebreakdownvol tage
knownast heZenervol tage.TheZenerdi odes peciall
ymadet ohavear eversevol
tage
breakdownatas pecifi
cvoltage. I
tschar acteri
s t
icsareot herwiseverysimilart
ocommon
diodes.I
nbr eakdownt hevol t
ageacr os stheZenerdi odeisclosetocons t
antoverawi de
rangeofcur rent
sthusmaki ngi tuseful asas huntvol tager egul
ator.

Thepur poseofavol tageregulatorist omai ntai

nacons tantvoltageacr ossal oad
regardlessofvariat
ionsintheappl i
edinputvol t
ageandvar iati
onsint hel oadcur r
ent .A
typicalZenerdiodes huntregulatorisshowni nFigure3.Ther esist
oriss electedsot hat
whent heinputvoltageisatVIN(mi n)andt heloadcur r
enti satIL(max )thatt hecurrent
throught heZenerdi odeisatl eastIz(min).Thenf oral lothercombi nationsofinput
voltageandl oadcurrenttheZenerdi odeconduct st
heex cesscurrentthusmai ntai
ninga
cons t
antvoltageacr osstheload.TheZenerconduct sthel eastcurrentwhent heload
currentisthehi ghestandi tconduct sthemos tcurrentwhent heloadcur r
entist he
l
owes t
.

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

Fi
g3:
Zenerdi
odes
huntr
egul
ator

I
ft hereisnol oadres
istance,s huntr egulator
scanbeus edt odi s
s i
patetot alpower
thr
ought hes eri
esr
esi
s t
anceandt heZenerdi ode.Shuntr egulat
orshaveani nherent
currentl
imiti
ngadvantageunderl oadf aultconditi
onsbecaus ethes eri
esresistorl
imits
excesscurrent.Azenerdiodeofbr eakdownvol tageVzi sr
everseconnect edt oaninput
volt
ages ourceViacrossal oadr es
istanceRLandas eriesr
esis
torRS.Thevol tageac ross
thezenerwi l
lremai
ns teadyati t
sbr eakdownvol tageVZf oralltheval uesofz ener
currentI
Zasl ongasthecur rentremai nsint hebreakdownr egion.Hencear egul at
edDC
outputvolt
ageV0=VZi sobt ai
nedacr os sRL,whenevert heinputvolt
ager emai nswi t
hin
ami nimum andmax imum vol tage.

Bas
ical
l
yther
ear
etwot
ypeofr
egul
ati
onss
uchas
:

a)Li
neRegul
ati
on:

I
nt hi
st ypeofregul
ati
on,ser
iesres
ist
anceandl
oadr
esi
stancear
efi
xed,onl
yinput
vol
tageischangi
ng.Outputvolt
ageremainst
hes
ameaslongasthei
nputvol
tageis
maintai
nedaboveaminimum val
ue.

ΔVout
Per
cent
ageofl
i
ner
egul
ati
oncanbecal
cul
atedby= ×1
00
ΔVi
n
whereV0i
st heoutputvol
tageandVINistheinputvol
tageand ΔV0i
sthechangei
n
out
putvol
tageforapar
ti
cul
archangei
ninputvol
tageΔVI
N.

b)LoadRegul
ati
on:

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
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es

I
nthistypeofregul
ati
on,i
nputvol
tageisf
ixedandtheloadres
ist
ancei
svaryi
ng.Output
vol
tremainssame,asl
ongastheloadresi
stancei
smaintai
nedaboveamini
mum value.

Per
cent
ageofl
oadr
egul
ati
on=
[VNL-VFL
VNL ]
×1
00

wher
eVNListhenulll
oadr
esi
storvol
tage(
ie.r
emovethel
oadr esi
stanceandmeas
ure
t
hevolt
ageacr
osst
heZenerDi
ode)andVFLi st
hef
ull
loadr
esi
storvol
t age

Ci
rcui
tDi
agr
am:

St
epwi
se-
Procedur
e:

1
. Desi
gn ci
rcui
tand connecti
tass
hown i
ntheci
rcui
tdi
agr
am us
ing Pr
oteus
si
mulat
or.

2.KeepVINar
ound4Vandadjus
tPotent
iomet
erRLs
ucht
hatI
L=5mA.Var
yVI
Nand
noteVOUTf
orf
indi
ngl
i
neregul
ati
on.

3.KeepVI
N =1
0Vandvar yPot
ent
iometerRL s
ucht
hatI
Lchangedf
rom 3mAt
o15
mAandnoteVOUTf
orf
indi
ngl
oadregul
ati
on.

4.Pl
ott
hegr
aphVOUTVsVI
Nforl
i
ner
egul
ati
onandVOUTVsI
Lforl
oadr
egul
ati
on.

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
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es

Obs
ervat
ionTabl
e:

Li
neRegul
ati
on:(
KeepI
L=5mAcons
tant
)

Unregul
ated Regulat
ed
suppl
yvoltage outputvolt
age
(
Vin) (Vo)

4V

5V

6V

7V

8V

1
0V

1
2V

1
4V

1
6V

LoadRegul
ati
on:(
KeepVi
n=1
0Vcons
tant
)

Li
necur
rent Regulat
ed
I
L(
mA) outputvolt
age
(Vout)

3mA

4mA

5mA

7mA

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
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9mA

1
0mA

1
2mA

1
4mA

Nol oadval
ue
VNL(
RemoveRL
&meas ur
e
Vout)

Pos
tLabSubj
ect
ive:

1
.Whati
sdi
ff
erencebet
weenPNj
unct
iondi
odeandZenerdi
ode?

Concl
usi
on:

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
:2024-
25
 K.
J.Somai
yaCol
l
egeofEngi
neer
ing,
Mumbai
-77
(
ACons
tit
uentCol
l
egeofSomai
yaVi
dyavi
harUni
ver
sit
y)

Depar
tmentofSci
encesandHumani
ti
es

Si
gnatur
e of f
acul
tyi
n-char
ge wi
th
Date:

EEEEL Semes
ter
:I Academi
cYear
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25