MODERN VIDYA NIKETAN

SEXUALLY
TRANSMITTED
DISEASE

BIOLOGY PROJECT
NAME : JAYA ATTRI
CLASS : XII E
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to express my thanks of

gratitude to my biology teachers
Mrs. Manisha and Mr. Rakesh for
their valuable guidance and support
in completing my project.
I would also like to express my
gratitude to wing coordinator and
principal madam for providing me
with all facilities that was required.
 INDEX
1. What does STD mean?
2. Symptoms of STD
3. Chlamydia
4. Gonorrhoea
5. Syphilis
6. Genital Herpes
7. Chancroid
8. Genital Warts
9. AIDS
10.Trichomoniasis
11. Risk Factors
12. Preventions
What are Sexually Transmitted
Diseases ?
Sexually transmitted diseases (STD) are also
Known as veneral diseases (VD) or
sexually transmitted infections
(STI) are infections that spread from
person to person through sexual activity
including anal,vaginal or oral sex.
The group includes diseases such as
chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, and genital
herpes.
AIDS and hepatitis-B are sexually
transmitted infections that may be
contracted by other ways.
Except for hepatitis-B, genital herpes and
HIV infections, other diseases are
completely curable if detected early and
treated properly.
SYMPTOMS OF STD:
Early symptoms include :
-Itching
-Fluid discharge
-Slight pain
- Swellings etc.

These all sypmtoms occur in the genital

regions. Later complications include pelvic
inflammatory disease (PID),
abortions, still births, ectopic
pregnancies, infertility, or even
cancer of the reproductive tract.
Though all persons are vulnerable to these
infections , but their incidences are high
among persons in the age group of 15-24
years.
STD can be caused by -
Bacteria :- Gonorrhoea, Syphilis etc.
Protozoans:- Trichomoniasis
Viral :- Genital Herpes, Hepatitis-B etc
1. Chlamydia
- Causative Agent : Bacteria
Chlamydia Trachomatis cannot
reproduce outside the body cells, it cloaks
itself inside the cells to divide.
-In males urethritis is the principal result
while in females, the most common site of
infection is the cervix, resulting in
cervicitis.
-Chlamydia may be passed from mother to
infant during childbirth, infecting the eyes.
-The cases of chlamydia continuously rising,
but the cases continuously risen between
2019 and 2020.
-People between the ages of 15-24 are
most likely to contract the infections.
Roughly two-third of chlamydia cases are
found in this age group.
-The highest country specific rates of over
250 cases per 100,000 population were in
Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and
Sweden.
-Chlamydia infections are treatable and
curable.
Treatment : Generally, chlamydia
treatment consists of administration of
antibiotic tablets of azithromycin,
tetracycline or doxycycline.
2. Gonorrhoea
-Gonorrhoea or “clap” is an infectious
sexually transmitted infection caused by the
bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
-Discharge from infected mucus membrane
is the source of transmission of thr bacteria
during sexual contact and in or during
passage of a newborn through the birth
canal.
-The site of infection relates to the type of
sexual contact, occurring in the mouth and
throat after oral genital contact and in
vagina and penis after genital contact.
-If the bacteria are transmitted to the eyes
of a new bornin the birth canal, blindness
can result.
-Administration of 1% silver nitrate
solution in the infant’s eyes prevents
infections.
Detection technique : By the gram
staining of discharge, culture.
Treatment : Administration of
Ceftriaxone is most effective treatment
currently.
3. Syphilis
-Syphilis is sexually transmitted infection
caused by Treponema pallidum.
-It is transmitted through sexual contact or
exchange of blood or through placenta to a
foetus.
-The disease progresses through several
stages.
-During the primary stage, the chief
symptom is painless open sore called a
chancre, at a point of contact. The
chancre heals within 1-5 weeks.
-From 6 to 24 weeks , symptoms such as
skin, rash, fever and aches in the joints and
muscles usher in the secondary stage.
-These symptoms also eventually disappear
in about 4 to 12 weeks and the disease
ceases to be infectious, but a blood test of
the bacteria generally remains positive.
-During this ‘symptomless’ period called
the latent stage, which may last upto 20
years, the bacteria may invade body
organs.
-When signs of organ degeneration appear,
the disease is said to be in tertiary
stage.
-If the organs of the nervous
system become involved, the
tertiary stage is called
neurosyphilis. Neurosyphilis may take
different forms, depending on the tissue
involved.

Detection technique : Antibody

detection e.g.,VDRL(Veneral Disease Rsearch
Laboratory).
Treatment : Syphilis can be treated by
antibiotics (Penicillin) during primary,
secondary and latent periods.

3. Genital Herpes
-Type II herpes simplex virus (HSV-2)
causes genital infections such as painful
genital blisters on the prepuce, glans penis
and penile shaft in males and on the vulva
or sometimes high up in the vagina in the
females.
-The blisters disappears and reappear in
most patients, but the virus itself remains in
the body.
-A related virus, type I Herpes Simplex
Virus (HSV-I), causes cold sores on the
mouth and lips.
Detection technique : Clinical, Antigen
test, PCR.
Treatment : Acyclovir/Zovirax is used for
treatment as this drug interferes with only
viral DNA replication.

4. Chancroid
-Chancriod is a sexually transmitted
infection caused by the short gram negative
Bacillus haemophilus ducrei.
-The initial lesion at the site of inoculation
breaks down to form a painful, soft ulcer
with a necrotic base.
Detection technique : Clinical, Culture.
Treatment : A single dose of either
azithromycin or ceftriaxone is
effective.

5. Genital Warts
-Warts are infectious disease caused by
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
Detection technique : Clinical,
Antibody detection, DNA hybridization.
Treatment : Cryotherapy, Alpha
interferons and podophyllin are effective.
7. AIDS
-AIDS stands for acquired immune
deficiency syndrome.
-AIDS is caused by Human
Immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV).

-HIV can get transmitted through blood and

also by sexual contact between males and
females through vaginal , oral or anal
intercourse.
-Male homosexuals transmit HIV to their
partner by anal or oral intercourse.
-In HIV, mainly helper T cells , decline
due to death of infected cells. The result is
progressive collapse of the immune system
and the person become susceptible to
opportunistic infections (invasion of
normally harmless microorganisms
that now proliferate widely because
of the defective immune system).
Detection technique : ELISA Test

Treatment : Commonly used drug to

treat AIDS is AZT (AZIDOTHYMIDINE).
8. Trichomoniasis
-The microorganisms Trichomonas
Vaginalis, a flagellated protozoan ,
cause trichomoniasis.
-An inflammation of the mucous membrane
of the vagina in female and urethra in males
is observed.
Detection technique : Microscopic
examination, Culture.
Treatment : The drug of choice is
metronidazole.
RISK FACTORS
1. Having unprotected sex.
2. Having sexual contact with many
partners.
3. Being forced to engage in sexual activity.
4. Injecting drugs.
5.Misuse of alcohols and recreational drugs.
PREVENTIONS :
1. Avoid sex or sexual activity.
2. Stay with one uninfected partner.
3. Get vaccinated.
4. Use condoms and dental dams
consistently and correctly.
5. Think about male circumcision.