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December 22, 2023

Python Program to Print Hello world!

[1]: print('Hello, world!') #If you don't know this, consider dropping from life

Hello, world!
Python Program to Add Two Numbers
[2]: num1 = 1.5
num2 = 6.3
# Add two numbers
sum = num1 + num2
# Display the sum
print('The sum of {0} and {1} is {2}'.format(num1, num2, sum))

The sum of 1.5 and 6.3 is 7.8

Add Two Numbers With User Input
[3]: # Store input numbers
num1 = input('Enter first number: ')
num2 = input('Enter second number: ')
# Add two numbers
sum = float(num1) + float(num2)
# Display the sum
print('The sum of {0} and {1} is {2}'.format(num1, num2, sum))

The sum of 1 and 1 is 2.0

Python Program to Find the Square Root
[4]: num = 8
# To take the input from the user
#num = float(input('Enter a number: '))
num_sqrt = num ** 0.5
print('The square root of %0.3f is %0.3f'%(num ,num_sqrt))

The square root of 8.000 is 2.828

Python Program to Find the Square Root (For real or complex numbers)

1
[5]: import cmath
num = 1+2j
# To take input from the user
#num = eval(input('Enter a number: '))
num_sqrt = cmath.sqrt(num)
print('The square root of {0} is {1:0.3f}+{2:0.3f}j'.format(num ,num_sqrt.
↪real,num_sqrt.imag))

The square root of (1+2j) is 1.272+0.786j

Python Program to Calculate the Area of a Triangle
[7]: a = 5
b = 6
c = 7
# Uncomment below to take inputs from the user
# a = float(input('Enter first side: '))
# b = float(input('Enter second side: '))
# c = float(input('Enter third side: '))
# calculate the semi-perimeter
s = (a + b + c) / 2
# calculate the area
area = (s*(s-a)*(s-b)*(s-c)) ** 0.5
print('The area of the triangle is %0.2f' %area)

The area of the triangle is 14.70

Python Program to Solve Quadratic Equation
[8]: import cmath
a = 1
b = 5
c = 6
# calculate the discriminant
d = (b**2) - (4*a*c)
# find two solutions
sol1 = (-b-cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)
sol2 = (-b+cmath.sqrt(d))/(2*a)
print('The solution are {0} and {1}'.format(sol1,sol2))

The solution are (-3+0j) and (-2+0j)

Python Program to Swap Two Variables
[9]: x = 5
y = 10
# To take inputs from the user
#x = input('Enter value of x: ')
#y = input('Enter value of y: ')

2
 # create a temporary variable and swap the values
temp = x
x = y
y = temp
print('The value of x after swapping: {}'.format(x))
print('The value of y after swapping: {}'.format(y))

The value of x after swapping: 10

The value of y after swapping: 5
Python Program to Generate a Random Number
[10]: import random
print(random.randint(0,9))

6
Python Program to Convert Kilometers to Miles
[11]: kilometers = float(input("Enter value in kilometers: "))
# conversion factor
conv_fac = 0.621371
# calculate miles
miles = kilometers * conv_fac
print('%0.2f kilometers is equal to %0.2f miles' %(kilometers,miles))

100.00 kilometers is equal to 62.14 miles

1 EXPERIMENT 2
1.1 Arrays, lists - Slicing, reshaping, matrix operations,etc
[13]: import numpy as np

l=[1,2,3] #this is a list.

a=np.array(l) #now this is a numpy array

print('array a is: ',a)
print('the shape of numpy array a is : ',np.shape(a))

array a is: [1 2 3]
the shape of numpy array a is : (3,)
Combining numpy arrays
[14]: a=np.array([1,2,3,4])
b=np.array([5,6,7,8])
x=np.vstack((a,b))
y=np.hstack((a,b))

3
 print('vertically stacked: ',x)
print('horizontally stacked: ',y)

vertically stacked: [[1 2 3 4]

[5 6 7 8]]
horizontally stacked: [1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8]
Boradcasting
[19]: a = np.array([17, 11, 19]) # 1x3 Dimension array
print(a)
b = 3
print(b)

y=a+b #here b is broadcasted into the shape of a

print('y is :',y)

[17 11 19]
3
y is : [20 14 22]
Slicing
[34]: a = np.array([[17, 11, 19],[20, 15, 8],[1, 12, 49],[42, 15, 78]]) #a's shape is␣
↪(4x3)

print('rows sliced\n',a[0:2]) #slicing in rows. Slicing from row 0 to row 1

print('columns sliced\n',a[:,0:2])

rows sliced
[[17 11 19]
[20 15 8]]
columns sliced
[[17 11]
[20 15]
[ 1 12]
[42 15]]
reshaping
[99]: a = np.array([[17, 11, 19],[20, 15, 8],[1, 12, 49],[42, 15, 78]]) #a's shape is␣
↪(4x3)

print(a.shape)
a=np.reshape(a,(3,4))
print(a.shape)

(4, 3)
(3, 4)

4
 2 Linear regression
[103]: import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def fit(X, y):

num_samples, num_features = X.shape # X shape [N, f] where N is the␣
↪samples and f is features here 2

weights = np.zeros(num_features) # W shape [f, 1]

bias = 0
n_iters=1000 #number of iterations
lr=0.01 #learning rate

for i in range(n_iters):
y_pred = np.dot(X, weights) + bias
dw = (1 / num_samples) * np.dot(X.T, y_pred - y) #derivative of Loss␣
↪with respect to weights w

db = (1 / num_samples) * np.sum(y_pred - y) #derivative of loss with␣

↪respect to bias

weights = weights - lr * dw #weights update

bias = bias - lr * db

return weights,bias

def predict(X):
return np.dot(X,weights) + bias

X, y = datasets.make_regression(n_samples=500, n_features=1, random_state=4)␣

↪#to create a random dataset of two features and one target

x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(X,y)

weights,bias=fit(x_train,y_train)
print('weights are:\n',weights,'\n\nBias is :\n',bias)

predictions=predict(x_test)
loss=np.mean(np.abs(predictions-y_test)) #mean absolute error
print('\nMAE is ',loss)

plt.scatter(x_test,y_test,color='m')
plt.plot(x_test,predictions)

5
 weights are:
[67.17516321]

Bias is :
0.00336403250300076

MAE is 0.008391426389049123

[103]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x212fb001d50>]

3 Logistic Regression
[138]: import numpy as np
from sklearn import datasets
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def sigmoid(z):
return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-z))

6
 def fit(X, y):
# weights initialization
m = np.zeros(X.shape[1])
num_iter=1000
lr=0.01

for i in range(num_iter):
z = np.dot(X, m)
y_pred = sigmoid(z)
gradient = np.dot(X.T, (y_pred - y)) / y.size
m -= lr * gradient

return m

def predict(X):
prdns=sigmoid(np.dot(X,weights)) >= 0.5
return (prdns).astype(int)

X, y = datasets.make_classification(n_samples=500,␣
↪n_features=1,n_informative=1,n_redundant=0,n_repeated=0,n_clusters_per_class=1,␣

↪n_classes=2,random_state=4)

x_train,x_test,y_train,y_test=train_test_split(X,y)

weights=fit(x_train,y_train)
print('weights are:\n',weights)

predictions=predict(x_test)
acc=np.mean(predictions==y_test)
print('\naccuracy is ',acc)

plt.scatter(x_test,y_test,color='blue')
plt.scatter(x_test,predictions,color='red')
x=np.linspace(min(x_test),max(x_test),125)
y=sigmoid(np.dot(x,weights))
plt.plot(x,y)

weights are:
[1.91348263]

accuracy is 0.984

[138]: [<matplotlib.lines.Line2D at 0x212fcea93f0>]

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