Scribd
Upload
8 views68 pages

Lecture On Surveying Total 4 Lecture Include

Uploaded by

jaishpratapsingh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views68 pages

Lecture On Surveying Total 4 Lecture Include

Uploaded by

jaishpratapsingh
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 68

Measurement of Distance

Two principles of measuring distance


1) It takes two points to form a line.
2) The shortest distance between two points is a
straight line.
Ranging: The process of establishing
intermediate points on a straight line between
two end points.

Methods of Ranging
1. Direct ranging
2. Indirect ranging
- Reciprocal ranging
- Random line method of ranging
1.Direct Ranging:
It is done when the two end points are
intervisible & intermediate points in line are
fixed by direct observation from end stations by
eye or by line ranger.

2.Indirect Ranging:
It is done when the end stations are
not intervisible due to high ground or due to
any type of obstacles or long distance between
them.
Indirect Ranging
-Reciprocal ranging :
When the end stations are not intervisible
due to high ground or long distance between
them, but the station points are visible from
middle of the area.
e.g., Station points across a hill.
-Random line method of ranging :
When station points are not intervisible
and also from middle of the area.
e.g., presence of dense forest between the
given station points.
Reciprocal Ranging
Reciprocal Ranging
Surveying
What is surveying?

Surveying may be defined as the science of


determining the position, in three dimensions, of
natural and man-made features on or beneath
the surface of the Earth. These features may
then be represented in analog form as a
contoured map, plan or chart, or in digital form
as a three dimensional mathematical model
stored in the computer.
Uses of Surveying
► Surveying is used in every Engineering
projects such as water supply and irrigation
schemes railroads and transmission lines,
mines, bridges and building etc.
► To prepare an engineering map to show
details like roads, railways, reservoirs,
irrigation canals, etc.
► To prepare a cadastral map showing the
boundaries of fields, houses, and other
properties.
Uses of Surveying- continue
► To prepare military map showing roads and
railways, communication with different parts of
country. Such a map also shows the different
strategic points important for the defence of a
country.

► Toprepare contour map and to determine the


capacity of a reservoirs and to find the best
possible route for roads, railways etc.
Uses of Surveying- continue

► To prepare archeological map including places


where ancient relics exist.
► To prepare a geological map showing areas
including underground resources.
► To prepare a topographical map this shows
the hills, valley, rivers, villages, town, etc. of a
country.
Purpose of Surveying

► Before plans and estimates are prepared,


boundaries should be determined and the
topography of the site should be ascertained.
► After the plans are made, the structures must
be staked out on the ground, as the work
progresses lines and grades must be given.
Surveyor
A person performing operation to obtain
measurements in surveying
The work of the surveyor
1. Decision Making – selecting method, equipment and
final point locations.
2. Fieldwork & Data Collection – making measurements
and recording data, in the field.
3. Computing & Data Processing – preparing
calculations, based upon the recorded data to
determine locations in a useable form.
4. Mapping or Data Representation – plotting data to
produce a map, plot, or chart in the proper form.
Application of surveying in civil
Engineering
► The planning and design of all Civil Engineering projects such
as construction of highways, bridges, tunnels, dams etc are
based upon surveying measurements.
► Project of any magnitude is constructed along the lines and
points established by surveying. Thus, surveying is a basic
requirement for all Civil Engineering projects.
► Other principal works in which surveying is primarily utilized are
• to fix the national and state boundaries;
• to establish control points
• to execute hydrographic and oceanographic charting and
mapping; and
• to prepare topographic map of land surface of the earth.

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy