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 Linguistic Forum
ISSN (Online) 2707-5273
Volume 5, Issue 3, 2023
http://doi.org/10.53057/linfo/2023.5.3.10
Pages 136-158

Published by
MARS Publishers

Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs:

A Corpus Based Study
Research Article

Correspondence: Muhammad Awais MPhil Scholar, Department of English, University of

<awaisafzal130@gmail.com> Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.

Dr. Musarrat Azher Associate Professor, Department of English,

<musarratazher@gmail.com> University of Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan.

Muhammad Farukh Arslan Lecturer, NUML, PhD Scholar, Department of

<farukhgill99@gmail.com> Applied Linguistics, Government College University,
Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan.

Publication Details
Received: July 22, 2023 Accepted: August 25, 2023 Published: September 30, 2023

Abstract

Saraiki is an Indo-Aryan language and is recognized as the fourth most widely spoken language in
Pakistan. It is extensively used in Pakistan, especially in south Punjab and Sindh, and is also spoken
in some parts of Afghanistan and India. The language holds significant historical and geographical
importance. Despite numerous studies emphasizing its distinctiveness, Saraiki remains less explored
in terms of its unique linguistic features. The current corpus-based study aims to create synsets of
Saraiki verbs by establishing an interface for their synonyms. A corpus of three million words has
been developed using literary and non-literary sources. Data collection involved sourcing
information from online platforms and scanning hard copies of literary and non-literary works, which
were then converted into machine-readable files. From the corpus, one hundred high-frequency verbs
were selected and categorized based on Fellbaum’s (1993) model, which comprises fifteen files
developed according to semantic domains. The verbs falling within these categories were analyzed
for their lexico-semantic relations to construct an interface of their synonyms. This study holds
significance as it contributes to the development of synsets for verbs, encompassing verb meanings,
definitions of associated concepts, example sentences, and lexicosemantic relations. Consequently,

Published by Licensee MARS Publishers. Copyright: © the author(s). This article is an open access article
distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
this research proves valuable for students, teachers, and researchers of Saraiki, as well as those
engaged in the creation of Wordnet.

Keywords: Lexico-semantic relations, Saraiki verbs, Synset, corpus-based study

1. Introduction

Saraiki, classified as an Indo-Aryan language, holds the distinction of being the fourth most widely
spoken language in Pakistan. It serves as the linguistic medium for approximately 25—40 million
people worldwide, with significant prevalence in central Pakistan, spanning the southwestern region
of the Punjab province, as well as the adjacent districts of Sindh, Baluchistan, and the North-West
Frontier Province (Shackle, 2001). Additionally, Saraiki finds resonance in certain areas of
Afghanistan and India (Bashir, Conners & Hefright, 2019), contributing to its considerable historical
and geographical importance. Over time, Saraiki has proliferated across various regions of Pakistan,
leading to the emergence of distinct dialects with individual identities, named after the regions of
their use. Shackle (1976), as detailed in Atta (2020), identified six distinct dialects of Saraiki.

1. Southern Saraiki: It represents the variant of Saraiki predominantly spoken in the districts of
Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur, Muzaffargarh, and the southern regions of Dera Ghazi Khan (D.G.
Khan). In comparison to the central variety, Southern Saraiki covers a relatively compact
geographical area. Notably, this particular variant exhibits a subtle influence from Punjabi, resulting
in a discernible blend of Punjabi and Saraiki elements.

2. Northern Saraiki: It is predominantly spoken in the districts of Mianwali and Dera Ismail Khan.
This variant maintains close affiliations with the Central variety, both in terms of geographical
boundaries and shared linguistic features. Given the geographic proximity of the districts of
Mianwali and Dera Ismail Khan to the Pashtoon region, Northern Saraiki also demonstrates
significant influences from Pashto.

3. Sindhi Saraiki: It is chiefly spoken in Sindh and represents a fusion of the Sindhi and Saraiki
languages.

4. Jhangi Saraiki: It, primarily utilized in the Jhang district of Punjab, stands out as a distinct variant
within the Saraiki language. Its uniqueness lies in pronounced phonological features, specifically in
the utilization of dental and retroflex implosives, as highlighted by Shackle (1976, p. 8). Despite the
frequent use of implosives in this variety, it lacks the phonemic contrast between plain stops and
dental implosives, as noted by Atta (2020, p. 2).

5. Shahpuri Saraiki: It, spoken in Sargodha and Jhang districts, exhibits shared linguistic features
with the Central variety of Saraiki. Notably, Shahpuri Saraiki is linguistically related to Punjabi and
is acknowledged as a dialect of the Punjabi language.

6. Central Saraiki: It, also known as Derawali, is prevalent in the districts of Multan, Muzaffargarh,
Bahawalpur, and the northern areas of Dera Ghazi Khan. Recognized as the most widely spoken
dialect, the prime city for this variety is Multan. In Multan, Saraiki remains the language of choice
among locals, utilized informally and as a home language within their communities.

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
The current study is specifically centered on Central Saraiki and aims to enhance lexical resources
by identifying various synsets of Saraiki verbs. A synset, as defined by Kar and Chakrabarti (2011),
refers to a group of synonymous words. According to Hassan et al. (2015), a synset represents a
distinct sense or concept. The formation of synsets is grounded in sense relationships, and the
construction process adheres to three fundamental principles: minimality, coverage, and
replaceability, as highlighted by Rattan (2011). To illustrate, words like ‫ در‬،‫ دروازہ‬،‫ بوھا‬collectively
represent the concept of a door, forming a synset. Similarly, words such as ‫ مدرسہ‬،‫ سکول‬encapsulate
the concept of an institution, constituting another synset.

Several Pakistani languages, including Punjabi and Urdu, have been subject to exploration
concerning their morphological and syntactical patterns. Arslan et al. (2023) recently conducted a
corpus-based study focusing on the morphology of Shahmukhi Punjabi, with a particular emphasis
on nouns and their properties within the Punjabi language. Employing the theoretical framework of
distributed morphology (DM) proposed by Harley and Noyer (1999), the researchers concluded that
various patterns in Punjabi morphology necessitate consideration in the analysis of higher levels such
as syntax, semantics, and discourse.

In a related study, Hassan et al. (2015) conducted research on an online Punjabi Shahmukhi lexical
resource, creating a database for Pakistani regional languages to facilitate processing of cross-lingual
data, including word sense disambiguation, machine translation, and part-of-speech tagging. The
researchers explored various methods for constructing lexical databases for languages worldwide.
The overarching goal of this research was to develop a web interface that simplifies the retrieval of
updates and query-based results from a lexical database. The system created by the researchers
generated grammatically correct sentences that succinctly expressed the concepts of synsets.

Adeeba and Hussain (2011) have contributed significantly to the development of Wordnet in
Pakistan, particularly through the creation of Urdu Wordnet derived from Hindi Wordnet. Their
approach involved translating the obtained Hindi Wordnet, resulting in the classification of 50,000
words into 28,967 synsets for the Urdu Wordnet project. The study also delved into the notable
challenges encountered during the translation process from Hindi to Urdu Wordnet, along with the
subsequent manual cleaning procedures.

In the realm of Saraiki language research, scholars have been engaged for several decades,
recognizing it as an independent language distinct from Punjabi dialects. Previous studies on Saraiki
include a general grammar description (Wagha, 1990), focusing on a variety slightly different from
that described in Shackle (1976, 1977), and an exploration of English acquisition by Saraiki speakers
(Syed, 2013). A grammar book encompassing Hindko, Punjabi, and Saraiki (Bashir et al., 2019)
provides a detailed description of the Saraiki language based on Shackle (1976).

Various researchers have delved into the phonological aspects of Saraiki, including Hussain (2018)
with an acoustic analysis of Saraiki stops, and Atta (2019, 2020) examining Saraiki pronunciation.
Additional studies cover lexical resources, computational linguistics, syntax, and morphology of
Saraiki (Garcia, 2016). Some studies have focused on the identity of Saraiki as a dialect or language
(Imtiaz, 2005; Shackle, 2001). The sole study on developing lexical resources for Saraiki language by
mapping word senses comes from Gul et al. (2021), who applied an expansion approach to map
Urdu word senses (Zafar et al., 2014) onto Saraiki word senses.

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
Given the significant historical, cultural, and geographical importance of Saraiki, and recognizing
the existing gaps in knowledge, this research aims to identify the lexico-semantic properties of Saraiki
verbs. The goal is to contribute to the exploration, preservation, dissemination, and understanding
of the Saraiki language by uncovering its diverse and unique linguistic features.

Verbs, as the most crucial lexical and syntactical category in any language, provide the relational and
semantic framework for constructing sentences (Fellbaum, 1998). Fellbaum's classification of verbs
into 15 files revolves largely around semantic criteria, with a division based on conceptual categories
defined by Jackendoff (1983, p. 170) and Dowty (1979). These 15 files are further categorized into
two groups: verbs denoting events or actions, and verbs denoting states.

The first group, encompassing 14 files, represents verbs associated with semantic domains such as
bodily care and functions, change, cognition, communication, competition, consumption, contact,
creation, emotion, motion, perception, possession, social interaction, and weather verbs (Fellbaum,
1998, p. 41). The second group consists of one file containing state verbs that do not fall under any
specific semantic domain. Fellbaum's classification serves to organize verbs without implying
theoretical or psychological implications.

Despite the lack of elaboration in these concepts, verbs within the semantic field are derived through
semantic relations. In the context of the present research, it is crucial to develop lexical resources for
the Saraiki language by investigating the types and lexico-semantic relations of Saraiki verbs. In line
with the study's objectives, the following research questions are addressed in the present research:

▪ What categories of verbs are being used in Saraiki language?

▪ What are the lexico-semantic relations between verbs?

3. Methods and Procedures

3.1 Data Collection and Development of the Corpus

To conduct this study, a corpus comprising three million words has been meticulously compiled.
This corpus consists of 1.8 million words extracted from various online sources, including poetry,
novels, dramas, short stories, essays, diaries, columns, history, and geography. Additionally, 0.7
million words were sourced from the Associated Press of Pakistan (AFP) newspaper, and 0.4 million
words were obtained from hard-copy books published by Saraiki Adabi Board, Multan. Saraiki data
was also extracted from Wikimedia, Saraiki Waseb, and Saraiki literature. The online data and hard-
copy materials encompass a diverse range of genres, including news related to economics,
international law, weather, and sports.

To convert the text into machine-readable form, the following steps were employed. First, hard-copy
data was scanned using an HP DeskJet All-in-One Printer and converted into PDF format using the
iLovePDF site. For some data that was not machine-readable, Optical Character Recognition (OCR)
was performed using Google Lens, transforming the data into image files. Subsequently, these image
files were processed in Google Docs, which read the images and converted them into text form. The
text data from both hard-copy and online sources were then combined. After completing these steps,

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
the researcher saved all the data in UTF-8 format using Notepad++, and it was further processed in
Antconc 3.5.9 for analysis.

3.2 Development of Verb Synsets

In this study, a selection of one hundred high-frequency verbs was made from the corpus. These
verbs were then categorized according to Fellbaum's (1993) model of fifteen files, which were
developed based on their semantic domains. The subsequent analysis focused on the lexico-semantic
relations of verbs within these categories, aiming to construct an interface of their synonyms.

A hybrid approach was employed for the development of synsets of Saraiki verbs, combining
elements of both the merge and expansion approaches. Mapping of verbs involved consultation with
native speakers and poets of Saraiki, as well as references to various Saraiki and Punjabi dictionaries.
This comprehensive approach aided in capturing the true sense of the words.

The core objective of this study lies in the creation of synsets for Saraiki verbs, a process involving
four key steps. Firstly, a verb is selected from the corpus. Secondly, its senses are developed through
the use of dictionaries and examination of its occurrences in the corpus. Thirdly, each sense is defined
to clarify its meaning. Finally, an example sentence is provided. The components of synsets include
the verb itself, its senses, gloss for each sense, example sentences, troponymy, and entailment. A
synset is a group of synonymous words, gloss offers a concise definition of a sense, and example
sentences demonstrate the use of a sense in a sentence. Troponymy represents the manner relation;
for instance, "‫ "ہکالونڑاں‬and "‫ "بڑبڑاونڑاں‬are both manners of "‫ "االونڑاں‬and are troponyms of it.
Entailment, on the other hand, is a unidirectional propositional relation between two verbs; for
example, "‫ "خراٹے مارنڑاں‬entails "‫"سمنڑاں‬.

Figure 3.1 Basic Steps involved in Synset Creation

The following steps were undertaken to establish synsets for Saraiki verbs using AntConc 3.5.9, a
corpus analysis toolkit. The process involved the following actions:

3.3 Corpus Loading

The corpus was loaded into AntConc by navigating to "File," selecting the corpus, choosing
"Wordlist," and initiating the process by clicking the "Start" button. This action generated a Word
List containing all words, their ranks, and frequencies within the corpus.

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
3.4 Utilizing AntConc Functions

AntConc offers various functions for corpus analysis. For instance, by clicking on a specific verb like
‫بنڑا‬, the researcher accessed a 'concordance' preview. The Concordance view pinpointed the selected
word in smaller contexts. The researcher meticulously examined its usages in different contexts to
map out the word's senses. If deemed insufficient, the researcher selected the highlighted word to
locate it in the corpus under the File view, providing a more extensive context.

3.5 Consulting External Resources

After recording the senses, the researcher sought gloss and example sentences for each sense. This
involved consulting dictionaries and Princeton Wordnet in addition to using AntConc. For instance,
searching the verb "make" in Princeton Wordnet provided a comprehensive understanding of
possible senses for the Saraiki verb ‫بنڑا‬.

3.6 Troponyms and Hypernyms

The researcher identified and documented troponyms (words specifying manner or mode) and
hypernyms (words denoting categories or more general terms) for each verb.

3.7 Repetition for Each Verb

The entire process was repeated for each selected verb in the analysis, ensuring a thorough and
systematic approach to creating synsets.

This method combined corpus analysis, external resource consultation, and careful examination of
various contexts to capture the diverse senses and relationships associated with Saraiki verbs.

4. Analysis and Discussion

After the careful analysis of the data, 15 types of verbs have been found in the Saraiki corpus. The
types of verbs and their lexico-semantic relationships have been discussed in this chapter.

4.1 Verbs of Bodily Function and Care

According to Fellbaum (1998), this category comprises verbs that denote actions or events not under
the control of an argument functioning as their subject. These verbs are termed unaccusatives, where
their subjects are considered to be underlying objects. Examples from Saraiki include verbs such as
‫ پگھرنڑ‬،‫ ٹھرنڑ‬،‫ چکراونڑ‬،‫ سم‬،‫جم‬، and ‫ڈرنڑ‬.

Table 4.1 The synsets of verb ‘‫’سم‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫اساڈی دھرتی دے لوک نیندراں ولہیٹ‬
‫سم‬ 1 sleep verb ‫سمنڑاں‬ ‫نیندر کرنڑاں‬
‫سم گئن‬

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo
‫شل‬ ‫کسے انسانی عضو دا‬ ‫جیہڑلے بندے دیاں لتاں سم ونجن اوہ‬
2 numb verb
‫تھیونڑ‬ ‫عارضی طور تے کم نہ کرنا‬ ‫اپنڑاں توازن قائم نی رکھ سگدا‬

This verb exhibits two senses, three troponyms, and two entailments. The glosses and troponyms
were developed by the researcher. Example sentences were sourced from the corpus, while
entailments were derived from Princeton Wordnet.

4.2 Verb of Change

This semantic category is flexible enough to accommodate verbs that are unfit for any other
semantically coherent group. Dowty’s (1979) analysis shows that all non-stative verbs can be
classified as verbs of change. But in WordNet this concept of Dowty has been broken down into
several superordinate verbs of change. For instance, the change could be shape, integrity, state, and
direction etc. The examples of this semantic category include ،‫ سنوار‬،‫ بیٹھے‬،‫ جوڑ‬،‫ بھن‬،‫ تروڑ‬،‫ پٹ‬،‫چوونڑ‬
،‫ تھی‬،‫ ودھاونڑ‬،‫ بھر‬،‫ توڑ‬،‫ بدل‬،‫ مکاونڑ‬،‫ کھول‬،‫ پھیر‬،‫ اٹھ‬،‫ کھڑ‬and ‫وال‬.

Table 4.2 The synsets of verb ‘‫’چوونڑ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫چوونڑ‬ drip, ‫چوونڑ‬ ‫کسے شے دا‬ ‫غریباں دیاں چھتاں ہمیشہ چوندیاں رہندن‬
1 Verb
leak ‫لیک ہوونڑ‬
‫ڈوہونڑ‬ ‫جانوراں دا ددھ‬ ‫اوں شام ویلے مجھاں چوونڑ ٹر پئے‬
2 Milk Verb
‫کڈھنڑاں‬

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo

This verb encompasses two senses derived from the corpus. Additionally, each sense involves two
entailments. The researcher independently developed glosses and example sentences based on their
usage in the corpus.

4.3 Verb of Communication

This semantic category includes verbs related to both verbal and nonverbal communication
(gesturing). Verbs of verbal communication encompass speaking and writing. Many language-related
communication verbs, such as petition and hail, can be categorized as troponyms of speech act verbs
(Austin, 1962). Verbs of speaking inherently involve manner-related verbs like '‫ بڑبڑاونڑ‬،‫ 'گاونڑاں‬etc.,
as well as verbs reflecting the speaker's intention, such as '‫ حکم ڈیونڑاں‬،‫ دعا ڈیونڑاں‬،‫ ’منگنڑاں‬etc.

Table 4.3 The synsets of verb ‘‫’لکھیا‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫لکھیا‬ ‫لکھنڑاں‬ ‫تحریر کرنڑاں‬ ‫دنیا دا سب کنوں پہال تصویری رسم الخط‬
1 Write Verb
‫سومیر عراق دے قدیم شہر وچ لکھیا ملدے‬
‫فیصلہ کرنا‬ ‫طے کرنا‬ ‫ہائی کورٹ دا لکھیا سپریم کورٹ وچ‬
2 Decide Verb
‫چیلنج ہو سگدے‬
‫تخلیق کرنا‬ ،‫ مصنف‬،‫ادیب‬ ‫ سرائیکی ہیر رانجھا جھنگ دے‬:‫س‬
‫تخلیق کار یا شاعر‬ ‫ دمودر داس‬:‫ ناں ڈساؤ؟ ج‬،‫رہائشی لکھیا‬
3 Compose Verb ‫وغیرہ دا کوئی‬ ‫دمودر‬
‫نویں شے تخلیق‬
‫کرنا‬
‫رکارڈ‬ ‫بنداں کوں چاہیدے جو معاہدہ اونہاں دے ثبوت دے طور تے‬
4 Record Verb ‫ ثبوت‬،‫ہوونا‬ ‫تحریر کرنا‬ ‫درمیان طے ہووے اوکوں لکھ گھننڑ‬
‫ہوونا‬

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo

'‫ 'لکھیا‬is classified as a verb of communication as it involves the act of communication through writing.
This verb is polysemous, featuring four distinct senses. The first sense has been sourced from online
dictionaries, while the remaining senses have been developed with the assistance of the corpus. To
enhance their credibility, these senses have been discussed with professionals. Glosses and example
sentences have been extracted from the corpus, while troponyms and entailments have been
formulated with reference to Princeton Wordnet.

4.4 Competition Verbs

This category encompasses verbs related to sports, games, and warfare, as explained by Fellbaum
(1998). She notes that there are many verbs referring to actions specific to games or sports, serving
as troponyms of verbs with more general meanings. Examples in Saraiki include ‫ نبڑنڑ‬and ‫کھیڈ‬.

Table 4.4The synsets of verb ‘‫’کھیڈ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫کھیڈ‬ ‫کسے گیم دا کھیڈنڑاں‬ 41 ‫پاکستان دی ٹیم کراچی اچ‬
1 Play Verb
‫کھیڈنڑاں‬ ‫ٹیسٹ میچ کھیڈ چکی اے‬

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo

‘‫ ’کھیڈ‬is categorized under the semantic category of 'competition verb.' It is monosemous, possessing
only one sense that has been derived from the corpus. Additionally, an example sentence has been
provided from the corpus to illustrate its usage.

4.5 Consumption Verb

This semantic category comprises verbs related to ingesting, using, exploiting, spending, and sharing,
as outlined by Fellbaum (1998). It includes unergatives that have only an agent, such as ‫کھاونڑ تے پیونڑ‬
etc.

Table 4.5 The synsets of verb ‘‫’کھا‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫کھا‬ eat, ‫دنداں نال چتھ کے کھاونڑاں‬ ‫ مر عمر گزار کے‬،‫حلوہ کھا ٹھار کے‬
1 finish, Verb ‫نگلنڑاں‬
swallow
‫ختم‬ ‫مکا ڈیونڑاں‬ ‫روز جہاڑی نویں ایجاد پرانڑیں کوں کھا‬
Verb ‫کرنڑاں‬ ‫ سب تون وڈا خوش خوراک‬،‫ویندی اے‬
‫موبیل فون اے‬
‫جھیلنڑاں‬ ،‫برداشت کرنڑاں‬ ‫چوراں پلس کنے اتنڑیں مار کھادھی اے‬
2 Bear Verb ‫تن ورتنڑاں‬ ‫جوں وال زندگی چ بھیڑا کم نہ کریسن‬
‫کمزور‬ ‫طاقت یا برداشت‬ ‫ تے اساکوں‬،‫سوچاں انسان کوں کھا ویندن‬
3 Weak Verb ‫کرنڑاں‬ ‫اچ کمی ہوونڑاں‬ ‫ہنڑ تک وراثت اچ سوچاں ای ملن‬

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Developing Lexical Resources of Saraiki Verbs. . . LinFo

This verb is polysemous, featuring four senses, one troponym, and three entailments. The senses,
glosses, and example sentences have been extracted from the corpus, while semantic relations have
been developed using English Wordnet.

4.6 Contact Verb

The majority of contact verbs are troponyms of 'base verbs.' Concepts of these verbs include '‫بنھڑاں‬،
‫ چھوونڑاں تے کٹنڑاں‬،‫ڈھکنڑاں‬.' Many verbs are derived through a manner relation that encodes force,
intensity, or iteration of the action (Fellbaum, 1998). Some base verbs require instruments or
materials to fulfill the action. For instance, the verb '‫ 'کٹنڑاں یا کاٹنا‬requires instruments like '‫ چاقو‬،‫چھری‬
‫ 'یا آری‬etc. In the context of touching, verbs could be '‫ دھکہ دینا‬،‫ چھونا‬،‫ 'مارنا‬etc. Examples include ‫سٹ‬،
‫ کوہونڑ‬،‫ چا‬،‫ گھٹ‬،‫مار‬، and ‫رنگ‬.

Table 4.6The synsets of verb ‘‫’سٹ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫سٹ‬ throw, ‫سٹنڑاں‬ ‫ہتھاں نال چھوڑ‬ ‫ملزم سجاد ماء دھی کوں پٹرول سٹ‬
1 Verb
spray ‫ڈیونڑ‬ ‫کراہیں بھاء ال ڈتی‬
‫تعلق توڑ ڈیونڑ چھوڑنا‬ ‫جیہڑے لگدے لیندے ہک دفعہ سٹ‬
‫چھوڑیون ول انہاں کراہیں کسے کم‬
2 Leave Verb
‫وستے ونجنا بے وقوفی نی تے ہور کیا‬
‫اے؟‬
‫پوسٹ‬ ‫کسے ڈیجیٹل‬ ‫جہیں بنیاد تے ریفرینس مسترد یا اگوں‬
3 Post Verb ‫کرنڑاں‬ ‫فورم تے پوسٹ‬ ‫بھجوائے گئے ہن انہاں دی وضاحت ویب‬
‫کرنا‬ ‫سائٹ تے سٹ ڈتی گئی‬

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'‫ 'سٹ‬is classified under the semantic category 'Contact Verb.' It is polysemous, featuring three senses.
The first sense is obtained from the corpus after consulting dictionaries such as Akhar (2016) and
Shabdkosh. The other two senses are retrieved from the corpus. Senses, glosses, and example
sentences are derived from the corpus, while entailments are developed with reference to English
Wordnet.

4.7 Cognition Verb

This semantic category comprises verbs that express cognitive actions and states, including
reasoning, judging, learning, memorizing, understanding, and concluding (Fellbaum, 1998).
Troponymy serves as the organizing relation in this file, expressing kinds of reasoning (deduce,
induce) or degrees of certainty (infer, guess, assume, suppose). Examples of this semantic category
include ‫ پڑھ‬،‫ جانڑدے‬،‫ سکھ‬،‫ لگدے‬،‫من‬، and ‫بھل‬.

Table 4.7 The synsets of verb ‘‫’من‬

Word Synset ET GC
Senses Glosses Example Sentences
‫ گل‬،‫تسلیم کرنڑاں‬ ‫تیکوں پھل وانگوں پروان چڑھایا بھاویں‬
‫من‬ 1 acknowledge Verb
‫مننڑاں‬ ‫قبول کرنڑاں‬ ‫اج میکوں نگہبان نہ من دربان تاں من‬
‫انا پرست بندے ہک وار رس پون تا ساری روسے مکا‬
2 Unite Verb ‫منیونڑاں‬
‫ڈیونڑاں‬ ‫زندگی نئیں منیندے‬

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‘‫ ’من‬is categorized as a cognition verb as it involves mental acknowledgment. It is polysemous,

featuring two senses, both present in both the corpus and online dictionaries. The glosses and
example sentences are derived from the corpus.

4.8 Creation Verb

Creation verbs can take various forms, depending on the manner of creation, as mentioned by
Fellbaum (1998). This may involve creation by a mental act (invent, conceive, etc.), creation by
artistic means (engrave, illuminate, print), or creation from raw material (weave, sew, bake).
Examples of this semantic category include ‫ بنڑاونڑ‬،‫ تراشنڑ‬،‫ پک‬،‫ سی‬،‫تل‬، and ‫گھولی‬.

Table 4.8 The synsets of verb ‘‫’تل‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫تل‬ ‫تلنڑاں‬ ‫گرم گھی وچ سٹ‬ ‫جھیں فراق دا ڈکھ ڈیکھنڑاں ہووے اوہ‬
1 Fry Verb ‫کے تلنا‬ ‫کڑاہ اچ تلیندے پکوڑے ڈیکھ گھنے‬
‫تکلیف‬ ‫اذیت ڈیونڑاں‬ ‫تیڈیاں بے پروائیاں میڈے ہاں کوں تل‬
2 Hurt Verb ‫پچاونا‬ ‫چھوڑے‬

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‘‫ ’تل‬is classified as a creation verb because it involves baking or cooking. It is polysemous, featuring
three senses. The first sense is present in both online dictionaries and the corpus, while the other two
senses have been developed with the help of native speakers and the corpus. Senses, glosses, and
example sentences are derived from the corpus.

4.9 Motion Verb

Verbs related to movement and traveling fall under this category. Miller and Johnson-Laird (1976)
distinguish "motion in place," such as shake or twist, and Pinker (1989) refers to it as "continued"
motion, from locomotion as in run and crawl (p.529). Troponyms of these verbs, according to
Fellbaum (1998), may be on scales such as the speed of locomotion, medium of transportation, the
medium in which travel takes place, or other similar scales. Examples of this semantic category
include ‫ آندے‬،‫ آئی‬،‫ جا‬،‫ وڑ‬،‫ ٹر‬،‫ چڑھ‬،‫ ال‬،‫ونج‬، and ‫نکل‬.

Table 4.9 The synsets of verb ‘‫’ونج‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫ونج‬ 1 go Verb ‫جا‬ ‫جاون دا حکم دینا‬ ‫ونج میرے کیتے پانڑیں گھن آ‬

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‘‫ ’ونج‬is categorized as a motion verb because it involves some kind of movement. It is monosemous.
The sense, gloss, and example sentence have been taken from the corpus. Semantic relations have
been developed through Princeton Wordnet using the expansion approach.

4.10 Emotion or Psych Verb

Verbs expressing any of the emotions (happiness, sadness, adore, love, despise, fear, anger, disgust,
etc.) fall under this semantic category. Examples of this semantic category include ‫ ہس‬،‫ کھل‬،‫ سراہیا‬،‫پٹ‬،
‫رو‬، and ‫چاہندے‬.

Table 4.10 The synsets of verb ‘‫’پٹ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫پٹ‬ ‫ ماتم‬،‫ پٹنا‬،‫واویلہ مچاونڑاں‬ ‫انھیں کوں وعدے معاہدے یاد کراوے چا تا‬
‫شور شرابہ کرنڑاں‬ ‫ جے‬،‫ں او بندا انھاں کوں ملک دشمنڑ لگدے‬
1 Mourn Verb
‫کرنڑاں‬ ‫کر زیادہ دھاڑ پٹ کرو تاں اوہو پرانڑیں‬
‫رٹے ہوئے سبق‬

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'‫ 'پٹ‬is classified under 'emotion or psych verb' because it involves emotions of sadness. It has four
senses, sourced from the online Punjabi dictionary Shabdkosh. The glosses have been manually
developed, and example sentences are taken from the corpus.

4.11 Stative Verb

Stative verbs express the state of an object, subject, or argument. These verbs sometimes have non-
stative senses; for example, ‘‫ ’پہنچیا‬is a stative verb with both stative senses referring to spatial relations
and non-stative sense referring to a verb of motion (Fellbaum, 1998). Examples of this semantic
category include ‫ رہ‬،‫ پج‬،‫ ہووے‬،‫ پوندے‬،‫جیونڑ‬، and ‫پج‬.

Table 4.11 The synsets of verb ‘‫’چپ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫چپ‬ ‫خاموش‬ ‫آواز نہ نکلنڑ‬ ‫ماڑی توں تاں چپ تھی ونج تیڈی بک بک‬
1 quite Verb ‫ہوونڑاں یا‬ ‫ڈیونڑاں‬ ‫میرے کنی کوں پکائی کھڑوتی اے‬
‫کرنڑاں‬

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'‫ 'چپ‬falls under the same category as mentioned above. It is polysemous and has two senses, both
present in the corpus as well as dictionaries. The example sentences have been taken from the corpus.

4.12 Perception Verb

These verbs refer to perception through the five senses. Their troponyms might differ based on which
sense is being used in the phenomenon. For instance, the base verb '‫ 'ویکھنڑاں‬may have different
troponyms like ‘‫ جسوسی کرنڑاں‬،‫ ’سروے کرنڑاں‬based on the intention of the agent; ‘‫ جھاتی پاونڑاں‬،‫’گھورنڑاں‬
based on the manner of the agent; ‘‫ دریافت کرنڑاں‬،‫ ’مشاہدہ کرنڑاں‬based on the circumstances of the agent
(Fellbaum, 1998). Examples of this semantic category include ‫ تک‬،‫سنگھ‬، and ‫ڈیکھ‬.

Table 4.12 The synsets of verb ‘‫’سنگھ‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫سنگھ‬ ‫سنگھنا‬ ‫نک نال بو لینڑاں‬ ‫کڈاہیں تاں ساکوں منہ دے نیڑے کر کے‬
1 smell Verb ‫سنگھ ڈیکھ تیکوں پاک محبتاں تے وفاواں‬
‫دی خشبو آسی‬

‘‫ ’سنگھ‬is a perception verb because it refers to the sense of smelling. It is monosemous. The sense is
taken from the Punjabi dictionary Akhar (2016). The gloss has been developed manually by the
researcher. The example sentence has been taken from the corpus. The semantic relations have been
developed using the expansion approach.

4.13 Verb of Possession

These verbs originate from three fundamental concepts: ‫ گھلنڑاں‬،‫دیونڑاں‬, {‫ ملکیت ہوونڑاں‬،‫رکھنڑاں‬, and
{‫ حاصل کرنڑاں‬،‫}لینڑاں‬. As Fellbaum (1998) asserts, these verbs signify the "change of possession and its
prior or resultant state." Troponyms of these verbs delineate the various ways in which transfer occurs
in society: through legal or illegal means such as (‫ ڈاکہ وغیرہ‬،‫ چوری‬،‫ وصیت‬،‫ ;)وراثت‬or through formal or

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informal gifts (‫ تحفہ وغیرہ‬،‫ رشوت‬،‫ بھیک‬،‫)ہدیہ‬. Examples of this semantic category encompass ‫ بخش‬،‫گھدی‬،
‫ ویچنڑ‬،‫ خریدنڑ‬،‫ رکھا‬،‫ ؑطا کرنڑ‬،‫ ونڈ‬،‫پاتی‬، and ‫لکاونڑ‬.

Table 4.13 The synsets of verb ‘‫’گھدی‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫گھدی‬ 1 get Verb ‫حاصل‬ ‫محنت نال‬ ‫عالمہ اقبال میونخ تووں ڈاکٹریٹ دی‬
‫کرنا‬ ‫کماوناں‬ ‫ڈگری گھدی‬
2 Receive Verb ‫وصول‬ ‫وصول کرنا‬ ‫ مالک کنوں‬، ‫اج میں کم تے ناہ آ سگدا‬
‫کرنڑاں‬ ‫میری پچھلی مزدوری وی گھدی آویں‬
3 take Verb ‫لے آونا‬ ‫کسے لئی کوئی‬ ‫امیر حسین اوں کنے کجھ کتاباں گھدی آیا‬
‫شے لے آونا‬

‘‫ ’گھدی‬is a verb of possession, signifying the act of receiving something. It is polysemous, featuring
three senses. The first two senses are drawn from Akhar (2016), while the third sense is extracted
from the corpus. The glosses have been developed by the researcher, aligning with their uses in the
corpus. Example sentences have been sourced from the Saraiki corpus. Semantic relations have been
established using English Wordnet.

4.14 Verb of Social Interaction

Verbs originating from various spheres of social life, including law, politics, economy, education,
family, religion, etc. Many possess a specific meaning confined to a particular domain of social life.
Examples of this semantic category comprise ‫ چھوڑ‬،‫ چمنڑ‬،‫ دعوت کرنڑ‬،‫ دفناونڑ‬،‫ چھپنڑ‬،‫ پرناونڑ‬،‫مل‬, and ‫گنڈھنڑ‬.

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Table 4.14 The synsets of verb ‘‫’مل‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫مل‬ ‫جپھی‬ ‫ہک بئے کوں گل‬ ‫اونکوں جتنا وی گھٹ گھٹ کے ملی ہاں‬
1 hug verb
‫پاونڑ‬ ‫الونڑ‬ ‫اودر نمی لتھی‬
‫ملنڑاں‬ ‫مالقات کرنڑاں‬ ‫ٹھر گئیان اکھیاں تے ٹھر گیا دل‬
2 meet verb ‫اج میکون راہ وچ ماہی گیا مل‬
acquire, ‫حاصل‬ ‫کسے شے دا مل‬ ‫میکون میری محنت دا صلہ مل گئے کہ‬
3 verb ‫ہوونڑاں‬ ‫جاوناں‬ ‫میں پاس تھی گیاں‬
get

‘‫ ’مل‬serves as a verb of social interaction. It is polysemous, featuring three senses. The second sense
has been sourced from Shabdkosh and Akhar (2016), while the other senses have been derived from
the corpus. Glosses and example sentences have been drawn from the corpus. Semantic relations
have been established using English Wordnet.

4.15 Weather Verb

This category encompasses verbs associated with weather, including ‫ وسنڑ‬،‫گجنڑ‬, etc.

Table 4.15 The synsets of verb ‘‫’وس‬

Word Synset ET GC Senses Glosses Example Sentences

‫وس‬ ‫مینہہ‬ ‫آسمان توں پانی‬ ‫اچا چیت بدالں دے گجکار شروع تھی‬
1 Rain Verb ‫ہوونا‬ ‫دے قطرے گرنا‬ ‫گئے اتے منہ زور مینہ وس پیا‬

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‫وسنڑاں‬ ‫خوشی خوشی‬ ‫اساں وس پیوسے نال وسدئیں دے‬
2 Live Verb ‫ آباد‬،‫رہنڑاں‬ ‫نال وسدئیں دے جھوک وسوں تھئی‬
‫رہنڑاں‬

‘‫ ’وس‬is classified as a weather verb. It is polysemous, featuring two senses. The first sense is extracted
from the Punjabi dictionary Akhar (2016), while the other sense is derived from the corpus. Glosses
have been formulated by the researcher, and example sentences have been drawn from the corpus.
The researcher has established semantic relations using the expansion approach.

4. Results
In the light of the analysis of the 100 most frequently found verbs in Saraiki corpus, the researchers
found out that Saraiki has all the fifteen verb categories that Fellbaum (1993) has mentioned for
English verbs. The first category Verbs of Bodily Function and Carecontains six verbs namely: ،‫ سم‬،‫جم‬
،‫ پگھرنڑ‬،‫ ٹھرنڑ‬،‫ چکراونڑ‬and ‫ڈرنڑ‬. The second category Verb of Change has eighteen verbs that are: ،‫چوونڑ‬
،‫ تھی‬،‫ ودھاونڑ‬،‫ بھر‬،‫ توڑ‬،‫ بدل‬،‫ مکاونڑ‬،‫ کھول‬،‫ پھیر‬،‫ اٹھ‬،‫ کھڑ‬،‫ سنوار‬،‫ بیٹھے‬،‫ جوڑ‬،‫ بھن‬،‫ تروڑ‬،‫ پٹ‬and ‫وال‬. The third
category Verb of Communication has seven verbs that are: ،‫ ڈسایا‬،‫ آکھیا‬،‫ بال‬،‫ روکنڑ‬،‫ االونڑ‬،‫ لکھیا‬and ‫بولی‬. The
fourth category Competition Verb has only two verbs ‫ نبڑنڑ‬and ‫کھیڈ‬. The fifth category Consumption Verb
has three verbs namely: ،‫ کھا‬،‫ پی‬and ‫ہنڈھاونڑ‬. The sixth category Contact Verb has six verbs namely: ،‫سٹ‬
،‫ کوہونڑ‬،‫ چا‬،‫ گھٹ‬،‫ مار‬and ‫رنگ‬. The seventh category Cognition Verb has six verbs that are: ،‫ سکھ‬،‫ لگدے‬،‫من‬
،‫ پڑھ‬،‫ جانڑدے‬and ‫بھل‬. The eighth category Creation Verb has six verbs that are: ،‫ بنڑاونڑ‬،‫ تراشنڑ‬،‫ پک‬،‫ سی‬،‫تل‬
and ‫گھولی‬. The nineth category Motion Verb has eight verbs that are: ،‫ آندے‬،‫ آئی‬،‫ جا‬،‫ وڑ‬،‫ ٹر‬،‫ چڑھ‬،‫ ال‬،‫ونج‬
and ‫نکل‬. The tenth category Emotion or Psych Verb has six verbs that are: ،‫ رو‬،‫ ہس‬،‫ کھل‬،‫ سراہیا‬،‫ پٹ‬and
‫چاہندے‬. The eleventh category Stative Verb has six verbs that are: ،‫ رہ‬،‫ پج‬،‫ ہووے‬،‫ پوندے‬،‫ جیونڑ‬and ‫پج‬. The
twelfth category Perception Verb has three verbs that are: ،‫ تک‬،‫ سنگھ‬and ‫ڈیکھ‬. The thirteenth category
Verb of Possession has nine verbs that are: ،‫ ویچنڑ‬،‫ خریدنڑ‬،‫ رکھا‬،‫ ؑطا کرنڑ‬،‫ ونڈ‬،‫ پاتی‬،‫ بخش‬،‫ گھدی‬and ‫لک‬. The
fourteenth category Verb of Social Interaction has eight verbs that are: ‫ دعوت‬،‫ دفناونڑ‬،‫ چھپنڑ‬،‫ پرناونڑ‬،‫مل‬
‫ چھوڑ‬،‫ چمنڑ‬،‫ کرنڑ‬and ‫گنڈھنڑ‬. The fifteenth category Weather Verb has only two verbs ‫ گجنڑ‬and ‫وسنڑ‬. It
has become obvious by analyzing the verbs that Saraiki has verbs that are homographs but have

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different pronunciations and different meanings, for example, ‫ بھن‬having Zabar on first consonant
means ‘break’ while the same verb having Pesh on the first consonant means ‘fry’.

Unlike English, Saraiki verbs contain inflections of the person, the gender, and the tense. The simple
stem / root verb '‫ 'پی‬may have the inflections, for example, ‫ پیساں‬contains the information of person
i.e., first person singular and tense i.e., future thus it means I will drink, ‫ پیساہیں‬means We will drink,
‫ پیسیں‬means You(singular) will drink, ‫ پیسو‬means You(plural) will drink, ‫ پیسیں‬means He/She will drink,
and ‫ پیسن‬means They will drink. Same verb with constant person, third person singular, for example,
may have the following inflections for tenses ‫ پیتا‬meaning by that drank, ‫ پی‬means drink(imperative),
‫ پیندا‬means He drinks, ‫پیدی‬She drinks, ‫ پیسیں‬means He/She will drink etc.

Every verb has four inflected forms, one for each tense and one imperative. Every verb is carefully
studied for the analysis. All the verbs are explored on three planes. Firstly, the researcher has tried to
investigate all the possible senses and synsets of every verb. Secondly, the researcher has looked for
gloss and example sentence of them. Thirdly, lexicosemantic relations of every verb are explored.

In the light of previous chapter, it is obvious that the verbs share two types of relations namely
troponymy and entailment. It is difficult to maintain hyponymic relation between verbs, in contrast
to that of nouns, because people would not accept that ‫ بھجنڑاں‬is ‫ حرکت کرنڑاں‬as they accept that ‫ٹاہلی‬
is hyponym of ‫ رکھ‬or ‫ رکھ‬is hyponym of ‫جاندار‬.

5. Conclusion

A Saraiki corpus comprising 3 million words was developed to establish synsets for Saraiki verbs.
From this corpus, a set of one hundred high-frequency verbs was selected for in-depth data analysis.
Following the categorization of these verbs into fifteen semantic categories, a hybrid approach was
employed to construct synsets for Saraiki verbs.

Upon thorough data analysis, it was revealed that Saraiki exhibits 15 semantic categories for verbs,
aligning with Fellbaum's (1993) classification. These categories encompass verbs of bodily care and
functions, verbs of change, cognition verbs, communication verbs, competition verbs, consumption
verbs, contact verbs, creation verbs, emotion verbs, motion verbs, perception verbs, possession verbs,
verbs of social interaction, weather verbs, and stative verbs. The study also identified two
predominant types of relations among these verbs, namely troponymy and entailment.

This research lays the foundation for the potential development of synsets for Saraiki adjectives,
nouns, and adverbs. The outcomes of this study can be instrumental in creating multilingual and
bilingual dictionaries for Saraiki language learners. Moreover, it paves the way for the exploration
of lexicosemantic relations among verbs and opens avenues for future research on Saraiki, potentially
extending to other Pakistani languages like Sindhi. Furthermore, this research contributes to the
eventual creation of a WordNet for the Saraiki language.

Funding: This study was not funded in any shape or form by any party.

Conflict of Interest: The author declares that he has no conflict of interest.

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Bio-note:

Muhammad Awais is a student of English Language and Literature. He completed his MPhil from
Sargodha University in 2021. His article titled “Code-Switching as a Marker of Identity: A Linguistic
Analysis of Pakistani TV Morning Shows” has been published in RJLS. Besides, he is a firefighter
in Punjab Emergency Services Department and a poet. His interests include corpus linguistics,
morphology and discourse analysis.

Dr. Musarrat Azher is an accomplished Associate Professor in the Department of English at the
University of Sargodha. With a keen academic focus on linguistics, her expertise lies in the fields of
Corpus Linguistics, WordNet of Saraiki Language, and Language Variation.

Muhammad Farukh Arslan is a lecturer at National University of Modern Languages, Faisalabad

Campus, Pakistan. He also serves as a visiting lecturer in Government College University Faisalabad
(GCUF) and is enrolled in the Ph.D. program in the Department of Applied Linguistics, GCUF,
Pakistan.

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