Chapter 1

Sequence and series

Sequence
An ordered set of numbers such as a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . an is called a sequence.
Definition. A function whose domain is the set of non-negative integers is called a sequence.
Notation
a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . an
{an }∞n=m , where m is non-negative integer
{an }={an }∞ n=1
The numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . an are called terms of a sequence.
an is called the nth term of a sequence.
Example. Find the first five terms of the sequences
a){( 32 )n } b) {(1 + n1 )n } c) { 2n+1
3n−2
}

A sequence {an } is said to have a limit L, if ∀ > 0 there is a natural number N

Definition.
such that kan − Lk <  whenever ∀n ≥ N.

In this case we say that the sequence {an } converges to L and we write lim an = L.
n→∞

Example. 1)Show that { n1 } converges to 0.

2)Show that { 2n+1
3n+2
} converges to 23 .
2
3)Show that { 5n2n2 +1 } converges to 25 .


1 if r = 1


0 if |r| < 1

Theorem. lim rn =
n→∞ 
 ±∞ if |r| > 1
@ if r = −1


Example. Find the limit of the sequences

a){( −2
3
)n } 11 n
b) {( 10 ) } c) {(−1)n }
Convergent properties of sequence
If{an }and{bn } are converges to L1 and L2 respectively and c ∈ <,then

• {can } converges to cL1

• {an + bn } converges to L1 + L2
• {an − bn } converges to L1 − L2
• {an bn } converges to L1 L2
• { abnn } converges to LL21 , where L2 6= 0
Example. Find the limit √
of the following
√ sequences.√ √
5n3 +6n2 +6n
a) { 2n3 −4n+1 } b){ n + 1 − n} c) { 3 n + 1 − 3 n} d){ n12 + 2
n2
+ ... + n
n2
}
Squeeze theorem
Suppose {an } and {cn } both are converges to L and an ≤ bn ≤ cn for n ≥ k,
then {bn } also converges to L.

1 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example. Find the limit of the following sequences √
3
a) { sinn n } b) { lnnn } 1 √
c) { √n+1+ n
} d) { n ln n}

Theorem. Let {an }∞ n=m be a sequence and L be a number and f is a function defined on [m, ∞) such
that f (n) = an for n ≥ m and lim f (x) = L, then {an } converges to L or lim an = L.
n→∞ n→∞

Example. Find the limit of the sequence

a){(1 + n1 )n } b){ sinn n }

Monotonic and bounded sequence

A sequence {an }∞
n=m is said to be
i) increasing if an ≤ an+1 or an+1 − an ≥ 0 or an+1
an
≥ 1 ∀n ≥ m
Definition. an+1
ii) decreasing if an ≥ an+1 or an+1 − an ≤ 0 or an ≤ 1 ∀n ≥ m
iii) monotonic if it is either increasing or decreasing.

Example. Show that the monotonicity of the sequences

n n
a) { n−1
n+1
} b) { 2n! } c) { 2n2n+1 } d) { nn! }

Let {an } be a sequence.

Definition. i) The number l is called lower bound of the sequence {an } if l ≤ an ∀n.
ii) The number u is called upper bound of the sequence {an } if u ≥ an ∀n.

Example. Find some upper and lower bounds of the sequences.

a) { n1 } b){1 + n1 } c) {(−1)n + 2}

If L is a lower bound of the sequence {an } with the property l ≤ L for all lower bound l of {an },
then L is called greatest lower bound (glb) of the sequence {an }.
Definition.
If U is a upper bound of the sequence {an } with the property U ≤ u for all upper bound u of
{an }, then U is called least upper bound (lub) of the sequence {an }.

The sequence {an } is said to be bounded if it has both an upper bound and lower bound
Definition.
or if ∃M > 0 such that |an | ≤ M for all n.
Note:
A sequence that is not bounded is called unbounded sequence.

Example. Find lub and glb of the sequence

a){1 + n2 } b) {n + 2n1
} c) {sin n} d) { n1 − 1
n+1
}

Theorem. If the sequence is convergent, then it is bounded.

Note: The converse of this theorem may not be true.

Example. {(−1)n } is bounded but not convergent.

Theorem. A monotonic bounded sequence is convergent.

Example. 1)The sequence { n1 } is convergent b/c it is monotonic bounded sequence.

2)The sequence {1 + n2 } is convergent b/c it is monotonic bounded sequence.

2 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Infinite Series

If {an } is a sequence, then the sum a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + an + . . . of all terms is called

P∞
Definition. an infinite series and denoted by an .
n=1
The numbers a1 , a2 , a3 , . . . are called terms of the series.
∞
-The sum of the first n-terms of the sequence is called the nth -partial sum of the series
P
an and
n=1
denoted by Sn .
i.e Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + an .
Example. Find the nth -partial sum of the series of the following sequences
a){n} b) {( 21 )n } c) {(−1)n }
∞
P
Let an be an infinite series of the sequence {an } and {Sn } be the sequence of partial sums
n=1
∞
P
Definition. of the series. If lim Sn exist and equal to S, then the series an is convergent
n→∞ n=1
P∞
and an = lim Sn = S.
n=1 n→∞

Example. Find the sum of the following series if it is convergent

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
b) ( 12 )n 1 1 √
P P P P
a) n c) n(n+1) d) √
( 2−1+n)( 2+n)
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

Note: If {an } is a sequence, then

S 1 = a1
S 2 = a1 + a2
S 2 = a1 + a2 + a3
..
.
Sn−1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + . . . + an−1
Sn = a1 + a2 + a3 + · · · + an−1 + an
⇒ Sn − Sn−1 = an
∞
an , its nth -partial sum is given below
P
Example. Find
n=1
a) Sn = n2 (n + 1) b) Sn = 1 − ( 32 )n c)Sn = n
2n+1

Types of series

1. Harmonic series
∞
1
= 1 + 12 + 13 + . . .
P
Harmonic series is the series of the form n
n=1

Theorem. Harmonic series is divergent series.

2. Geometric series
∞
Crn = Crm + Crm+1 + Crm+2 + . . .,where r, C ∈ <
P
Geometric series is the series of the form
n=m
but C 6= 0 and the number r is called common ratio.

3 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 ∞
Crn is
P
The geometric series
n=m
∞
Theorem. i) convergent if |r| < 1 and P Crn = Crm
1−r
n=m
ii)divergent if |r| ≥ 1.
Example. Determine whether the given series are convergent or divergent if it is convergent find it’s
sum.
∞ ∞
a) 4( 52 )n 3( −2 )n
P P
b) 3
c) 0.7 + 0.07 + 0.007 + 0.0007 + . . . d) 2.53
n=0 n=1

Necessary condition for convergent series

∞
P
Theorem. If the series an is convergent, then lim an = 0
n=m n→∞

Note: The converse of this theorem may not be true

∞
1
P
For example consider the series n
n=1
∞
P
Corollary 1. If lim an 6= 0, then the series an is divergent.
n→∞ n=m

Example. Show that the following series are divergent

∞ ∞ ∞
a)) 2n+1 (−1)n 3( 25 )n
P P P
n+1
b) c)
n=1 n=1 n=1

Algebraic properties of convergent series

∞
P ∞
P
i)If an and bn are converges to S1 and S2 respectively,
n=m n=m
∞
P
then (an ± bn ) converges to S1 ± S2 .
n=m
P∞ ∞
P
Theorem. ii)If an converges to S1 and c ∈ <, then can converges to cS1 .
n=m n=m
∞
P ∞
P
iii) If the series an is convergent and bn is divergent, then the series
n=m n=m
∞
P
(an + bn ) is divergent.
n=m

Example. Determine the convergence or divergence of the series

∞ ∞ ∞
a) ( 23n − n(n+1)
5
b) ( 43n − 5n+1
2
(5( 25 )n + n1 )
P P P
) ) c)
n=1 n=1 n=1

Non-negative term series

∞
P
Definition. A series an is said to be non-negative term series if an ≥ 0, ∀n ≥ m.
n=m
∞
1
P
Example. a) n
it is non-negative term series
n=1
∞
( 52 )n it is non-negative term series
P
b)
n=0
∞
(−2)n it is not non-negative term series.
P
c)
n=1

4 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 ∞
P
Note: If an is non-negative term series, then
n=1
S 1 = a1
S 2 = a1 + a2
S 1 = a1 + a2 + a3
S 1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + a4
..
.
⇒ S1 ≤ S2 ≤ S3 ≤ S4 . . .
∴ {Sn } is increasing sequence.
∞
P ∞
P
Let an be a series with non-negative terms, then an is
Theorem. n=m n=m
convergent if and only if the sequence of it’s partial sum {Sn } is bounded from above.
Test for convergence
1) Comparison Test
P∞ ∞
P
If an and bn are non-negative term series such that an ≤ bn for all n.
n=m n=m
Then
∞
P ∞
P
i) If bn is convergent , then an is convergent.
n=m n=m
P∞ ∞
P
ii) If an is divergent , then bn is divergent.
n=m n=m

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
1 sin2 n 1 1
P P P P
a) n
4 +1
b) 2 n c) n−1
d) ln n
n=1 n=1 n=2 n=3

2) Limit Comparison Test

∞ ∞
an
P P
If an and bn are non-negative term series such that lim = L > 0, then
n=m n=m n→∞ bn
∞
P ∞
P
i) an is convergent if bn is convergent.
n=m n=m
P∞ ∞
P
ii) an is divergent if bn is divergent.
n=m n=m

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞
6n+4 3n2 +5n 3n2 −7
P P P
a) 2
2n +3
b) n 2
2 (n +1)
c) en (n+1)2
n=1 n=1 n=1

3) Integral Test
∞
P
Let an be non-negative term series and f be decreasing function on[m, ∞) such that
n=m
f (n) = an for all n ≥ m. Then
P∞ R∞
the series an is convergent if and only if the improper integral m f (x)dx is convergent.
n=m
∞
P R∞
Note: The series an is divergent if and only if the improper integral m
f (x)dx is divergent.
n=m

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞
2
1 1
ne−n
P P P
a) n
b) n2 c)
n=1 n=1 n=1
∞ ∞
1 tan−1 n
P P
d) n(ln n)2
e) n2 +1
n=1 n=1

5 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 ∞
1 1 1 1
P
Definition. A p-series is an infinite series of the form np
=1+ 2p
+ 3p
+ 4p
+ . . . for p > 0
n=1

Convergence of p-series
A p-series is convergent if p > 1 and divergent if 0 < p ≤ 1.

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1
P P P
a) n2
b) nπ
c) √
4n
n=1 n=1 n=1

4) Ratio Test
∞
P an+1
Let an be non-negative term series such that lim = r where r ∈ < or r = ∞.
n=m n→∞ an
∞
P
i) If r < 1,then the series an is convergent.
n=m
∞
P
ii)If r > 1,then the series an is divergent.
n=m
iii) If r = 1 we can not give any conclusion about convergence and divergence because
the series may be convergent or divergent.

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ n
∞ ∞
2n−1 √3 n! n!
P P P P
a) 2n b) 3
n +1
c) 2n
d) nn
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

5) Root test
∞
P √
Let an be non-negative term series such that lim n an = r where r ∈ < or r = ∞.
n=m n→∞
∞
P
i) If r < 1,then the series an is convergent.
n=m
∞
P
ii)If r > 1,then the series an is divergent.
n=m
iii) If r = 1 we can not give any conclusion about convergence and divergence because
the series may be convergent or divergent.

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
n 5n n
3n−1 ( lnnn )n
P P P P
a) 10n
b) ( n+6
) c) d)
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

6 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Alternating Series

If an > 0 for all natural number n, then the series

∞
(−1)n+1 an = a1 − a2 + a3 − a4 + . . .
P
i)
n=1
Definition. ∞
(−1)n an = −a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − . . .
P
ii)
n=1
are known as alternating series.
∞ ∞
(−1)n n
(−1)(n+1) 2n!
P P
Example. a) n
b)
n=1 n=1

Alternating series test

Let {an } is a sequence of non negative terms such that
i)an > an+1 ∀n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Theorem.
ii) lim an = 0
n→∞
∞ ∞
(−1)n+1 an or (−1)n an is convergent.
P P
then the alternating series
n=1 n=1

Example. Test the convergence and divergence of the following series.

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
(−1)n (−1)n+1 (−1)n
(−1)n n2n+1
P P P P
a) n
b) n!
c) d) n ln n
n=1 n=1 n=1 n=1

Absolute and conditional convergent

∞
P
The series an is said to be absolutely convergent if and only if
n=1
Definition. ∞
P
|an | = |a1 | + |a2 | + |a3 | + . . . is convergent
n=1

Example. Test the absolute convergence of the following series

∞ ∞
P (−1)n+1 P (−1)n+1
a) n 5 b) nn
n=1 n=1

Every absolutely convergent series is convergent

∞ ∞
Theorem. P P
i.e if |an | is convergent, then an is convergent.
n=1 n=1

∞
P
A series an which is convergent but not absolutely convergent is called
Definition. n=1
conditionally convergent series.
∞
P (−1)n
Example. n
is conditionally convergent series.
n=1

Example. Test the convergence of the following series

∞ ∞ ∞
P sin(nπ) P cos(n) P n cos(nπ)
a) n3/2
b) n2
c) n3 +1
n=1 n=1 n=1

Theorem. Generalized convergence test

∞
P ∞
P ∞
P
Let an be any series. We said that the series an is convergent if |an | is convergent.
n=1 n=1 n=1

7 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Chapter-2
Power series
A power series is a series of the form
∞
cn x n = c0 + c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x 3 + . . .
P
Definition.
n=0
where x is a variable and the cn s are constants called the coefficients of the series.

A power series may converge for some values of x and diverge for other values of x. The sum of the
series is a function

f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + . . .
whose domain is the set of all x for which the series converges. Notice that f resembles a polynomial.
The only difference is that f has infinitely many terms.

Example. .
∞
n!xn is convergent?
P
1)For what values of x is the power series
n=0
∞
P (−1)n x2n
2)For what values of x is the power series 22n (n!)2
is convergent?
n=0

A power series of the form

∞
cn (x − a)n = c0 + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + c3 (x − a)3 + . . .
P
Definition. n=0
is called a power series in (x − a) or a power series centered at a
or a power series about a.
∞
cn (x − a)n there are only three possibilities:
P
For a given power series
n=0
(i) The series converges only when x = a.
Theorem.
(ii) The series converges for all x.
(iii) There is a positive number R such that the series converges if |x − a| < R and
diverges if |x − a| > R.

The number R is called radius of convergence and the intervals (a − R, a + R), [a − R, a + R),
(a − R, a + R] and [a − R, a + R] are called interval of convergence.

Example. Find the radius of convergence and interval of convergence of the following series.
∞ n ∞ ∞
P x
P n x2n
P (3x−2)n
a) √
n
b) (−1) (2n)!
c) n3n
n=1 n=0 n=1
∞ ∞ ∞
n(x−4)n 2.4.6....(2n) n 2 xn
xn
P P P
d) n3 +1
e) 1.3.5....(2n−1)
f) 2.4.6....(2n)
n=1 n=1 n=1

Differentiation and Integration of Power Series

∞
cn (x−a)n whose domain is the interval of convergence
P
The sum of a power series is a function f (x) =
n=0
of the series.

8 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 ∞
cn (x − a)n has radius of convergence R, then the function f defined by
P
If the power series
n=0
∞
f (x) = c0 + c1 (x − a) + c2 (x − a)2 + c3 (x − a)3 + . . . = cn (x − a)n
P
n=0
is differentiable (and therefore continuous) on the interval (a − R, a + R) and
Theorem. ∞
i) f 0 (x) = c1 + 2c2 (x − a) + 3c3 (x − a)2 + 4c4 (x − a)3 . . . = ncn (x − a)n−1
P
n=1
∞
(x−a)2 (x−a)3 (x−a)4 n+1
cn (x−a)
R P
ii) f (x)dx = C + c0 (x − a) + c1 2 + c2 3 + c3 4 + . . . = n+1
+C
n=0
The radii of convergence of the power series in Equations (i) and (ii) are both R.
Example. Evaluate
∞ n ∞ n
d x d x
(−1)n n+1
P P
a) dx n!
b) dx
n=0
∞  n=0 ∞ 
2
n xn xn
R P R P
c) (−1) n+1 dx d) 5 n dx
n=0 n=0

Representations of Functions as Power Series

In this section we learn how to represent certain types of functions as sums of power series by manipu-
lating geometric series or by differentiating or integrating such a series.
We start with an equation that we have seen before:
∞
1 2 3
xn , for |x| < 1
P
1−x
= 1 + x + x + x + . . . =
n=0

Example. Find a power series representation for the function and determine the interval of conver-
gence.
1 x 3
a) 1+x b) 9+x 2 c) x2 +x−2 d) 3x27x−1
+2x−1

e) 1
1+x
f ) ln(x2 + 1) g) ln( 1+x
1−x
) h) tan−1 (2x)
3
1
i) (1−x) 2 j) tan−1 (2x) x
k) (x−2) 2

Taylor and Maclaurin Series

If f has a power series representation (expansion) at a, that is, if

∞
cn (x − a)n |x − a| < R
P
f (x) =
Theorem. n=0
then its coefficients are given by the formula
(n)
cn = f n!(a)
∞ (n)
f (a)
(x − a)n is called the Taylor series of the function f at a
P
The series n!
n=0
(or about a or centered at a).
For the special case a = 0 the Taylor series becomes
∞ (n) 00 (3)
f (0) n
x = f (0) + f 0 (0)x + f 2!(0) x2 + f 3!(0) x3 + . . .
P
f (x) = n!
n=0
it is given the special name Maclaurin series.

Example. Find the maculaurin series of f (x)

1
a) ex b) cos x c) sin x d) (1+x)3
e) sinh x
f )cosh x g)ln(1 + x) h)x tan−1 x 2 −x
i) x e j) x cos(2x) k) sin(x4 )

9 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example. Find the Taylor series for f (x) centered at the given value of a.
a)f (x) = 1 + x + x2 , a = 2 b) f (x) = ex , a = 3

c) f (x) = ln x, a = 2 d) f (x) = cos x, a = π

π √1 ,
e) f (x) = sin x, a = 2
f ) f (x) = x
a=9

g)f (x) = x−2 , a = 1

10 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Chapter-3
Differential calculus of function of several variables
A function f of two variables is a rule that assigns to each ordered pair of real
numbers (x, y) in a set D a unique real number denoted by f (x, y).
Definition.
The set D is the domain of f and its range is the set of values that f takes on,
that is, {f (x, y)|(x, y) ∈ D}
A function f of three variables is a rule that assigns to each ordered triple of real
numbers (x, y, z) in a set D a unique real number denoted by f (x, y, z).
Definition.
The set D is the domain of f and its range is the set of values that f takes on,
that is, {f (x, y, z)|(x, y, z) ∈ D}
Example. Find √ the domains of the following functions
a) f (x, y) = x+y+1
x−1
evaluate f (3, 2)
2
√ − x) evaluate f (3, 2)
b) f (x, y) = x ln(y
2 2
c) f (x, y, z) = e z−x −y evaluate f (2, −1, 6)
d) f (x, y, z) = ln(25 − x2 − y 2 − z 2 ) evaluate f (2, −2, 4)
Graphs

If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f is the set of all points
Definition.
(x, y, z) ∈ <3 in such that f (x, y) = z and (x, y) ∈ D.
Example. Sketch the graph of the functions p
a) f (x, y) = 6 − 3x − 2y b) f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2
Level Curves

The level curves of a function f of two variables are the curves with equations f (x, y) = k,
Definition.
where k is a constant (in the range of f ).
Example. Sketch the level curves of the function f
6 − 3x − 2y for k=-6,0,6,12
a) f (x, y) = p
b) f (x, y) = 9 − x2 − y 2 for k=0,1,2,3
c) f (x, y) = xy for k= 1,2,3,4
d) f (x, y) = y sec x for k= 1,2,3,4
Limits and Continuity

Let f be a function of two variables whose domain D includes points arbitrarily close to (a, b) .
Then we say that the limit of f (x, y) as (x, y) approaches (a, b) is L and we write
Definition. lim f (x, y) = L
(x,y)→(a,b)
if for every number  there is a corresponding number δ such that p
|f (x, y) − L| <  whenever (x, y) ∈ D and 0 < (x − a)2 + (y − b)2 < δ
Other notations for the limit in the above Definition are
lim f (x, y) = L and f (x, y) → L as (x, y) → (a, b)
x→a
y→b

If f (x, y) → L1 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path C1 and f (x, y) → L2 as (x, y) → (a, b) along a path
C2 , where L1 6= L2 , then lim f (x, y) does not exist.
(x,y)→(a,b)

11 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example. Prove that the following limits are whether exist or not, if it is exist find its limit
2 −y 2 2y 4 4
a) lim xx2 +y 2 b) lim x3x 2 +y 2 c) lim xx2 −y +y 2
(x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0)

√ xy xy cos y x2 +sin2 y
d) lim e) lim 3x 2 +y 2 f) lim 2 2
(x,y)→(0,0) x2 +y 2 (x,y)→(0,0) (x,y)→(0,0) 2x +y

Continuity

A function f of two variables is called continuous at (a, b) if

Definition. lim f (x, y) = f (a, b)
(x,y)→(a,b)
We say f is continuous on D if f is continuous at every point (a, b) in D.

Example. Determine the set of points at which the function f is continuous.

√
y
a) f (x, y) = sin(xy)
x
e −y 2 b) f (x, y, z) = x −y 2 +z 2
2

( 2 3
x y
 xy
2x 2 +y 2 if (x, y) 6= (0, 0) x2 +xy+y 2
if (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
c) f (x, y) = d) f (x, y) =
1 if (x, y) = (0, 0) 0 if (x, y) = (0, 0)

Partial Derivatives

If f is a function of two variables, its partial derivatives are

the functions fx and fy defined by
Definition. fx (x, y) = lim f (x+h,y)−f
h
(x,y)
h→→0

f (x,y+h)−f (x,y)
fy (x, y) = lim h
h→→0

If f is a function of three variables, its partial derivatives are

the functions fx , fy and fz defined by
fx (x, y, z) = lim f (x+h,y,z)−f
h
(x,y,z)
h→→0
Definition.
f (x,y+h,z)−f (x,y,z)
fy (x, y, z) = lim h
h→→0

f (x,y,z+h)−f (x,y,z)
fz (x, y, z) = lim h
h→→0

Notations for Partial Derivatives

If z = f (x, y), we write
fx (x, y) = fx = ∂f
∂x
∂
= ∂x ∂z
f (x, y) = ∂x = f1 = D1 f = Dx f
∂f ∂ ∂z
fy (x, y) = fy = ∂y
= ∂y
f (x, y) = ∂y
= f2 = D2 f = Dy f

Rule for Finding Partial Derivatives of z = f (x, y)

1. To find fx , regard y as a constant and differentiate f (x, y) with respect to x.
2. To find fy , regard x as a constant and differentiate f (x, y) with respect to y.

Example. Using the definition of derivative find the first partial derivatives
√
a) f (x, y) = x2 − xy + 2y 2 b) f (x, y) = 3x − y

12 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example. Find the first partial derivatives of the function.
x−y
a) f (x, y) = x5 + 3x3 y 2 + 3xy 4 b)f (x, y, z) = xy 2 z 3 + 3yz c)f (x, y) = x+y

xy 2 √
d)f (x, y, z, t) = t+2z
e) f (x, y) = tan−1 (x y) f )f (x, y, z) = ln(x + 2y + 3z)
Rx
g)f (x, y) = y
cos(t2 )dt h)f (x, y, z) = xe−y sin z

Higher order partial derivatives

If f is a function of two variables, then its partial derivatives fx and fy are also functions of two vari-
ables, so we can consider their partial derivatives (fx )x , (fx )y , (fy )x , and (fy )y , which are called the
second partial derivatives of f . If z = f (x, y), we use the following notation:

∂ ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2z
(fx )x = fxx = f11 = ( )= =
∂x ∂x ∂x2 ∂x2
∂ ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2z
(fx )y = fxy = f12 = ( )= =
∂y ∂x ∂y∂x ∂y∂x
∂ ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2z
(fy )y = fyy = f22 = ( )= =
∂y ∂y ∂y 2 ∂y 2
∂ ∂f ∂ 2f ∂ 2z
(fy )x = fyx = f21 = ( )= =
∂x ∂y ∂x∂y ∂x∂y
Note:
For n ≥ 3 the nth -partial derivatives have the same notation as the second partial derivatives.

Clairauts Theorem: Suppose f is defined on a disk D that contains the point (a, b).
If the functions fxy and fyx are both continuous on D, then
fxy (a, b) = fyx (a, b)

Example. Find the indicated partial derivative.

a) f (x, y) = 3xy 4 + x3 y 2 ; fxxy , fyyy

b) f (x, y) = x2 e−2y ; fyyy , fyxx

c) f (x, y, z) = cos(4x + 3y + 2z); fxyz , fyzz

∂3u
d) u = er θ sin θ; ∂r2 ∂θ

x ∂3u 3
e) u = y+2z
; , ∂u
∂z∂y∂x ∂x2 ∂y

13 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Directional derivatives and gradients
Directional derivative

The directional derivative of f at (x0 , y0 ) in the direction of a unit vector u = ha, bi is

Definition. Du f (x0 , y0 ) = lim f (x0 +ha,y0 +hb)−f (x0 ,y0 )

h→0 h
if this limit exists.

The directional derivative of f at (x0 , y0 , z0 ) in the direction of a unit vector u = ha, b, ci is

Definition. Du f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) = lim f (x0 +ha,y0 +hb,z0h+hc)−f (x0 ,y0 ,z0 )

h→0
if this limit exists.

If f is a differentiable function of x and y, then f has a directional derivative in the direction

Theorem. of any unit vector u = ha, bi and
Du f (x, y) = fx (x, y)a + fy (x, y)b

If f is a differentiable function of x, y and z, then f has a directional derivative in the direction

Theorem. of any unit vector u = ha, b, ci and
Du f (x, y, z) = fx (x, y, z)a + fy (x, y, z)b + fz (x, y, z)c

Example. Find the directional derivative of the function at the given point in the direction of the vector
u.
√
a)f (x, y) = 1 + 2x y, (3, 4), u = h4, −3i
b)f (x, y) = e−x sin y, (0, π3 ), u = 3i − 2j
c)f (x, y) = ln(x2 + y 2 ), (2, 1), u = h−1, 2i
x
d)f (x, y, z) = y+z , (4, 1, 1), u = h1, 2, 3i
3
e)f (x, y, z) = (x + 2y + 3z) 2 , (1, 1, 2), u = 2j − k

Exercise. .
√
1)Find the directional derivative of f (x, y) = xy at (2, 8) in the direction of the point (5, 4).
2) Find the directional derivative of f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 at (2, 1, 3) in the direction of the origin.

Example. Find the directional derivative of f at the given point in the direction indicated by the angle
θ.
x2 y 3 − y 4 , (2, 1), θ = π4
a) f (x, y) = √
b) f (x, y) = 5x − 4y, (4, 1), θ = −π 6
c) f (x, y) = x sin(xy), (2, 0), θ = π3

The Gradient Vector

If f is a function of two variables x and y, then the gradient of f is the vector function
Definition. Of defined by
Of (x, y) = hfx (x, y), fy (x, y)i = ∂f
∂x
i + ∂f
∂y
j

If f is a function of three variables x, y and z, then the gradient of f is the vector function
Definition. Of defined by
Of (x, y, z) = hfx (x, y, z), fy (x, y, z), fz (x, y, z)i = ∂f
∂x
i + ∂f
∂y
j + ∂f
∂z
k

14 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Note:
Du f (x, y) = Of (x, y) · u
Du f (x, y, z) = Of (x, y, z) · u

Suppose f is a differentiable function of two or three variables. The maximum value of

Theorem. the directional derivative Du f (x) is |Of (y)| and it occurs when u
has the same direction as the gradient vector Of (x).
Example. Find the maximum rate of change of f at the given point and the direction in which it occurs.
2
a) f (x, y) = yx , (2, 4)
b) f (x, y) = sin(xy), (1, 0)
c) f (x, y, z) = ln(xy 2 z 3 ), (1, −2, −3)
d) f (x, y, z) = tan(x + 2y + 3z), (−5, 1, 1)
Total differential
For a differentiable function of two variables, z = f (x, y) , we define the differentials dx and dy to be
independent variables; that is, they can be given any values. Then the differential dz , also called the
total differential, is defined by
∂z ∂z
dz = fx (x, y)dx + fy (x, y)dy = ∂x dx + ∂y dy
If w = f (x, y, z), then the total differential is
∂w ∂w ∂w
dw = fx (x, y, z)dx + fy (x, y, z)dy + fz (x, y, z)dz = ∂x
dx + ∂y
dy + ∂z
dz

Example. Find the differential of the function.

x
a)z = x3 ln(y 2 ) b) z = y cos(xy) c) z = ex sin y d) w = y+2z

Tangent Planes
Suppose f has continuous partial derivatives. An equation of the tangent plane to the surface
z = f (x, y) at the point p(x0 , y0 , z0 ) is
z − z0 = fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 )

Example. Find an equation of the tangent plane to the given surface at the specified point.
4x2 − y 2 + 2y, (−1, 2, 4)
a) z = p
b) z = 4 − x2 − 2y 2 , (1, −1, 1)
c) z = y ln x, (1, 4, 0)
d) z = y cos(x − y), (2, 2, 2)
Linear Approximations
The linear function

L(x, y) = f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 )

is called the linearization of f at (x0 , y0 ) and the approximation

f (x, y) ≈ f (x0 , y0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y − y0 )

if f is a function of three variables

f (x, y, z) ≈ f (x0 , y0 , z0 ) + fx (x0 , y0 , z0 )(x − x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 , z0 )(y − y0 ) + fz (x0 , y0 , z0 )(z − z0 )

is called the linear approximation or the tangent plane approximation of f at (x0 , y0 ).

15 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 p
Example. 1) Find the linear approximation of the function f (x, y) = 20 − x2 − 7y 2 at (2, 1) and use
it to approximate f (1.95, 1.08)
2) Find the linear approximation of the function f (x, y) = ln(x − 3y) at (6.9, 2.06) and use it to approx-
imate f (1.95, 1.08) p
3) Find the linear approximation of the function f (x, y, z) = x2 + y 2 + z 2 at (3, 2, 6) and use it to
approximate f (3.02, 1.97, 5.99)
The Chain Rule
The Chain Rule (Case 1) Suppose that z = f (x, y) is a differentiable function of x and y , where
x = g(t) and y = h(t) are both differentiable functions of t. Then z is a differentiable function of t and
dz ∂f dx ∂f dy
= +
dt ∂x dt ∂y dt

Example. Find dz dt
or dw
dt
2 2
a) z = x y + xy , x = 2 + t4 , y = 1 − t3
b) z = x ln(x + 2y), x = sin t, y = cos t
c) w = xey/z , x = t2 , y = 1 − t, z = 1 + 2t
d) w = xy + yz 2 , x = et , y = et sin t, z = et cos t
The Chain Rule (Case 2) Suppose that z = f (x, y) is a differentiable function of x and y , where
x = g(s, t) and y = h(s, t) are both differentiable functions of s and t. Then z is a differentiable function
of s and t. Then
∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂s ∂x ∂s ∂y ∂s
∂z ∂f ∂x ∂f ∂y
= +
∂t ∂x ∂t ∂y ∂t

Example. Find ∂z ∂t
and ∂z
∂s
a) z = x2 + xy + y 2 , x = s + t, y = st
b) z = tan−1 (2x + y), x = s2 t, y = s ln t
c) z = exy tan y, x = s + 2t, y = st
√
d) z = ex cos y, x = st, y = s2 + t2
The Chain Rule (General Version) Suppose that u is a differentiable function of the n variables
x1 , x2 , . . . , xn and each xi is a differentiable function of the m variables t1 , t2 , . . . , tm . Then u is a
function of t1 , t2 , . . . , tm and
∂u ∂u x1 ∂u x2 ∂u xn
= + + ... +
∂ti ∂x1 ∂ti ∂x2 ∂ti ∂xn ∂ti
for each i = 1, 2, . . . , m.
Implicit Differentiation
Suppose that z is given implicitly as a function z = f (x, y) by an equation of the form F (x, y, z) = 0.
This means that F (x, y, f (x, y)) = 0 for all (x, y) in the domain of f . If F and f are differentiable,
∂F ∂F
∂z ∂z ∂y
then ∂x
= − ∂F
∂x
∂y
= − ∂F
∂z ∂z

∂z ∂z
Example. Find ∂x and ∂y
2 2 2
a) x + y + z = 3xyz b) x − z = tan−1 (yz) c) xyz = cos(x + y + z) d) yz = ln(x + z)

16 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Maximum and Minimum Values

A function of two variables has a local maximum at (a, b) if f (x, y) ≤ f (a, b)

when (x, y) is near (a, b). [This means that for all points (x, y) in some disk with center (a, b).]
Definition.
The number f (a, b) is called a local maximum value.
If f (x, y) ≤ f (a, b) when (x, y) is near (a, b), then f (a, b) is a local minimum value

If f has a local maximum or minimum at (a, b) and the first-order

Theorem.
partial derivatives of f exist there, then fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0 .
Note:
A point (a, b) is called a critical point (or stationary point) of f if fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0 if , or if
one of these partial derivatives does not exist.

Example. Find the local extreme values of f

a) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 − 2x − 6y + 14 b) f (x, y) = y 2 − x2

Second Derivatives Test

Suppose the second partial derivatives of f are continuous on a disk with center (a, b),
and suppose that fx (a, b) = 0 and fy (a, b) = 0 [that is, (a, b) is a critical point of f ]. Let

D = D(a, b) = fxx (a, b)fyy (a, b) − [fxy (a, b)]2

i) If D > 0 and fxx > 0, then f (a, b) is a local minimum.

ii) If D > 0 and fxx < 0, then f (a, b) is a local maximum.
iii) If D < 0, then f (a, b) is not a local maximum or minimum.

Example. Find the local maximum and minimum values and saddle point(s) of the function.
a) f (x, y) = 9 − 2x + 4y − x2 − 4y 2 b) f (x, y) = (1 + xy)(x + y)
2 2
c) f (x, y) = xy(1 − x − y) d) f (x, y) = (x2 + y 2 )ey −x

Absolute Maximum and Minimum Values

Extreme Value Theorem for Functions of Two Variables
If f is continuous on a closed, bounded set D in <2 , then f attains an absolute maximum value f (x1 , y1 )
and an absolute minimum value f (x2 , y2 ) at some points (x1 , y1 ) and (x2 , y2 ) in D.
To find the absolute maximum and minimum values of a continuous function f on a closed, bounded
set D:
1. Find the values of f at the critical points of f in D.
2. Find the extreme values of f on the boundary of D.
3. The largest of the values from steps 1 and 2 is the absolute maximum value; the smallest of these
values is the absolute minimum value.

Example. Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f on the set D.
a) f (x, y) = 1 + 4x − 5y, D is the closed triangular region with vertices (0, 0), (2, 0) and (0, 3)
b) f (x, y) = x2 + y 2 + x2 y + 4, D = {(x, y)||x| ≤ 1, |y| ≤ 1}
c) f (x, y) = 2x3 + y 4 , D = {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 ≤ 1}

17 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Lagrange Multipliers
Method of Lagrange Multipliers To find the maximum and minimum values of f (x, y, z) subject
to the constraint g(x, y, z) = k [assuming that these extreme values exist and Og 6= 0 on the surface
g(x, y, z) = k]:
(a) Find all values of x, y, z, and λ such that

Of (x, y, z) = λOg(x, y, z)

g(x, y, z) = k
(b) Evaluate f at all the points (x, y, z) that result from step (a). The largest of these values is the
maximum value of f ; the smallest is the minimum value of f .

Example. Use Lagrange multipliers to find the maximum and minimum values of f subject to the given
constraint(s).
a) f (x, y) = x2 y subject to x2 + y 2 = 1
b) f (x, y) = x1 + y1 subject to x12 + y12 = 1
c) f (x, y, z) = xyz subject to x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 3
d) Find the points on the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4 that are closest to and farthest from the point (3, 1, −1)

18 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Chapter 4: Multiple integrals
Double Integrals over Rectangles

Definition. The double integral of f over the rectangle R is

Z Z m X
X n
f (x, y)dA = lim f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆A
(m,n)→(∞,∞)
R i=1 j=1

if this limit exists.

If f (x, y) ≥ 0, then the volume of the solid that lies above the rectangle R and below the surface
z = f (x, y) is Z Z
V = f (x, y)dA
R

The sum m X
n
X
f (x∗ij , yij∗ )∆A
i=1 j=1

is called a double Riemann sum and is used as an approximation to the value of the double integral.

The Midpoint Rule

Midpoint Rule for Double Integrals
Z Z m X
X n
f (x, y)dA ≈ f (xij , y ij )∆A
R i=1 j=1

where x is the midpoint of [xi−1 , xi ] and y is the midpoint of [yi−1 , yi ].

RR
Exercise. Use the Midpoint Rule with m = n = 2 to estimate the value of the integral (x − 3y 2 )dA
R
,where R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 1 ≤ y ≤ 2}

R Properties
R of Double Integrals
RR RR
• [f (x, y) + g(x, y)]dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA
RRR RR R R
• cf (x, y)dA =c f (x, y)dA, where c is a constant
R R RR RR
• If f (x, y) ≥ g(x, y) for all (x, y) in R, then f (x, y)dA ≥ g(x, y)dA
R R

19 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Iterated Integrals

Theorem. If f is continuous on the rectangle R = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d}, then

Z Z Z bZ d Z d Z b
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx = f (x, y)dxdy
a c c a
R

More generally, this is true if we assume that f is bounded on R, f is discontinuous only on a finite
number of smooth curves, and the iterated integrals exist.
RR Rb Rd
If f (x, y) = g(x)h(y), then f (x, y)dA = a
g(x)dx c
h(y)dy,
R
where R = [a, b] × [c, d]

Example. Evaluate
cos(x + 2y)dA, R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ π, 0 ≤ y ≤ π2 }
RR
a)
R RR xy2
b) x2 +1
dA, R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −3 ≤ y ≤ 3}
RRR
c) x sin(x + y)dA, R = {(x, y)|0 ≤ x ≤ π6 , 0 ≤ y ≤ π3 }
RRR x
d) x2 +y 2
dA, R = [1, 2] × [0, 1]
R

Double Integrals over General Regions

Theorem. If f is continuous on a type I region D such that

D = {(x, y)|a ≤ x ≤ b, g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x)}

then Z bZ
Z Z g2 (x)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dydx
a g1 (x)
D

Theorem. If f is continuous on a type II region D such that

D = {(x, y)|h1 (y) ≤ x ≤ h2 (y), c ≤ y ≤ d}

then Z Z Z d Z h2 (x)
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dxdy
c h1 (x)
D

20 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example.
R R 2 Evaluate
a) (x + y 2 )dA, D is bounded by y = 2x and y = x2
RDR √
b) (x + y)dA, D is bounded by y = x and y = x2
RDR
c) (2x + y 2 )dA, D is bounded by x = y 2 and x = y 3
RDR
d) (2x − y)dA, D = {(x, y)|x2 + y 2 ≤ 4}
D

Properties of Double Integrals

1) If D = D1 ∪ D2 , where D1 and D2 dont overlap except perhaps on their boundaries, then
Z Z Z Z Z Z
f (x, y)dA = f (x, y)dA + f (x, y)dA
D D1 D2

2) If we integrate the constant function f (x, y) = 1 over a region D , we get the area of D:
RR
1dA = A(D)
D

If m ≤ f (x, y) ≤ M for all (x, y) in D, then

Z Z
mA(D) ≤ f (x, y)dA ≤ M A(D)
D

Double Integrals in Polar Coordinates

Change to Polar Coordinates in a Double Integral
If f is continuous on a polar rectangle R given by 0 ≤ a ≤ r ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, where 0 ≤ β − α ≤ 2π,
then Z Z Z βZ b
f (x, y)dA == f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
α a
R

Example.
RR Evaluate the given integral by changing to polar coordinates.
a) xydA, where D is the disk with center the origin and radius 3
R DR
b) (x + y)dA, where D is the region that lies to the left of the y-axis between the circles x2 + y 2 = 1
D
andR xR2 + y 2 = 4
c) cos(x2 + y 2 )dA, where D is the region that lies above the x-axis within the circle x2 + y 2 = 9
RDR
d) tan−1 (y/x)dA, where D = {(x, y)|1 ≤ x2 + y 2 ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ x}
D

If f is continuous on a polar region of the form

D = {(r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}

, then
Z Z Z β Z h2 (θ)
f (x, y)dA = f (r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdθ
α h1 (θ)
D

21 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

Example.
RR Evaluate the given integral by changing to polar coordinates.
a) xdA, where D is the region in the first quadrant that lies between the circles x2 + y 2 = 4 and
D
x2 + y 2 = 2x
Triple Integrals

Definition. The triple integral of f over the box B is

Z Z Z l X
X m X
n
f (x, y, z)dV = lim f (x∗ijk , yijk
∗ ∗
, zijk )∆V
(l,m,n)→(∞,∞,∞)
B i=1 j=1 k=1

if this limit exists.

Theorem. Fubinis Theorem for Triple Integrals If f is continuous on the rectangular box
B = [a, b] × [c, d] × [r, s],then
Z Z Z Z bZ d Z s
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dxdydz
a c r
B

Example.
RRR Evaluate
a) xyz 2 dV , B = {(x, y, z)|0 ≤ x ≤ 1, −1 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3}
R RB R
b) (xz − y 3 )dV , B = {(x, y, z)| − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1, −0 ≤ y ≤ 2, 0 ≤ z ≤ 1}
B

Triple integral over a general bounded region E

A solid region E is said to be of type 1 if it lies between the graphs of two continuous functions of x
and y , that is,
E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}
where D is the projection of E onto the xy-plane. Notice that the upper boundary of the solid is the
surface with equation u2 (x, y), while the lower boundary is the surface u1 (x, y).
If f is continuous on the solid region type 1 E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}
Z Z Z Z Z Z u2 (x,y) 
f (x, y, z)dV = f (x, y, z)dz dA
u1 (x,y)
E D

A solid region E is of type 2 if it is of the form

E = {(x, y, z)|(y, z) ∈ D, u1 (y, z) ≤ x ≤ u2 (y, z)}

where, this time, D is the projection of E onto the yz-plane. The back surface is x = u1 (y, z), the front
surface is x = u2 (y, z), and we have
 
RRR R R R u2 (y,z)
f (x, y, z)dV = u1 (y,z)
f (x, y, z)dx dA
E D

22 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 A solid region E is of type 3 if it is of the form

E = {(x, y, z)|(x, z) ∈ D, u1 (x, z) ≤ y ≤ u2 (x, z)}

where, this time, D is the projection of E onto the xz-plane. The back surface is y = u1 (x, z), the front
surface is y = u2 (x, z), and we have
 
RRR R R R u2 (x,z)
f (x, y, z)dV = u1 (x,z)
f (x, y, z)dy dA
E D

Example. Evaluate

RRR
a) zdV ,
E
where E is the solid tetrahedron bounded by the four planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0 and x + y + z = 1.
R R R√
b) x2 + z 2 dV ,
E
where E is the region bounded by the paraboloid y = x2 + z 2 and the plane y = 4
RRR
c) 6xydV ,
E
where E lies
√ under the plane z = 1 + x + y and above the region in the xy-plane bounded by the
curve y = x, y = 0, and x = 1
RRR
d) xzdV ,
E
where E is the solid tetrahedron with vertices (0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0), (1, 1, 0), and (0, 1, 1)
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
suppose that f is continuous and

E = {(x, y, z)|(x, y) ∈ D, u1 (x, y) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y)}

where D is given in polar coordinates by

D = {(r, θ)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)}

RRR R β R h2 (θ) R u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
. f (x, y, z)dV = α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
f (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)rdzdrdθ
E

Example.
R R R 2 Evaluate
a) (x + y 2 )dV ,
E p
where E p
is the region enclosed by the cone z = x2 + y 2 and the plane z = 2
RRR
b) x2 + y 2 dV ,
E
where E is the region that lies inside the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 16 and between the planes z = −5 and
z =R 4.
RR z
c) e dV ,
E
where E is enclosed by the paraboloid z = 1 + x2 + y 2 , the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 5, and the xy-plane.

23 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)

 Spherical Coordinates
Suppose f is continous on a spherical wedge E = {(ρ, θ, φ)|a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, c ≤ φ ≤ d}. Then
Z Z Z Z d Z β Z b
f (x, y, z)dV = f (ρ sin φ cos θ, ρ sin φ sin θ, ρ cos φ)ρ2 sin φdρdθdφ
c α a
E

Example.
R R R (x2Evaluate
2 2 3/2
a) e +y +z ) dV
B
where
R RB
R is2 the unit ball
2
b) (x + y )dV
H
where H is the hemispherical region that lies above the xy-plane and below the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1

Volume
RRR
The volume of a solid region E is given by the triple integral V (E) = dV
E

Example. Find the volume of the solid region E

a) E is the tetrahedron enclosed by the coordinate planes and the plane 2x + y + z = 4
b) E is the solid bounded by the cylinder y = x2 and the planes z = 0, z = 4 and y = 9

24 Prepared by Biniyam Sisay(MSc.)