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42 views93 pages

AI BCS515B m1.5-1-1

Uploaded by

Sanjana S B
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
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Module 1

Artificial Intelligence
(BCS515B)

Prepared By:
Surekha Pinnapati
Assistant Professor
Department of CSE
Introduction

 AI is one of the newest fields in science and engineering.


 Work started in earnest soon after World War II, and the name
coined in 1956.
 Along with molecular biology, AI is regularly cited as the “field I
would most like to be in” by scientists in other disciplines.
 AI currently encompasses a huge variety of subfields, ranging from
the general (learning and perception) to the specific, such as playing
chess, proving mathematical theorems, writing poetry, driving a car
on a crowded street, and diagnosing diseases.
 AI is relevant to any intellectual task; it is truly a universal field.
Different Aspects of AI
Different Aspects of AI
There are three ways to do this:
through introspection—trying to catch our own thoughts as they go by;
through psychological experiments—observing a person in action;
Through brain imaging—observing the brain in action.

Once we have a sufficiently precise theory of the mind, it becomes


possible to express the theory as a computer program.
If the program’s input–output behavior matches corresponding human
behavior, that is evidence that some of the program’s mechanisms
could also be operating in humans.
A rational agent is one that acts so as to achieve the best outcome or,
when there is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
In the “laws of thought” approach to AI, the emphasis was on correct
inferences. Making correct inferences is sometimes part of being a
rational agent, because one way to act rationally is to reason logically to
the conclusion that a given action will achieve one’s goals and then to
act on that conclusion.

On the other hand, correct inference is not all of rationality; in some


situations, there is no provably correct thing to do, but something must
still be done. There are also ways of acting rationally that cannot be said
to involve inference.
For ex recoiling from a hot stove is a reflex action that is usually more
successful than a slower action taken after careful deliberation.
The rational-agent approach has two advantages over the other
approaches.
1. it is more general than the “laws of thought” approach because
correct inference is just one of several possible mechanisms for
achieving rationality.
2. it is more amenable to scientific development than are approaches
based on human behavior or human thought.

The standard of rationality is mathematically well defined and


completely general, and can be “unpacked” to generate agent designs
that provably achieve it.
Robotic vehicles: A driverless robotic car named STANLEY sped
through the rough terrain of the Mojave dessert at 22 mph, finishing the
132-mile course first to win the 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge.
STANLEY is outfitted with cameras, radar, and laser rangefinders to
sense the environment and onboard software to command the steering,
braking, and acceleration.

Speech recognition: A traveler calling United Airlines to book a flight


can have the entire conversation guided by an automated speech
recognition and dialog management system.
Autonomous planning and scheduling: A hundred million miles from
Earth, NASA’s Remote Agent program became the first on-board
autonomous planning program to control the scheduling of operations for
a spacecraft

Game playing: IBM’s DEEP BLUE became the first computer program
to defeat the world champion in a chess match when it bested Garry
Kasparov by a score of 3.5 to 2.5 in an exhibition match. Kasparov said
that he felt a “new kind of intelligence” across the board from him.
Spam fighting: Each day, learning algorithms classify over a billion
messages as spam, saving the recipient from having to waste time
deleting what, for many users, could comprise 80% or 90% of all
messages, if not classified away by algorithms. Because the spammers
are continually updating their tactics, it is difficult for a static
programmed approach to keep up, and learning algorithms work best
Logistics planning: U.S. forces deployed a Dynamic Analysis and
Replanning Tool, DART to do automated logistics planning and
scheduling for transportation. This involved up to 50,000 vehicles,
cargo, and people at a time, and had to account for starting points,
destinations, routes, and conflict resolution among all parameters.

The AI planning techniques generated in hours a plan that would have


taken weeks with older methods. The Defense Advanced Research
Project Agency (DARPA) stated that this single application more than
paid back DARPA’s 30-year investment in AI.
Robotics: The iRobot Corporation has sold over two million Roomba
robotic vacuum cleaners for home use. The company also deploys the
more rugged PackBot to Iraq and Afghanistan, where it is used to
handle hazardous materials, clear explosives, and identify the location
of snipers.

Machine Translation: A computer program automatically translates


from Arabic to English, The program uses a statistical model built from
examples of Arabic-to-English translations and from examples of
English text totaling two trillion words None of the computer scientists
on the team speak Arabic, but they do understand statistics and machine
learning algorithms.
• Roughly speaking, we can place the representations along
an axis of increasing complexity and expressive power—
atomic, factored, and structured.

To illustrate these ideas, it helps to consider a particular


agent component, such as the one that deals with “What my
actions do.”

This component describes the changes that might occur in


the environment as the result of taking an action, and Figure
2.16 provides schematic depictions of how those transitions
In an atomic representation each state of the world is
indivisible—it has no internal structure. The algorithms underlying
search and game-playing , HiddenMarkov models , and
Markov decision processes all work with atomic
representations—or, at least, they treat representations as if they
were atomic.

A factored representation splits up each state into a fixed set of


variables or attributes, each of which can have a value With
factored representations, we can also represent uncertainty.

structured representation, in which ob-jects such as cows and


trucks and their various and varying relationships can be
described explicitly.
Thank You

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