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31 views4 pages

Ae Exp 4 Student Manual

Uploaded by

tanzeer evan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Experiment 4 Lab Manual

American International University- Bangladesh


Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
EEE2210: Analog Electronics Laboratory

Title: Study of Active Filters.

Introduction:

A filter is a circuit that is designed to pass a specified band of frequencies while attenuating all
signals outside this band. Filter networks may be either active or passive. Passive filter networks
contain only resistors, inductors, and capacitors. Active filters, which are the only type covered
in this experiment, employ transistors or op amps plus resistors, inductors, and capacitors.
Inductors are not often used in active filters, because they are bulky and costly and may have
large internal resistive component. The objective of this experiment is to observe the frequency
response of low pass filters and high pass filters.

Theory and Methodology:

Most widely used active filters are-Low Pass Filter, High Pass Filter, Band Pass Filter and Band
Reject Filter. Frequency response of each filter type is depicted in fig. 1.

Fig. 1: Frequency Response of different filters


A low-pass filter has a constant gain from 0 Hz to a high cut-off frequency fc2. Therefore the
bandwidth is also fc1. At high cut-off frequency fc1 the gain is reduced by 3dB and for f > fc2 it
decreases with the increase in input frequency. The frequencies between 0 and fc1 are known as
passband frequencies while the range of frequencies beyond fc1 are attenuated and are therefore

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 1


Experiment 4 Lab Manual

called the stop-band frequencies. Frequency response of a low-pass filter is illustrated in figure 1.
As indicated by the dashed line, an ideal filter has no loss in the passband and infinite loss (or
attenuation) in the stop-band. But ideal filter response is not practical because linear networks
cannot produce the discontinuities.
In many low-pass filter applications it is necessary that the closed-loop gain is as close to unity
as possible within the pass band. The Butterworth filter is best suited for such applications. This
filter is also called a maximally flat or flat-flat filter. Ideal and the practical frequency responses
of Butterworth filters are classified based on the roll-off beyond the cut-off frequency (-
20dB/decade, -40dB/decade and -60 dB/decade). Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 show the -20dB/decade and -
40dB/decade roll off low pass filter.

Fig. 2: Basic Low Pass Filter for -20dB/decade roll off.

Fig. 3: Low Pass Filter for a roll-off of -40db/decade


A high-pass filter has stop band 0 < f < fc1 and a pass band f > fc1 as shown in figure 1. A high
pass filter of -40dB/decade is shown in Fig. 4.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 2


Experiment 4 Lab Manual

Fig. 4: High Pass Filter for a roll-off of 40db/decade


Pre-Lab Homework:

Read about different types of active filters from “Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated
Circuits” by Robert F. Coughlin and use PSPICE_9.1_STUDENT_VERSION to generate the
output of the circuits provided in this lab sheet. Compare the graphs given in the textbook with
your results. Save the simulation results and bring it to the lab.

Apparatus:

1. IC-741( quantity:1)
2. Resistor 100K( quantity:1), 10K( quantity:2), 5k( quantity:1), 20K( quantity:1)
3. Bread Broad
4. DC power supply
5. Function Generator
6. Oscilloscope
7. Connecting wires

Precautions:

Biasing of the op-amps should be done carefully and oscilloscopes should be properly calibrated
using the information provided at the calibration port before obtaining the wave shapes using the
experimental set up.

Experimental Procedure:

1. Implement the circuit as shown in the figure 2.


2. Apply an input voltage of 5 V (p-p).

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 3


Experiment 4 Lab Manual

VO
3. Vary the frequency and calculate gain, AV = for the range of frequencies.
Ei
4. Note the data in a data sheet given below
5. Draw the response curve (gain vs. frequency) in a semi log graph paper and find the 3-db
frequency or cut-off frequency from the graph.
1
6. Calculate the cut-off frequency theoretically using the formula fC = .
2RC
7. Repeat the steps 1-5 for -40dB/decade roll off low pass filter. Calculate the cut-off
0.707
frequency theoretically using the formula fC = .
2RC 1
8. Repeat the steps 1-5 for -40dB/decade roll off high pass filter. Calculate the cut-off
1.414
frequency theoretically using the formula fC = .
2R 1 C

Frequency (Hz) Vi Vo Gain (Vo / Vi) Gain (dB) = 20 Log (Vo/Vi)


10
100
1K
10K
100K
1M

Simulation and Measurement:

Compare the simulation results with your experimental data/ wave shapes and comment on the
differences (if any).

Discussion and Conclusion:

Interpret the data/findings and determine the extent to which the experiment was successful in
complying with the goal that was initially set. Discuss any mistake you might have made while
conducting the investigation and describe ways the study could have been improved.

© Dept. of EEE, Faculty of Engineering, American International University-Bangladesh (AIUB) 4

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