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Deep Learning

introduction to deep learning

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49 views9 pages

Deep Learning

introduction to deep learning

Uploaded by

sethuramanr1976
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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DEEP LEARNING

INTRODUCTION TO MACHINE LEARNING

Data science:

Data science is like being a detective for numbers and information. It’s all about
collecting, organizing, and understanding data to uncover valuable insights
and patterns.

Data analytics:

Data analysts use their skills to examine the data, find trends and create
visualization that make it easier to understand.

Machine learning:

Machine learning is an application of artificial intelligence (AI) that provides


the ability to automatically learn and improves from experience without being
explicitly programmed.

Machine learning allows computers to automatically learn from previous


data. For building mathematical models and making predictions based on
historical data or information.

 Machine learning can be classified into four categories


o Supervised learning
o Unsupervised learning
o Semi supervised learning
o Reinforcement learning
SUPERVISED LEARNING:

 Supervised learning is a type of machine learning algorithm that learns


from labelled data. Labelled data is data that has been tagged with a
correct answer or classification.

 Supervised learning, as the name indicates, has the presence of a


supervisor as a teacher. Supervised learning is when we teach or train
the machine using data that is well-labelled. Which means some data is
already tagged with the correct answer. After that, the machine is
provided with a new set of examples(data) so that the supervised
learning algorithm analyses the training data (set of training examples)
and produces a correct outcome from labelled data.

 For example, a labelled dataset of images of Elephant, Camel and Cow


would have each image tagged with either “Elephant”, “Camel” or
“Cow.”
Types of Supervised Learning:

Supervised learning is classified into two categories of algorithms:


 Regression: A regression problem is when the output variable is a real
value, such as “dollars” or “weight”.
 Classification : A classification problem is when the output variable is a
category, such as “Red” or “blue”, “disease” or “no disease”.
Regression:

Regression is a type of supervised learning that is used to predict continuous


values, such as house prices, stock prices, or customer churn. Regression
algorithms learn a function that maps from the input features to the output
value.

Some common regression algorithms include:


 Linear Regression
 Polynomial Regression
 Support Vector Machine Regression
 Decision Tree Regression
 Random Forest Regression

Classification:
 Classification is a type of supervised learning that is used to predict
categorical values, such as whether a customer will churn or not,
whether an email is spam or not, or whether a medical image shows a
tumour or not.

 Classification algorithms learn a function that maps from the input


features to a probability distribution over the output classes.

 Some common classification algorithms include:

 Logistic Regression
 Support Vector Machines
 Decision Trees
 Random Forests
 Naive Baye

UNSUPERVISED LEARNING :

Unsupervised learning is a type of machine learning that learns from


unlabelled data. This means that the data does not have any pre-existing labels
or categories.

The goal of unsupervised learning is to discover patterns and relationships in


the data without any explicit guidance.

Unsupervised learning is the training of a machine using information that is


neither classified nor labelled and allowing the algorithm to act on that
information without guidance.

Here the task of the machine is to group unsorted information according to


similarities, patterns, and differences without any prior training of data.
Types of Unsupervised Learning:

Unsupervised learning is classified into two categories of algorithms:

 Clustering: A clustering problem is where you want to discover the


inherent groupings in the data, such as grouping customers by purchasing
behaviour.

 Association: An association rule learning problem is where you want to


discover rules that describe large portions of your data, such as people that
buy X also tend to buy Y.

Clustering is a type of unsupervised learning that is used to group similar data


points together. Clustering algorithms iteratively adjust the position of cluster
centre’s (centroids) and assign data points to clusters, aiming to bring data
points closer to their assigned cluster centre and further away from points in
other clusters.

Clustering Types:-
1. Hierarchical clustering
2. K-means clustering
3. Principal Component Analysis
4. Singular Value Decomposition
5. Independent Component Analysis
6. Gaussian Mixture Models (GMMs)
7. Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN)

Association rule learning:


Association rule learning is a type of unsupervised learning that is used to
identify patterns in a data. Association rule learning algorithms work by
finding relationships between different items in a dataset.

Some common association rule learning algorithms include:


 Apriori Algorithm
 Eclat Algorithm
 FP-Growth Algorithm

SEMI-SUPERVISED:

 Semi-supervised learning is a type of machine learning that falls in


between supervised and unsupervised learning. It is a method that uses a
small amount of labelled data and a large amount of unlabelled data to
train a model.
 The goal of semi-supervised learning is to learn a function that can
accurately predict the output variable based on the input variables,
similar to supervised learning.

REINFORCEMENT:

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a branch of machine learning focused on


making decisions to maximize cumulative rewards in a given situation.
Unlike supervised learning, which relies on a training dataset with predefined
answers, RL involves learning through experience.

Linear Regression:

Linear regression is a type of supervised machine learning algorithm that


computes the linear relationship between the dependent variable and one or
more independent features by fitting a linear equation to observed data.
Logistic Regression:

Logistic regression is used for binary classification where we use sigmoid


function, that takes input as independent variables and produces a
probability value between 0 and 1.

For example, we have two classes Class 0 and Class 1 if the value of the
logistic function for an input is greater than 0.5 (threshold value) then it
belongs to Class 1 otherwise it belongs to Class 0. It’s referred to as regression
because it is the extension of linear regression but is mainly used for
classification problems.

Types of Logistic Regression:

On the basis of the categories, Logistic Regression can be classified into three
types:
1. Binomial: In binomial Logistic regression, there can be only two possible
types of the dependent variables, such as 0 or 1, Pass or Fail, etc.
2. Multinomial: In multinomial Logistic regression, there can be 3 or more
possible unordered types of the dependent variable, such as “cat”, “dogs”,
or “sheep”

3. Ordinal: In ordinal Logistic regression, there can be 3 or more possible


ordered types of dependent variables, such as “low”, “Medium”, or “High”.

Support Vector Machine:

 Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a supervised machine


learning algorithm used for both classification and regression. Though
we say regression problems as well it’s best suited for classification.
 The main objective of the SVM algorithm is to find the
optimal hyperplane in an N-dimensional space that can separate the
data points in different classes in the feature space. The hyperplane tries
that the margin between the closest points of different classes should be
as maximum as possible.

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