Frequency Diverse Array Antenna:

New Opportunities
Wen-Qin Wang

School of Communication and Information Engineering,

University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
E-mail: wqwang@uestc.edu.cn

Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.

Abstract

Phased-array antennas are known for their capability to electronically steer a beam with high effectiveness, but beam
steering is fixed in an angle for all range cells. This paper reviews frequency diverse array (FDA) antennas. Different
from a phased array, an FDA uses a small frequency increment, as compared with the carrier frequency, across array
elements. The use of a frequency increment generates an array factor that is a function of the angle, the time, and
the range, allowing the FDA antenna to transmit the energy over the desired range and angle. In addition to analyzing
FDA factor characteristics, this paper investigates FDA potential applications in range-dependent energy control and
technical challenges in system implementation, with an aim to call for further investigations on the FDA.

Keywords: Arrays; array signal processing; frequency diverse array (FDA); range dependent; beamforming; phased array

1. Introduction across array elements. The frequency increment results in a

range-dependent beampattern for which the beam focus di-
rection will change as a function of the range, the angle, and
P hased-array antennas are known for their capability to
electronically steer a beam with high effectiveness
[1–3]. The directional gain offered by a phased-array antenna
the time [26–29]. Therefore, instead of angle-dependent
beampatterns such as phased arrays, FDA patterns also de-
is useful for detecting/tracking weak targets and nulling in- pend on the frequency, the range, and the time, which could
terferences from other directions [4–7]. However, a limitation be exploited in radar applications. The FDA is different from
of a phased-array antenna is that the beam steering is inde- the orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM)
pendent of the range. Furthermore, the ability to control the technique [30, 31] and the multiple-input–multiple-output
range-dependent transmit energy distribution becomes an (MIMO) technique [32, 33]. OFDM uses orthogonal subcar-
increasingly desirable trait in some applications [8–11], e.g., riers, but nonorthogonal carriers are employed in the FDA.
range-dependent interferences suppression, directional com- The MIMO technique uses signals collected from widely sep-
munications, and range ambiguities suppression. Although arated antennas to provide spatial diversity [34] or utilizes
techniques exist to assist in mitigating range-dependent in- waveform diversity to increase the signal-to-noise ratio [35],
terferences, such as the space–time adaptive processing tech- whereas the FDA transmits the overlapping signals closely
nique [12–16], they have a high computational cost. On the spaced in the frequency to provide a range-dependent beam-
other hand, the desire for new and more advanced array an- pattern for new functions. The FDA is also different from the
tennas is driven by the requirements of many emerging appli- conventional frequency scanning technique [36–39]. In a fre-
cations ranging from multitask radar [17] to radio astronomy quency scanning array, each element has the same frequency
[18] and relay communication systems [19, 20]. at a given time unlike the FDA [40].

Frequency diverse array (FDA) is a new concept pro- Two FDA patents discussing range-dependent charac-
posed by Antonik et al. [21]–25]. An FDA uses a small fre- teristics have been issued [24, 25]. The time and angle peri-
quency increment, as compared with the carrier frequency, odicity of an FDA beampattern is analyzed in [26]. A linear
FDA is proposed in [41] for forward-looking-radar ground
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/MAP.2015.2414692 moving target indication (MTI). The application of the FDA in
Date of publication: 17 April 2015 bistatic radar is studied in [42], and the application of a linear

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frequency-modulated continuous waveform (LFMCW) for FDA That is, the monochromatic signal transmitted from the mth
systems is exploited in [43]. The phases of the FDA-transmitted element can be expressed as
signals constructively add in certain regions of space, whereas
they destructively add in others. The range-dependent beampat- sm ðtÞ ¼ expðj2
fm tÞ (1)
tern characteristics are extensively investigated in 26 and [44–48].
A full-wave simulation of an FDA antenna using the finite- where radiation frequency fm is
difference time-domain method is proposed in [49], where the
characteristics of a radiation pattern were investigated by each fm ¼ f0 þ m
f ; m ¼ 0; 1; . . . ; M  1 (2)
different simulation for the frequency offset change, the radia-
tion element space change, and the array number change. In with f0 ,
f , and M being the carrier frequency, the fre-
[43], the mathematical foundations of the LFMCW FDA are quency increment, and the number of array elements, respec-
developed and used to design a basic proof-of-concept struc- tively. The signal arriving at a given far-field point target
ture. Furthermore, the multipath characteristics of the FDA ð; rÞ ( and r denote the azimuth angle and the slant range
over a ground plane are analyzed in [50]. Additional work was for the first element, respectively) is given by
reported in [51]–[54] to exploit the benefit of applying the FDA
for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) high-resolution imaging.
 

rm rm
sm t  ¼ exp j2
fm t  (3)
c0 c0
Since the FDA apparent scan angle is not equal to the
nominal scanning angle, precise beam steering depends on both
where c0 denotes the speed of light. The distance between
the range and the angle. Consequently, it is not sufficient to
the mth element and the target is
precisely steer the beam similar to conventional phased arrays;
nevertheless, the FDA provides new degrees of freedom in the
rm ¼ r  md sin ; m ¼ 0; 1; . . . ; M  1 (4)
range, the angle, and the time for designing and controlling the
array factor [55]. This enables the array beam to scan without
where d is the interelement spacing.
the need of phase shifters or mechanical steering because the
array factor depends on the range and time variables. The auto-
Suppose that the element factor can be factored out in
scanning property of the FDA was investigated in [26, 56], and
the transmit field when the uniform transmit weight vector is
[57]. In this paper, we introduce FDA potential applications
employed in the FDA; in a narrow-band case, the array fac-
and technical challenges, and we appeal to the antenna and
tor at position ð; rÞ can be expressed as [42]
propagation community for more publications and support on
FDA research and development.
AFðt; ; rÞ
X
M 1 

The remaining sections are organized as follows. 1 rm
Section 2 introduces the basic FDA scheme. Section 3 ana- ¼ exp j2
fm t 
r
m¼0 m
c0
lyzes the FDA beampattern characteristics. Next, Section 4 dis- n  o
cusses the new opportunities provided by the FDA in the exp j2
f0 t  cr0
range-dependent transmit energy control, the range-dependent 
r
interference suppression, and the range-dependent-only beam- X
M 1 


fr df0 sin 
pattern. Section 5 discusses several remaining problems. Fi-  exp j2
m
ft  m þm
nally, the conclusion is made in Section 6. m¼0
c0 c0


fd sin 
þ m2 : (5)
c0

2. Basic FDA Scheme Although a general closed form of the array factor cannot be
written, an approximate closed-form expression exists when
Figure 1 illustrates a uniform linear array (ULA) FDA. ðM  1Þ
f  f0 . In [42], an approximate closed-form ex-
Each FDA element radiates an incremental carrier frequency. pression is obtained by ignoring term m2
fd sin =c0 . To in-
vestigate its reasonability, we can use an empirical phase
requirement on the m2 term as follows:

m2
fd sin 

G : (6)
c0 4

As m2  ðM  1Þ2 =2 and j sin j  1, (6) can be equivalently

written as

c0
f
c0

f G 2
or G : (7)
Figure 1. ULA FDA with frequency increment
f . 2ðM  1Þ d f0 2ðM  1Þ2 df0

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 d ¼ =2, and continuous-wave signals are assumed. Note
that the unit of the scale is decibels. The regularity of the ar-
ray factor as a function of the range and the angle is shown
clearly. This is different from that of a conventional phased
array. Since the arguments in the round brackets of (9) can
be rearranged as


r df0 sin  d sin 

f t  þ þ : (11)
c0
fc0 c0

the difference between the peaks of the array factor at  ¼ 0

and  ¼
=2 is ðc0 =
f Þðd=0 Þ þ d in the range. Therefore,
the shown “S”-shape of the array factor is a function of ratio
d=0 and of frequency increment
f . Moreover, if the fre-
quency increment is negative, the S-shaped amplitude of the
array factor in Figure 3 will flip as well, as if the positive
Figure 2. Maximum allowable fractional bandwidth
f=f0 frequency increment is applied starting from the last toward
versus the number of array elements. the first element [42].

On the other hand, since at a given time the frequency of each

element is different from each other because of the frequency
increment, to avoid the transmitted signal decorrelation in
each element, the frequency increment is also limited by

1

f G (8)
ðM  1ÞTc

where Tc is the coherent processing time.

Suppose that d ¼ =2, with  being the wavelength, and

f0 ¼ 10 GHz. Figure 2 gives the maximum allowable frac-
tional bandwidth
f =f0 as a function of the number of array
elements. It is noticed that, for a large-scale FDA, the approx-
imation is only reasonable when a small fractional bandwidth
is employed. To overcome this problem, we can replace term
m2
fd sin =c0 by m
fd sin =c0 . In this case, (5) can be ap-
proximated as

AFðt; ; rÞ
h  i

fr df0 sin 
fd sin 
expfj0 g sin M

ft  c0 þ c0 þ c0
 h  i :
r
fr df0 sin 
fd sin 
sin

ft  þc0 c0þ c0
(9)

The additional phase factor 0 is


r
fr f0 d sin 
0 ¼ 2
f0 t 
ðM 1Þ þ
ðM 1Þ
c0 c0 c0

fd sin 
þ
ðM  1Þ þ
ðM  1Þ
ft: (10)
c0

3. FDA Factor Characteristics

3.1 Range-Dependent Array Factor Figure 3. Comparison between the FDA and phased-array
beampatterns, where
f ¼ 3 kHz, M ¼ 12, f0 ¼ 10 GHz,
According to (5), Figure 3 shows the numerical trans- and d ¼ =2. (a) FDA beampattern. (b) Phased-array
mit beampattern, where
f ¼ 3 kHz, M ¼ 12, f0 ¼ 10 GHz, beampattern.

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 3.2 Periodicity of Array Factor

In (9), the maximum field is obtained when

fr df0 sin 
fd sin 

ft  þ þ ¼k
c0 c0 c0
k ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . (12)

This means that, when only one parameter is fixed, there are
multiple solutions for the unfixed parameters. On the other
hand, when two parameters are fixed, the pattern periodicity
depends on the unfixed variable.

If (12) is solved for time t, we then have [29]

k r df0 sin  d sin  Figure 5. Array factor when time t ¼ 250 and angle  ¼ 0
t¼ þ   : (13)

f c0 c0 f0
f c0 are fixed.

This implies the periodic nature of the array factor in time. Obviously, sin  depends on both the time and range vari-
When range r and angle  are fixed, the fundamental period ables. This means that the FDA has an autoscanning prop-
is 1=
f . Suppose that M ¼ 10, r ¼ 10 km, f0 ¼ 100 MHz, erty. Suppose that M ¼ 10, f0 ¼ 100 MHz,  ¼ 0 , and
 ¼ 0 , and
f ¼ 10 kHz; Figure 4 shows the array factor
f ¼ 10 kHz; Figure 6 shows the scanning angle at t ¼
when range r ¼ 10 km and angle  ¼ 0 are fixed. 230 s and t ¼ 250 s.

In the same manner, solving for range r yields

df0 sin  kc0

4. New Opportunities
r ¼ c0 t þ  þ d sin : (14)

f
f
The FDA creates a range-dependent beampattern whose
amplitude and spatial distribution can be controlled by the
It reveals that the array factor is also a periodic function of
frequency increments and the number of array elements.
the range assuming that both  and t are fixed, as shown in
Although the FDA cannot eliminate grating lobes totally, the
Figure 5, where M ¼ 10, f0 ¼ 100 MHz, t ¼ 250 s,  ¼ 0 ,
grating lobes will be also range dependent. This provides a
and
f ¼ 10 kHz are assumed.
possibility to control the transmitted energy distribution or
suppress/detect range-dependent interferences/targets.
Similarly, if (12) is solved for sin , we can obtain

kc0 
f ðc0 t  rÞ
sin  ¼ : (15) 4.1 Range-Dependent Transmit
df0 þ
fd
Beamforming

A frequency-coding technique can be employed for the

FDA at the subarray level. We can divide the FDA into mul-
tiple subarrays that can be disjoint or overlapped [58], as
shown in Figure 7. Each subarray uses a distinct frequency

Figure 4. Array factor when range r ¼ 10 km and angle

 ¼ 0 are fixed. Figure 6. Scanning angles at t ¼ 230 s and t ¼ 250 s.

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Figure 7. Illustration of the FDA transmit beamforming.

increment and forms a directional beam. All beams are steer-

able by tuning the frequency increments.

When the frequency-coding technique is employed, the

signal transmitted by the mth element for the kth beam can
be modeled as

skm ðtÞ ¼ k ðtÞ expðj2
fkm tÞ (16)

where k ðtÞ are the frequency-coding sequences, and fkm ¼

f0 þ m
fk , m ¼ 0; 1; . . . ; M 1, with
fk being the frequency
increment used in the kth beam. If we steer the kth beam to
range rk and angle k , the composite K-beam pattern is given
by [59]

X X
K M 1

rk md sin k
sT ðtÞ ¼ k t  þ
k¼1 m¼0
c0 c0


rk md sin k
 exp j2
fkm t  þ (17)
c0 c0 Figure 8. Comparison between the basic and frequency-
coding FDA factors. (a) Basic FDA. (b) Frequency-
Consider an X-band two-subarray FDA with carrier fre- coding FDA.
quency f0 ¼ 10 GHz and frequency increments
f1 ¼ 30 kHz
and
f2 ¼ 10 kHz. We consider a linear FDA with 20 ele-
ments. The array is divided into two equal subarrays, and more sophisticated frequency-coding strategy may enable the
each subarray uses a distinct frequency-coding sequence. development of multiple operation modes that support simulta-
Suppose that the array direction angle is 0 ¼ 10 and that neous SAR and MTI through a single antenna [27].
the range is r0 ¼ 10 km; Figure 8 shows an array factor com-
parison between the basic and frequency-coding FDAs. Dif-
ferent from the basic FDA, the frequency-coding FDA shown 4.2 Range-Dependent-Only Beampattern
also has a range resolution.
In order to eliminate the coupling between the range
Since the direction and amount of focus can be deter- and the angle in the array factor expression, the array ele-
mined analytically, multiple targets at different ranges or angles ments can be arranged in different configurations [42]. The
can be illuminated simultaneously. This provides a potential to essence is to make the distances dm to a virtual reference
multipath mitigation. Multipath occurs because the signals re- point (which is fixed for the system) proportional to m as
flected from scatterers at different range cells have varying
round-trip delays. The signals coherently add in the receiver, dm ¼ Lm ; m ¼ 0; 1; . . . ; M  1: (18)
producing a resultant sum signal that has a longer duration
than the direct path signal alone. By applying the FDA that fo- Constant L should be big enough to ensure that the spacing
cuses in different directions as a function of the range, the between any two adjacent elements, i.e.,
phase coherency of the multipath components can be disturbed
such that the resultant sum is less dispersive. Furthermore, a
dm ¼ Lðm1  m Þ (19)

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can be feasible in hardware manufacturing. Note that, despite
the high value of L, spacing
dm is approximately equal to
LðM 2  M 1 Þ.

In this case, the array factor can be written as [42]

X
M 1 

1 rm
AFðt; ; rÞ ¼ exp j2
fm t
m¼0 m
r m
X
M 1 

1 r
 exp j2
L sin j2
fm t
r m¼0 c0
n h  io
exp j2
L sin  þ f0 t cr0
¼
h  r i
sin M

f t cr0
 h  i : (20)
sin

f t cr0

Equation (20) reveals that the angle dependence is found in

the phase term only, whereas the amplitude depends on the
time, the range, and the frequency increment only and no
longer on the angle. It can be observed in Figure 9 that the
array factor exhibits a constant peak gain with the angle at a
particular range. This unusual beampattern can be used for
suppressing range-dependent interferences.

Figure 10. Two chirp implementations of an FDA system.

5. Remaining Problems
metric. Using the knowledge of the ambiguity function’s pri-
The FDA provides many promising potentials, but there mary sidelobe locations, an optimization algorithm could be
are several remaining problems as follows. designed to optimize the ambiguity function at those loca-
tions. The waveform can be designed by the optimization
constraints, including the total bandwidth, the number of sub-
5.1 Waveform Optimization carriers, the number of transmit and receive elements, the
maximum chirp rate, the maximum transmit signal amplitude,
and the maximum peak sidelobe levels. This constrained opti-
Waveform optimization is required to further understand
mization problem should be further investigated.
how the signal parameters affect the system performance.
The ambiguity function may provide a useful optimization
It is possible to use the FDA to transmit a chirp signal
toward a desired direction at the transmitter while using a
single carrier to demodulate the chirp signal at the receiver.
This concept combines the flexible scanning feature of the
FDA and the high-resolution imaging ability of the chirp sig-
nal. Figure 10 shows two chirp implementations of an FDA
system. Particularly, we may utilize the contiguous and non-
overlapping spectra on adjacent elements. This idea is simi-
lar to but different from a conventional frequency-stepped
system. Using a contiguous bandwidth implementation, it
may be possible to construct very large bandwidth signals,
with each element radiating a nonoverlapping segment of the
entire frequency extent. In this way, a higher range resolu-
tion may be obtained [53].

5.2 Array Configuration

Figure 9. Range-dependent-only transmit–receive array Linear array geometry is exclusively used in literature
factor, where M ¼ 10,  ¼ 10 , r ¼ 100 km, and
f ¼ because it allows the relationship between the temporal, spa-
3 kHz are assumed. tial, and spectral aspects of the FDA to be clearly visualized.

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