Figure Me Out!

If you are to solve 8÷2(2+2), what number will you get?

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MATHEMATICAL LANGUAGE

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 The Language of Mathematics
One very important part for a student to succeed in mathematics is the ability to
communicate effectively in Mathematics (Schiro, 1997). Thus, familiarization with the
mathematical language and symbols is important.
Although Mathematics and the English language have many things in common in
terms of structure, the rules in mathematics are stricter and some forms are more
complicated. So what makes the language of mathematics unique? They are the
following:

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 The Language of Mathematics
a. It is precise because it can be stated clearly and able to make very fine
distinctions.

Example: the use of mathematical symbols is only done based on its

meaning and purpose. Like + means add, - means subtract, x mean
multiple, and ÷ mean divide.

b. It is concise because it can be stated briefly.

Example: the sentence “three plus two equals five”, can be

written in mathematical symbols 3 +2 =5
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The Language of Mathematics
c. It is powerful because it is capable of expressing complex ideas
into simpler forms.

Example: the application of critical thinking and problem solving

skill requires the comprehension, analysis and reasoning to obtain
the correct solution.

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 Mathematics as a language has syntax or structure to make a mathematical
expression or sentences well-formed which can be categorized into five forms.

1. Numbers. They are the very first symbols that can be used to represent quantity.

2. Operation symbols like +, ÷, -, × can act as connectives in a mathematical

sentence.

3. Relation symbols such as =, ≤, ≥, ~ are used for comparison.

4. Grouping symbols like { }, ( ), [ ] are used to associate groups of numbers and

operators.

5. Variables are letters that represent unknown values or quantities.

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 Mathematical Convention
Mathematical convention is where mathematicians and scientists have decided
that particular symbols will have particular meaning. Mathematicians abide by
conventions in order to allow other mathematicians to understand what they
write without constantly having to redefine basic terms.

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 Mathematical Expressions vs. Mathematical Sentences
Mathematical expression and mathematical sentence is the
analogue of a phrase and a sentence in English language.
Mathematical Expressions Mathematical Sentences

• The result of combining numbers • The result of combining numbers and variables, with
and variables, with operational operational symbols and relation symbols.
symbols. • It is well formed and states a complete thought.
Example:
• It is well-formed but does not state 8 + 2 = 10
a complete thought. 8x + 2 > 10

• A sentence can be (always) true, (always) false, or sometimes true,

Example:
sometimes false.
8+2 Example:
8x + 2 8 + 2 = 10 True
8+2=8 False
• It does not make sense to ask if an x=2 sometimes true, sometimes false, depending on the real
expression is true or false. value of x, whether x is 2 or otherwise.
8x + 2 = 2 + 8x always true no matter what value x represent.
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Operations on Mathematical Expressions
In simplifying mathematical expressions, the following order of operations is
one critical point to observe. It is the set of rules that determines which
operations should be done before or after others.

Before, we used to have the MDAS (multiplication, division, addition,

subtraction). It was changed then to PEMDAS (parentheses, exponents,
multiplication, division, addition, subtraction). Now most scientific calculators
follow BODMAS (brackets, order, multiplication, division, addition,
subtraction) which is identical to PEMDAS.

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Source: https://someshapes.wordpress.com/2013/06/16/the-bodmas-pemdas-equivalency/
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 The order of operations or BODMAS/PEMDAS is merely a set of rules
that prioritize the sequence of operations starting from the most important
to the least important.
Step 1: do as much as you can to simplify everything inside the
parenthesis r bracket first.

Step 2: simplify every exponential number in the expression.

Step 3: multiply and divide whichever comes first, from left to right.

Step 4: add and subtract whichever comes first, from left to right.

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 Examples:

1. Evaluate (11-5)2-3+1

Solution: (6)2-3+1
12-3+1 Or from 12-3+1
9+1 13-3
= 10 =10

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 Examples:

Solution:

30+25-11 Or from 30+25-11

55-11 19+25
= 44 = 44

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 Examples:

3. Evaluate 8÷2(2+2)

Solution: 8÷2 x 4 Or from 8÷2 x 4

4x4 32÷2
= 16 = 16

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
- A collection of well-defined objects that contains no
duplicates.

- The objects in the set are called the elements of the set.

- To describe a set, we use braces { }, capital letters as A,

B, C to represent the set, and lower case letters as a, b, c
to denote elements of the set.
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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set

Examples of a set:

The set of students in University of La Salette.

The set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

ellipsis

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
- To indicate that an object is an element of a set, we use the symbol ∈.

Example: Given the set of natural numbers N = {1, 2, 3, 4, …}

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Three ways in which we can describe or specify a set:

a. The Verbal Description Method – a method of describing set

in words.

Example: Set A is the set of counting numbers less than 5

Set B is the set of letters in the word “Philippines”

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Three ways in which we can describe or specify a set:

b. List Notation/Roster Method – by listing each element of

the set inside the braces {}

Example: A = {1, 2, 3, 4}
B = {p, h, i, l, n, e, s}

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Three ways in which we can describe or specify a set:
c. Set Builder Notation – a method that lists the rules that determine
whether an object is an element of the set rather than the actual elements

Example: A = {x‫ ׀‬x is a counting number less than 5}

Or A = { x‫ ׀‬0 < x < 5}

B = { x‫ ׀‬x is a letter in the word “Philippines”}

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Types of Set
a. A finite set contains elements that can be counted and terminates at
certain natural number, otherwise it is infinite set.
Example: A = {1, 2, 3, . . . , 10}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .}
b. A set with only one element is called a singleton or a singleton set.

c. A set with no elements or has no members is called empty set, or

null set ∅ or { }.

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
1. Set
Types of Set
d. Equal sets are sets that contain exactly the same elements.

Example: {3, 8, 9} = {9, 8, 3}

{1, 3, 5, 7} ≠ {3, 5}

e. Equivalent sets are sets that contain the same number of elements.

Example: A = {1, 4, 3}, B = {a, b, c,}

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
2. Relation
- A rule that pairs each element in one set, called the domain,
with one or more elements from a second set called the range.
- It creates a set of ordered pairs (x, y)
Example: X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {4, 5, 6}

It will create the set of ordered pairs

{(1, 4), (3, 6), (2, 5), (1, 5), (1, 6),}
where set X is the domain and set Y is the range.

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
3. Function
- A rule that pairs each element in one set, called the domain, with
exactly one element from a second set called the range. For every
first element of x, there corresponds a unique second element y.

Example: In X = {1, 2, 3} and Y = {4, 5, 6}, when each

element of set X is paired to exactly one in set Y, they will
form a function. It will create a set of ordered pairs
{(1, 4), (2, 5), (3, 6)} or {(1, 4), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
3. Function
Functions can be represented using the following:
a. Table

The set {1, 2, 3} is the domain and the set {4, 5, 6} is the range

X 1 2 3
Y 4 5 6

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
3. Function
Functions can be represented using the following:

b. Ordered Pairs

(1, 4)
(2, 5)
(3, 6)

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
3. Function
Functions can be represented using the following:

c. Graph

Remember: All function is a relation, but not all relation is a

function. Using vertical line test, that is a set of points in the plane is
the graph of a function if and only if no vertical line intersects the
graph in more than one point. Thus, the graph in figure 3 in not a graph
of a function because the vertical line passed through more than one
point. 28
 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
4. Binary Operation

- A binary operation on a set is a combination of two elements of the set to

produce another element of the set

- Common notation for binary operations on set is the infix notation S 1 * S2 ϵ S

- * can be any of the following common operations: +-×÷

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
4. Binary Operation
Example: S = {…-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3…} or set S is a set of integers

If * is defined as S1 * S2 = S1 – S2, then what is 1*2?

S1 S2
1*2 = 1 – 2

1*2 = – 1

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 The Four Basic Concepts of Mathematics
4. Binary Operation

Example: If * is defined as a*b = 3a + b where a and b are real numbers, what is 2*5?
a b

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Elementary Logic
Proposition

Examples:
p: Five is less than ten. (T)
Proposition
q: Dogs can fly. (F)
r: Santiago City is in Isabela. (T)

What is the value of x?

Liza is beautiful. Not Proposition
Read page 30 of your book.
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Elementary Logic
Proposition
One operation used involving a proposition is negating a
statement.
- Changing the truth value of a proposition.
- The negation of a true statement is a false statement, and
the negation of a false statement is a true statement.
- We use the symbol ~ to negate a propositions like ~p or ~q.

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Elementary Logic
Proposition
Example: convert the following symbolic propositions using the
propositions below.
p: Five is less than ten.
q: Today is not Tuesday.

a. ~p b. ~q
Solution: Solution:

Five is not less than ten. Today is Tuesday.

Or Five is greater than ten.
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Elementary Logic
Simple and Compound Propositions

Simple Compound
- Convey one idea with no - Statements which combine two or
connecting words. more simple propositions using
connectives.

Example: Example of connectives:

Five is less than ten. And/but/yet/while
Birds can fly. Or
A square is a quadrilateral. If … then
If and only if

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Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition
1. Conjunction (and, but)
- Symbolized as “p ^ q”

Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.

p: Today is Sunday
q: They are working.

a. Form a compound proposition using the symbolic statement p ^ q.

p ^ q
Answer: Today is Sunday and they are working.

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Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition
1. Conjunction (and, but)
- Symbolized as “p ^ q”

Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.

p: Today is Sunday
q: They are working.
b. Identify the symbolic statement of the compound proposition:
“Today is Sunday and they are not working”.
p ~ q
^
Answer: Today is Sunday and they are not working.
p^~q
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Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition
2. Disjunction (or)
- Symbolized as “p ˅ q”

Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.

p: A square has four equal sides.
q: A rectangle is a quadrilateral.
a. Form a compound proposition using the symbolic statement p ˅ q.
p q
˅
Answer: A square has four sides or a rectangle is a quadrilateral

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 Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition

2. Disjunction (or)
- Symbolized as “p ˅ q”
Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.
p: A square has four equal sides.
q: A rectangle is a quadrilateral.
b. Identify the symbolic statement of the compound proposition: “A square does
not have four equal sides or a rectangle is not a quadrilateral”.
~ p ˅ ~ q
Answer: A square does not have for equal sides or a rectangle is not a quadrilateral.
~ p˅~q ~ (p ˅ q) 41
 Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition

3. Conditional statement (if …then)

- Symbolized as “p → q”
Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.
p: A woman has a son or daughter. (antecedent)
q: A woman is a mother. (consequent)
a. Form a compound proposition using the symbolic statement p → q.

p q
Answer: If a woman has a son or daughter, then a woman is a mother.
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 Elementary Logic
Logical Connectives or Operators Used to Form a Compound Proposition

3. Conditional statement (if …then)

- Symbolized as “p → q”
- Example: Consider the two simple propositions below.
p: A woman has a son or daughter. (antecedent)
q: A woman is a mother. (consequent)
b. Identify the symbolic statement of the compound proposition:
“If a woman has a son or daughter, then a woman is not a mother”.
p ~ q
Answer: If a woman has a son or daughter, then a woman is not a mother.
p→~q 43