Acids and BASES

Anhenious

Acid
On in water let ion
dissolving give q

aqueous

HI t d
Malena tag cap

HI t a

t
af Mtg cog

in't
i i
x
x
x

Y 130
Q
H Q 11502
Ht
H Oz

I Hq Out
BASI
On in water
dissolny gives

OH ions
cap

NaOH t Otic
H2O
gas Nata

NaOH t Otic
of Nate

ACIDI

Sour in taste

lemon tomato temerind

 Type Acid
of Source

Acids Mineral Acids

Organic
Natural Substance minerals
Ling
Citric acid Hydrochloric Acid

Oxalic acid Sulphuric Acid

Tartaric acid Phosphoric Acid
hectic acid
Acetic acid

strength

Weak
Stroy
Provide less Ht ions
of
Provide more Ht ions
 Acid
Stroy
dissociate almost loot

HA
af
s
Htcg t
Alg
initial a o o

o a a
final

1 Acids except HF
Halogen

HCl H Br HI

2
Ong Acids unprotonated oxygen
hang

content 2 or 3

H NO H O o n 2
 42504 H O
I
S O H n 21

HUO H O d o n z

HUO H O Ito 2 37
I

In
general

Number Number Number

of of
unprotonated
Oxygen Hydrogen
atoms atoms atoms
Oxygen
 Weak Acid

have partial diss

HA
of e
s
mtg t
Alg
initial a o o

n th the

final a n n u

x cc a

1 Acids
Organic

Acetic acid Citric acid Oxalic acid

hectic acid Tartaric acid

2 acid except acid
Binary halogen
t
two elements
hang

H F
Has

NH3 H2O weak acid

very
L

not dissociated in water

3 Acids pseudo halides as anion

hang

H CN H NO HC NO

H HSCN
Nz
 Pseudo halides similar behaviour as X
hang

CN Ci Bi I

H CN HA

NaCN Nacl

CN
z
U2

CN NC CNO NCS
e.g

SCN Nz

anions small
usually group of

atoms chiefly 2nd period

4 acids
Oxy hang unprotonated

content as 0 or I
oxygen
n unpnotnated

oxygen
112C O H O c ni

H NO H O 6 17
Nyo

HOCO H O 4 6 17
0

HOU H O U na
 i 6
Hz Poy H O P O H 1

Hz PO H O
I
P

H
O H Can

H H o
É H Cnn
Paz
H

Concentration Acid
of

Concentrated Diluted
 amount Les amount
High
acid dissolved acid dissolved
of of
in in
specified specified
Solution Solution
quantity of quantity of
1 Molar tea 0.01 Molar tell
e.g e.g
u u

I mole tell dissolved 0.01 mole tell dissolved

in 1 Its Solution in 1 lets Solution

HU Hd
cone Dil
 Dilution Acid
of

water

Acid

Reaction is exothermic explosive

Never add water in acid

and

wat

Add small acid

quantities of gradually

in water
 Structure

Hydra Acids Ony Acids

HA H C Mason H o Sj O H

HCN H CN

H O O H
HaCO G
HN H N N iii

HsPoy H o Fo n

d
H

H NO H O N O

I
In hydra acids
In acids
Hydrogen any Hydnge

atom which is extracted atom which is

as Ht is attached extracted as Ht

with other atoms is attached

through

except atom
oxygen oxygen

Basicity

number mole Ht ions be

of Jo can

per mole acid

of given
 Man Basicity
HCl I Ht t Ce

42504
I 2kt t 5042 2

PO 3 3Mt PO 3
Hz

Maximum

Basicity

u
Monobasic Dibasic Tribasic Potybasic

HA 42504 HzP Hu

HCN Hz COS
H NO 113003

HzPOz

CHzCOK
 I
H o d o n
Hz PO

I
H o d n
Hz Plz

ch Coon
I
Hy 202
n

h
ko n

Basicity does not refer number H

atoms in stature
present
of given

acid

It number
refers of hydrogen
 atoms extracted as Ht in
given

chemical reaction

Hz Pou

Hz PO t 3 NaOH Ng PO 31120

3
Basicity

t 2 NaOH S t
Hypo NazHPO 2120

2
Basicity

Hypo t NaOH NahzPO t H2O

Basicity 1

Basicity is process specific

 acid is defined
Bascity of as

Number moles base

of of monohydroxy

NaOH KOH NH OH combines

e.g

per mole acid in chemical

of given

process

Indicator

identifies acid base

by
in color
charge
 Acids
Properties
of
1 Sour

2 Corrosive

3 in water
leg
on
give dissolng

u turn blue litmus red

red remain red

s
electrolytic conduction

fly
 Acid Solution conductor
an
of

electricity

they undergo electrolysis

HCl
Cag

Cathode Anode

2Mt t Ze 26
ap
Hag q Azgitze

Gain Cred Loss Cord

of e
of
e

Electrolysis Chemical transformations

tales place on
passing electric

current
6 Acids react with base to
give

salt and water

HCl t NaOH NaCl H2O

ACID BASE SALT Water

Acids react with metals and

the
give gas Non acids
onidisig

Al t 3ha 1
Alds t
Haig

2nd 1 t
Mg Mga Hag
Metals Series
Activity

K Na Ka Zn Mn Fe Ni Sn
Mg

Active Metals

Pb H Cu Au
Ag

Metals placed above in

Hydrogen

activity series on
give Haig

reaction with acids

Au t Ha s No reaction
Active metals extract polar positive
hydrogen

atom on reaction with several substances

1
Very weak acids
which are not Ht on
dissolny
ging cap

in water

Na Ti Tin i
Nantz E Ha

Na t Tt da NaOh t
z Ha

Na It den Na och E Ha

Na T TEC H i Na CIC Nat Hz

These substances are weak acids

or
organic inorganic

Metal react with water

Acid

Hz reactivity decreases as
give gas
we down in activity series
go
Na t 420 NaOH Ha
old

2420 Magcon zt Hat

Mg
Warm
 3 Fe t s
Fou t
41120cg 41kg
super heated

steam

Pb H2O No reaction

normal cond

Element

Metal Metalloid Non Metals

Oxides Metal Ovide

an

Basic
8 Acids react with metal onides to

salt and water

give

NazO t 2116 1 2 NaCl H2O

t 2114 Had
MgO Mga
Redone Nature

Non
Ouidisig
Acids Acids
Ouidisig

HITO Come Dil

HEO Come Dil

Hce Cmv Dil

 Cudation
Increase in Onidation State

In UH NO In Nos t 211102 2120

dad
o 5 2 4
a

Reduction
decrease in Ouidation State

for p block element

Ouidation State Group No 10

Highest

S 6
eg
I 7

Xe to

N 5
 Acids react with metals and

the
give gas non acids
onidisig

Note preferred acid is tea

or 112504 dit

Q for preparation in
of trig laboratory

2n are treated with mineral

granuals

acids Acid chosen is

a 42504 b 12504
cane dit

C d
HNS cane HMO dit
 Pin Scale

i Used to measure Ht conc

ii lower Pr let conc

higher

iii Pn scale O 14 at 25C

C ACID Soth
O 14
a Basic Solh
7

Neutral

9 Acids on in water a
dissolny give

solution Ph C 7
of
10 Acids week acids
Stroy displace

from their salts

112504 dit

Hce

11250 t Na MCO s Manso t

Hzco
Bicarbonate H2O Coz
carbonate
Hydrogen
5 A W A

I Nate so Namco
4250 t
NazCg
Carbamate

my ye
Bicarbonate
H2O COLT
carbonate
Hydrogen
Carbonate and bicarbonate salt on

reaction with acid liberate cost

stroy

Nate so t Nattiso
Naso t Hasso
SA WA

a
Hsg t
11250 s Manso t
4250

SA 4 0 505
WA

t 2 Nate so
Naas 242504 Has
SA WA

Clycoona t 1h50 Manso t

CHzcoon
SA WA

Na Na t 11250
J Manso t H NO

SA WA
 Salt

Anion cation

Acid radicals Basic radical

HA BOH J AB t H2O
Acid Basel Salt

Salt
analysis

Identification of
basic radical
Identification
of
Acidic radical
CO NCOs

I Nate so Namco
11250 Narco
Dil

H SO Narco Manson theCOs

Dil
H2O COLT

colorless odour less is Liberated

gas

with effervescence

50,2 Hsg

Na SO t 3 Manso Natiso
4250

Na Hsg t
11250 s Manso t
4250

420 505
L

smell
of burning Sulphn
 S2

t 2 Nate so
Naas 242504 Has

smell rotten
of
eggs

CH Coo

Clycoona t 1h50 Manso t

CHzcoon

smell
of vinegar

Noi

Na Na t 11250
J Manso t HNO
Disproperlination

3 HI Hito 218 tho

gl

02
2140cg 21402g
Cain

Red brown
gas

Salt Weak Acid

Acid Weak Acid
Stroy

is used in
concept identification of
acid radicals
of group
A
 Acidic Onide

Non metal onide with

high oxygen

content

CO CO2
neutral Acidic

14203 V02 Nag

acidic
neutral weakly stroyly
acidic acidic

0.5 I 1.5 2 2 5

With increase in content acidic

onygen

nature owide increases

of
 CO C CO2

14203 V02 Nag

weakly acidic
neutral stroyly
acidic acidic

0.5 1 1 5 2 2.5

Acidic Natant

502 C SO

620 C 9203 920 a 920

Note Certain metal onides
hang very

content are also acidic

high oxygen

in nature

e.g
Mhz Oy Cros

2K Mno
Muzo t 2 KOH t
Hao

Cr Oz 2Na0H NazCroy H2O

 Acid Anhydrides

removal water molecule from

by of
acids acid anhydrides
corresponding

are obtained

211 NO H2O Naos

Nitric anhydride

2 H NO H2O t V20

2 HN 02 H2O 14203

Nitrous
anhydride

2 H NG tho NO NG
 s
211mn04 1120 14h20

2H BO 31120 Be
Boric Anhydride

P P o
p
p PP P
no of fpio
2HzPOy 31120 8205

UH PO I
6120 Paolo

502 ALSO

CO2 HCG
Carbonic Acid
 CO S H Coon

formic did

Onalic Acid

HIGO Mao t
Got
H2O CO CO

CO CO2 420 12604

13 Onidation State
Anup

an P out I
1125502
2x tilt 2 26 27 0 HzSIO
2 2

Stann us Acid Stannic Acid

 Onidation State

hypo
out ou I

43102 13103 43106

I 3 5

hypo phosphorous phosphorous phosphoric

acid acid acid

I 3 5

H NO H NOL H NO

hypo nitrous nitrous nitric

acid acid acid
 3 th 5 6

112520 11250 112520 4250

Hypo terms refers by removal

one O atom

H P 03 43002
q

phosphorous hypo phosphorous

acid acid

ons is common
Hypo

is is not used
Hypo

commonly
 Hz Poy o
Hs Pg

phosphoric phosphorous

acid acid

ie 2 Ous

O Slate O Slate

1125205

1150 sulphurous acid

 5

1125206

Maso sulphuric acid

t
11250 112503
yo
1125205

Col

Hasso

Hypo sulphurous

Acid
112 SO Hz Soy 112520
yo

4 5206

Hypo sulphuric

Acid

HBO
Hato Astros
Hartog
me
yo
Mz Big

Hypo Boric Acid

 Group 17
Halogens

HÉeo Hypo chlorous Acid

HE chlorous Acid

Hao chloric Acid

Hilo Per chloric Acid

HsÉ0

Per Iodic did

 7
H Mno Per did
magnetic

7 Per is
8

OH

entensinly hydrated

B or more oh
groups

Ortho dads
Hypo no É on

du

Ortho phosphoric
acid

40 B oh
Hz BO
on

Ortho Boris
acid

Ortho dad Meta did Heo

 3 3

Hz BO I
120 t HBOL

Ortho Boris Meta Boris

acid acid

Stomach s
Hakone
Pn I 2

Acidity
ANT ACIDS

complex
a
organic
Consumes excess HCl molecules which
Base deactivate the
Myfont
10
ANT Aci Pie responsible
10T KOH enzymes

filler 751 Caco for

Hce
production
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER

i Soda Acid
Namco Hasoy Manso H2O t

Hasan
Canc
t.fi
Nancy

Acid are reactive towards Metals

Acid Corrosive

Base Corrosive

ii Compressed CO2

He
 ACID RAIN

Atmospheric
gases

502 Nag 503

502 H2O HaSO

1420 H2O 3
2111103

SO tho 42504
 formation Acids
of
1 Some nonmetals on
dissolving

in water acid
gives

Cla t
H2o Hce t HOU

2 Non metal react with the

and acids
give comospondig

H t 6 sunlight zag
3 Non metal onides on
dissoling

in water acids
gives any

503 H2O
3
42504

Paolo 6420 2H3POy

acid
Stroy displace weak

acids their salts

from

t
NGS
I
HaSO NazSO Has
2 CHzCOONa t
4250 Naso

CHzCOOH

5 volatile
Displacement
of acids

200
NaCl t Naleso Ha
q 42504cg
Cal gl

200
Nanost Manso Hnozt
q 42504cg
Cal gl
6
Non metals react with
onidisig

acids to
give corospondig any
acids

2 P t
54250
3
243 Pout 5502
Cand t 2420

S OH NO I HzSO 2120
Canc
G NO
 BASE

4 Bitter in lack

On in water
dissolig gives

Oti ion
cap

NaOH es 9 I
Nate t OH
q

turns red litmus blue

C J

o 7 Basic 16
 Base

Alkali
water Soluble bases

NaOH

Kon

Bare

Weak
Strong
Alkali metal Lion
hydroids except
NaOH KOH RGOH IS OH
Alkaline earth metal hydnouide except Be cont

Sr Conte Bacon
 Weak

i block hydroxide
p
Al OHL Sa Conte Pb 01112

ii transition metal hydronides

Fe on Caton

iii bases
Nitrogenous
NHaOH

NH3 Pyridine

and Ca
Mg cont cont although

dissociate on
completely dissolve

in water but considered as

 weak base as are ler
they

soluble in water

I
Calotte Cacontz Ca t 20h
is
Cag call Cal

L
low
can

Oh ions

Base

Dilute Conc
 Acidity

Number moles ions obtained

of of on

by one mole base

dissolving of
Manimum Acidity
NaOH

Ca 2
only

Zn 01772 2

Al OH 3

Bt
B OH
I 30h
a
HBO
 OH Natoli Na BCom

ACID Base

2n on
z
t Ha s Zn once H2o

1
Acidity

2n on 246 2292
2 2120

Acidity D

does not number

of
on
Acidity refer

in stature
group present
of given

base
 It number
refers of on hydroxyl

ions extracted as on in
given

chemical reaction

base is defined as
Acidity of

Number moles
of of monoprotic acid

HI MNO combines
e.g

per mole base in chemical

of given

process
A Ole Ha s
t
Alcorta t
H2O
1
Acidity

Alcott ZHU Alcorta 2120

2
Acidity

Alloy 346 3
Ally 3120
Acidity 3

Corrosive

Base reacts with acid to

give

salt and water

NaOH Ha s Nacl
t
that
 electrolysis Sach
Undergoes g

NaOH es
Nata otic
t

electrolytic conduction

the
É

Cathode Anode

Nat OH

let OH

2Mt Ze I 20h I
420 02 25
Haig
 Base also on reaction
give Haig

with certain specific metals

Al Zn Be

Zn t
H2O ZnO t Hz

ZnO t 2n OH
2420

2n n t 2149011 Naz n
Onu

I
Naz Zn n 1492202 21120

Zn t H2O 2 NaOH
Nazznoz Hz
 ZAC 31120 A 203 3112

3 2 ALCON
Also 3120

ZAI OH 21490h 3 2Na Allon

2 Na ALCOA 2NaAlOz 24420

2 Al t
2420 2 NaOH I
2NaAlO2 342

All the Metal do not react with

base and Hz
give

Be Al Ga Zn PG
Only
 Base react with non metal onides

acidic onides to salt and

give
or water

NaOH t
CO2 Na HC Oz

2 NaOH t CO2 Nazca HE

2 KOH 503 Kiso H2O

6 Ca OH t
Paolo 2
Caz Out 6h20

6420

4 Hz Pou
 base displace weak base
Stroy from

their salt

NaOH t NHull NaCl NHgthzo

NHaOH

NH t HA s NHuce
vapours
Pungent
gas whitefumer

Ammonium Salts react with

strong

bases to ammonia
give
 Basic Onides

In Onides
general'Ietal

Nazo t 21120 I 2NaOH

A 20 t
3420 3 2 Al OH

Basic onides on in water

dissolving

hydroxyl bases
gin
Mazo 246 2Nace H2O

244 Hao
Mgo gaz
 Cao t
HzSO Caso H2O

Also t GHA ZALA 3110

Basic Ovide on reaction with acid

gie
salt and water

Metal Character
1

Basic Character Ovide

t

Mazo 7
MgO Also
 Metallic Character

Basic Character

C
Liz O Na O C Kao REO L
CLO

Lion C NaOH KOH ROOM CSOS

Cs
 GOH is
strongest hydroxyl base

Formation Bases
of
1 Water Metal Bare t Hat

t 2 Na 3 2 NaOH Hz
2420

2 i
formation basic onides
of
2 Na t
I 02 Nazo
Cair

02
Mg air ago
 ii dissolution metal onide in water
of
Nazo H2O 2 NaOH

t H2O
MgO Mgcontz

3 Salts Hydroxide
Nagy
weak base precipitate

Al
Allez 3 NaOH 7
only 3 Male

cap White

Ast
NaOH
 Fez On t 6 Naoh 2Fe OH 3 Mason

Brown flit

Ono anion

Cost No 504

Basic Chides obtained

are
from

thermal decomposition metal carbonates

of
a
Cao t Coat
Cacozes s

Zn CO s ZnO t CO2 T

Except 1st carbonates excluding Cisco

group
noble metals
AgzCOz
5 Basic Chides obtained
are
from

thermal decomposition metal nitrate

of

2 Pb NO 2 POO
UNOzt Oz
z

U Li NO I UNO
2420 Oz

3 O
2 UNO Oz
Mg 0372 214g

Except 1st nitrate ing

group excluding

Noble metals No
Ag
6 in air metal
Roasting heating

sulphide

22ns 302 22nd

2502

2 Cuss 302 3 20420 t

2502

7
By dissolny Nhs nitrogenous

substances in water

NH3 420 Nason

 Conc

A t B
C
C D

Rate X A B
t
forward
t
Rate K A B

forward
Rate

Rate X C D
backward

Rate c D
backward kg
t
t

Products on accumulation back

give
reactant
 Rate Rate
forward backward

amount reactants consumed in

of get
reaction is to amount
forward equal

reactant backward
of get formed by

reaction

similar is applicable
for
amount
of product

After this instance

 i Conc reactants and
of product

become constant

Ii Rate Rate backed it

forward

also constant

This state chemical

is defined as
of
equilibrium
 Constant
Equilibrium

Rate Rate backward

forward

Ke
Ky CA CB
C D

deftly
It A
qCB ef

Clee D
Key
Ig A
g
ee
CB
q

ACID DISSOCIATION CONSTANT Ka

HA II Ht A ka
Ht AT
HA

PKa log ka
 log
Power
exponent
a
y

1gal
x

103 1000
e.g

000 3
log

we use base in chemisty

or
base
e

In a
general log loge
In a
Loge
 a I a a
Log a

log at
0 a

logary Logar log 7

log Logan loyal

n
log am logan
 2
If a 10

Pa n

k
a 10

a 10
Glo log

a n
log log

a a
log

9 a
Log

Pa
leg
 Acid Ht
Stroy

Ka

PKa

Ka Pica

HCl 10 7

5
10 5
CH3COOH

1125 107 7

10
HCN 10 10

HA CH 7
S COOH Has J HCN

Acidic Stegth
 Pica Ka
log

10
log

7 10
log

7 X I

Pi 2 Pon Scale

Ph at
log

Pon oh
log
 is Ht concentration Ht
Higher

is
acidity in the solution
greater

Acidity
Ht Pie
I 0

10 I

2
10 2

decreses

10 7 7 Neutral

19
10 14 It
 Water is weak electrolyte

H2O Ht t OH

Ht Com
Key
H2O

As it is weak electrolyte it

remains dissociated
virtually un

H2O 1120 Constant

qm

Heo Ht Cont
kg

Kw Ht Ou
Kw Ionic product water
of
constant are temp dependent
q

At 250C
19
Kw 1 10

Kw Ht Oa

1
10 Ht oh

19
40 at Cont
Cog log

C log Cont
a
log 10 log at

14 Pa Pon
 man my
log log log

Acidity Alkalint
Ht Pie Out Pon
I 0 19
10 14

to 1043 13
2 12
10 2 10 12

T
10 7 7 10 7 7

10 13 10
1
I
19
10 14 If I O u
Acidic Basic

Ht S Oh Acidic

Ht Oh Neutral

Ht ON Basic

1
Ht 10 Ph c
Acidic
Oh C yo Pans

7
Ht on 7 10 Ph Neutral
Pou 7

1
Ht C 10 Pn 7
Basic
Oh 107 Pons 7
 Base dissociation Constant Ko

BOH 9
Big t
Oreg

Bt Ou
Ko
BOH

Pics
log Ko

Basic
Strength

0117

Ko

P ko
 Salts

Obtained reaction between acid

by

and base

HA BOH AB t H2O

Acid Basic
radical radical

Anion Cation

Simple Mined
Coo Nat
1
Nat Ce
Rochell's CHCont
Sodium Chloride
Salt dacoit
too Kt

sodium potassium larlavale

 v u
Basic
Simple Acidic

left with photic left with

atom
Hydrogen hydwaylania
Zn
Mace
Matteo LIU
NatzPOa
Naz PO

Nails
Na Hoo Nat HCG Ht co 2

Namco t NaOh NazCg t

H2o

HzPOU 90 Na thro t Had

Acid
 H o É o n
Nato's H o É o Nat Hao
b H
O
H Nah Pou
Hz PO
Natan

Nato É o Nat c
Mato
H O É o Nat tho
O
lo
Nat Nat

NazHPOu

n É É t Naoh h
CI Nat
I o n

CH COO Nat

hang frotick
Not

NathPOz Not an acidic salt

i
n p O'Nat
g acidicsalt
 Zn
CIA

Zn oh A t HA I 2nd t Heo

Acid Ha Base NaOH

Stroy Stroy

Weak did Clycoon Weak Bale NH OH

salt did Base

of Stig stroy Mace

Salt weak did Base

of stroy
CH Coo Na

salt did Weak Base

of Stig NHace

Salt weak dad WeakBase

of ClycooNH
 I A S B

Naa x x

CH COO Na V X

HH Cl X

CH CONH V

CH COO Na tha I

NadtCHsCro Salt
WAISBS.A W A

Nance Naoh Mad

Salt WB SA S B Nifty
CH CONH t Ha 1
Naga t
CHCH
Salt WA WB

CH Coo NH Naoh ClyCooNa t NHaon

 O

U
u n

Neutral Acts as Base Acts as acid Acts as an

SA SB WA SB SA WB acid Con base

WA WB

reacts with S A react with S B reacts with 5 A

ICH COO Na react with S B

NaHCOz

Naz 03

Salt Solh Pm 7 Salt Solh Pnc

Salt Hydrolysis

Salts on in water a mixture

dissolving gives

acid and base

of
 solution be acidic basic
resulting may

or neutral depending upon salt taken

The's phenomenon is termed as salt

hydrolysis

A B H2O HA BOH

Salt water And Base

salt is to neutralization
Hydrolysis
of reverse

process

Salt SA SB
of
Nate t
tho Natoli that
 Salt Base acid
Stay Sky
dissociated dissociated dissociated

H2O Ht t on

net ionic reaction is dissociation of water

Solution is neutral
resulty

In

Salt WA SB
of
Clycomat H2o Natoli t
cycoon

Salt Base Weakacid

Stay
dissociated dissociated Condissociated
net ionic reaction

CH COO t
H2O I CH CAH t OH

General reaction is

A t H2O 3 HA Oh

In net ionic reaction on is obtained at

product side

Resully Sol is basic

Pr 7