Dat

abaseManagementSy
stem

Sessi
on-
1Appr
eci
atet
heconceptofDat
abaseManagementSy
stem

Dat
a

 Ther
awf
act
sconst
it
utesdat
a.

 Thef
act
smayber
elat
edt
oanyper
son,
place,
act
ivi
tyort
hings.

 I
tmaybest
oredi
nthef
orm oft
ext
,gr
aphi
cs,
audi
oorv
ideo.

 Thisdatamustbeprocessedbyanycomput
ingmachi
nei
napr
operwayt
o
generat
etheusef
ulandmeani ngf
uli
nfor
mat
ion.

 Examples:Theexamplesofdataaremar ksscoredbyt
hestudent
s,wei
ght
s,
pri
ces,cost
s,numbersofit
emssol d,
empl oyeenames,pr
oductnames,
addresses,
taxcodes,
regi
strat
ion,
mar ksetc.

I
nfor
mat
ion

 I
nfor
mat
ioni
sthepr
ocessedoror
gani
zedf
orm ofdat
a.

 I
fdatai
snotcor
rectoraccur
ate,
thei
nfor
mat
ionobt
ainedbypr
ocessi
ngsuch
dat
amaynotbecorrect
.

 Examples:
Forexample,
marksobtainedbyst
udent
sandthei
rrol
lnumber
sis
thedat
a,whil
etherepor
tcar
d/sheetisthei
nfor
mati
on.

 Otherfor
msofinformati
onarepay
-sli
ps,schedul
es,worksheet,
barcharts,
i
nvoices,
accountret
urnset
c.Si
mil
arlythetemperat
urerecordedisdata
whichcanbeprocessedtofi
ndoutthemaxi mum orminimum temperatureof
dayandnight
.

Dat
abases

 Adatabasei
sacoll
ect
ionofl
ogi
cal
l
yrel
ateddat
ait
emsst
oredi
nan
or
ganisedmanner
.

 Thei
nfor
mationbeingstor
edinadatabasecanbeadded,
modi
fi
ed,
del
etedor
di
spl
ayedaccordi
ngtotherequi
rementsoftheuser
.

DBMS

 Thesof
twar
ethati
susedt
ocr
eat
e,updat
eandr
etr
iev
edat
aisknownas
 dat
abasemanagementsy
stem (
DBMS)
.

 I
tfaci
l
itat
espl
anni
ngandmai
ntenanceoft
hedat
abasef
ort
heuser
.

 SomeofthecommonexamplesofDBMSareMSAccess,
OpenOf
fi
ceor
Li
breOf
fi
ceBase,
Oracl
e,I
ngr
ess,MySQL.

Adv
ant
agesofDBMS:

 Or
ganisedStor
age–Thedatai
nthedatabasei
sstoredi
nanor gani
sed
manner,sot
hatret
ri
eval
oft
herequi
reddatai
sfastandaccur
ate.

 DataAnal
ysi
s–Adatabasehel
psi
nanal
ysi
sofdatabasedoncert
aincri
ter
ia.
I
tiseasyt
ofi
ndoutmaxi
mum ormini
mum val
ue,
averageormeanusinga
dat
abase.

 Dat
aSharing–Ift
hesamedataseti
srequir
edfordiff
erentappl
icat
ionsthen
t
hedatabasecanbeshar
edwit
hotherappl
icati
ons.Henceusingadat abase
meansmakingonceandusi
ngitr
epeat
edlyformulti
pleappli
cat
ions.

 MinimalDat
aRedundancy–I ntheeventofr
equi
ringt
hesamedat
afiel
din
several
tabl
est
hedatafiel
dmi ghtgetr
epeatedi
nnumberoft
abl
es.Thi
sis
cal
ledasdatar
edundancy.Thiscanbereducedbyusi
ngDBMStool
s.

 Dat
aConsistency–Bymi nimi
singdataredundancy,
chancesofinconsistent
dat
abeingstoredi
sr educed.Forexample,i
tshouldnothappenthatthename
oft
hestudentischangedi nonetableandnotinanother
.Suchinconsistency
i
sreducedbyusingaDBMS.

 Incr
easesEff
ici
ency–Sincedatabaset
abl
esareproperl
yor
gani
sed,
sav
ing,
r
eadingandsearchi
ngdatacanbecarri
edoutef
fi
cient
ly.

 I
ncreasesAccur
acy–Si ncedataredundancyandinconsi
stencycanbe
mini
mi sedi
nadatabase,thedataisret
ri
evedaccurat
elyf
rom thedatabase.

 Incr
easesVal i
dit
y–Pr oper
ti
esofdi f
ferentdatafiel
dscanbeassi gnedwhena
databaseisplanned.Sowhetherornotv ali
ddat aisbei
ngenteredcanbe
checkedatt hedataentr
ystage.Thisincreasesthevali
dit
yofthedat abase.
Forinstance,wemaysetupar est
ri
ctionwhi l
ecreati
ngthetabl
et hatthe
amountoff eesbeingenter
edshouldbemor ethan1000.

 Securi
ty–Unauthorisedaccesscanbecont rol
ledbyassi
gni
ngpasswordsto
theusers.Thedatami ghtbetranslat
edinsuchamannerthatunaut
hor
ised
usersarenotabletoreadit.Thisisknownasencrypt
ion.
Feat
uresofDat
abase

1.Adat
abasecanhav
eoneormor
etabl
es.

2.Eacht
abl
einadat
abasecont
ainsi
nfor
mat
ionaboutonet
ypeofi
tem.

3.Eachr
ecor
dinat
abl
emustbeuni
que.

4.Ev
erydat
abaset
abl
eshoul
dhav
eoneormor
efi
eldsdesi
gnat
edaskey
.

Dat
aModel
s

 Dat
amodel
descr
ibest
hemanneri
nwhi
chdat
awi
l
lbest
oredandr
etr
iev
ed.

 Adatamodelconsist
sofcomponent
sfordescr
ibi
ngt
hedat
a,r
elat
ionshi
ps
amongthem andtheconst
rai
ntst
hathol
ddata.

 Therear
edif
fer
entdatamodel
ssuchashi
erar
chi
cal
dat
amodel
,net
wor
k
datamodel
andr el
ati
onal
dat
amodel.

1.Hi
erar
chi
cal
Dat
aModel

 Inthismodelthedataisor
gani
zedintoat
reel
ikest
ruct
ure.Thedat
ais
storedinthefor
m ofrecor
ds.Arecor
disacol
l
ecti
onoffiel
dsandit
s
datav al
ues.

 All
theser
ecordsar
eli
nkedt
oeachot
heratv
ari
ousl
evel
s,t
her
eby
for
mingahier
archy
.
 2.Net
wor
kDat
aModel

 I
nthi
smodel
,mul
ti
pler
ecor
dsar
eli
nkedt
osamemast
erf
il
e.

 I
tisalsoconsi
deredasani
nver
tedtr
eewheremasterispr
esenti
nthe
bot
tom ofthetr
eeandthebr
anchescont
aini
nfor
mationli
nkedtot
he
master.

3.Rel
ati
onal
Dat
aModel

 Thi
sdat
amodelisbasedonthepri
nci
pleofsett
ingr
elat
ionshi
ps
bet
weentwoormoretabl
esofthesamedatabase

 TheRel
ati
onal
Dat
abaseModel
waspr
oposedi
n1970byE.F.Codd.

 Rel
ati
onal
dat
abasemodel
ist
hemostcommont
ypeofdat
abase
model.

 Thedat
aelement
sar
est
oredi
ndi
ff
erentt
abl
esmadeupofr
owsand
col
umns.

Rel
ati
onal
Dat
abaseTer
minol
ogy

1.Table–Atabl
eisacoll
ecti
onoflogi
cal
l
yrel
atedr
ecor
ds.I
tisor
gani
sedasa
setofcol
umns,andcanhaveanynumberofr
ows.

2.Fiel
dorCol umnsorattri
butes–Fiel
dsareindiv
idualr
ecordcharacteri
sti
cs
andar epresentedascolumnswithi
natable.Dataval
uesarestoredina
databaseasf iel
ds.Afi
eldholdst
hedat
av aluesofonetypeofdat afor
severalpersons.
3.DataValues–Dataval
uesar
ether
awdat
arepr
esent
edi
nnumer
ic,
char
act
er
oralphanumer
icf
orm.

4.RecordorRow orTuple–Thedat aval

uesf
oral
lthefi
eldsr
elat
edtoaperson
orobjecti
scal
ledarecord.Arecordhol
dst
hedataval
uesofallthef
iel
dsfor
asingleper
sonorobjecti
natable.

5.Pr
imar
yKey–

 Apri
marykeyorsi
mpl
yakeyi
saf
iel
dthatuni
quel
yident
if
iesar
owi
n
at
able.

 Thekeyi
dent
if
iercanbet
hev
alueofasi
ngl
ecol
umnorofmul
ti
ple
col
umns.

 Thecolumnorcombinat
ionsofcol
umnst
hatf
ormt
hepr
imar
ykey
haveuniquev
alues.

 Atanyti
me,notwor owsi
nthet
abl
ecannei
therhav
esamev al
uesf
or
thepr
imarykeynorcandat
aval
uef
orsuchf
ieldbel
eftbl
ank.

6.Composi
tePr
imar
ykey–

 If
,inat
abl
eweusemor et
hanonef
iel
dst
oident
if
yar
ecor
d,i
tis
knownasacomposi
tekey
.

7.Candi
dat
ekey
-

 Allt
hef i
eldv
aluest
hatareel
igi
blet
obet
hepr
imar
ykeyar
ethe
candidat
ekeysfort
hattabl
e.

 Suchf
iel
dscannei
therbel
eftbl
anknorcanhav
edupl
i
cat
eval
ues.
8.Al
ter
nat
ekey
-

 Outoft
hecandi
dat
ekeys,
oneort
woar
emadeaspr
imar
ykey
s.The
ot
hersar
etheal
ter
nat
ekeys.

 Hence,
ifRoll
Numberi
smadeast
hepr
imar
ykey
,Admi
ssi
onNumber
i
stheAlter
natekey
.
 9.For
eignkey
-

Obj
ect
sofanRDBMS

Anobjecti
nadatabasei
sastr
uctur
eorafeat
uret
hati
susedtostore,
repr
esent
orr
etr
ievedat
a.Vari
ousobj
ect
sinadat
abaseareasdi
scussedbel
ow:

1.Tabl
e–

 At
abl
eist
hebasi
cuni
tofanyDBMS.

 Thedat
aisf
ir
stst
oredi
ntabl
esi
nrowandcol
umnf
ormat
.

 Acol
umnr
epr
esent
saf
iel
doranat
tr
ibut
ewhi
l
ear
owr
epr
esent
sa
r
ecor
d.

2.For
ms–

 Aformisaf
eatur
eofadatabaseusi
ngwhichwecanent
erdat
aina
t
ablei
naneasyanduserf
riendl
ymanner
.

 Aform consi
stsoftextboxes,
label
s,radi
obut
tons,l
i
stboxes,
check
boxesetc.t
hatgiv
eauserf ri
endlyi
nterf
acef
orenter
ingdat
a.
  Thedat
aent
eredt
hrought
hef
ormsi
sst
oredi
ntabl
es

3.Quer
ies–

 Aquer
yisusedt
oret
ri
evet
hedesi
redi
nfor
mat
ionf
rom t
hedat
abase.

 I
nsi
mpl
eter
ms,
iti
saquest
ionaskedf
rom t
hedat
abase.

 Forexampl
e,i
fwewantt
ovi
ewthenamesofonl
ythosest
udent
swho
hav
escoredmoret
han50mar
ks,t
henwepostaquery
.

 Thedat
asetmatchi
ngthegi
vencr
it
eri
oni
sret
ri
evedf
rom t
het
abl
e
anddi
spl
ayedonthescr
een.

4.Repor
ts–

 Theout
putofaquer
ymaybedi
spl
ayedi
nthef
orm ofr
epor
ts.

 Theusual
resul
toft
hequer
yisi
nthef
orm ofr
owsandcol
umns.

 Buti
fwewantthereportt
obef
ormal
andi
npr
operl
ayout
,thenwecan
uset
heRepor
tsfeatur
eofRDBMS.