4.0.

Introduction
4.1. Background of the Study

Agriculture constitutes part of the world food production system as well as an

aspect of various nations’ economies. Post-harvest processes as an important
aspect with regard to agricultural production have significant implications on
ensuring food quality, lowering post-harvest losses and increasing revenues from
farmers. Drying and storage of crops, especially grain such as rice, are among
important issues in agricultural production that follow harvest process
[1]. Sustainable and green drying practices are vital in preventing post-harvest
losses, improving crop quality, and reducing the energy and environmental impact
of agricultural operations.

Agricultural products need to be protected against spoilage hence, the drying

process is absolutely crucial. After crops are harvested, most of them contain a
high amount of moisture. This allows microbes to infest them easily [2]. This
moisture is reduced through drying creating an environment in which pests,
bacteria and mold cannot be accommodated easily [2]. Maintaining this level of
quality assures that these consumers get healthy, pleasant, and even nutritious
food with a longer storage duration for agricultural products [3]. It is important to
preserve agricultural produce including grains like rice so as to maintain sufficient
food supply and nutrition requirements for the increasing world population
[4]. Dried and well-preserved grains attract fewer pests and do not get spoiled and
hence can be stored and transported easily. It gives opportunity to the farmers by
promoting increased production as well as enabling access to bigger markets
while the consumers enjoy large varieties of foods thereby promoting economic
growth and trade in the agricultural sector.

The drying of agriculture products is not only a matter of food security and
economical aspect [5,6]. Agriculture could reduce its environmental impact by
adopting sustainable drying techniques such as solar drying. Minimization of non-
renewable energy usage during the drying period will lower the amount of
greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere thus promoting sustainable
operations through environmental conservation [2.3]. It also supports the efforts
made globally to fight against climate change, and promotes cultivation based on
an environmentally friendly approach.

Also, efficient drying methods significantly impact the economic well-being of

farmers and the sustainability of agriculture [7]. Inadequate drying can lead to
reduced crop quality and market value, directly affecting the income of farming
communities. By implementing efficient drying techniques, farmers can not only
command better prices for their produce but also reduce energy costs and
resource wastage [7,8]. These methods contribute to improved livelihoods and a
more sustainable use of resources, fostering resilience within agricultural
systems. The environmental dimension of efficient drying methods cannot be
overstated [9]. Conventional drying processes that rely on non-renewable energy
sources, such as fossil fuels, contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and
environmental degradation [5,7]. In contrast, eco-friendly drying methods, like
solar drying, harness renewable energy sources and have a significantly lower
carbon footprint. The adoption of such methods helps mitigate the environmental
impact of agriculture, contributing to global efforts to combat climate change and
promote sustainable practices [7,9].

4.1.1. Problem Statement

In the agricultural sector, a significant challenge lies in the post-harvest
preservation of crops, where efficiency and crop quality preservation are
paramount for addressing food waste and feeding a growing global
population [8]. Multi-purpose solar dryers, which utilize renewable energy
for crop drying, offer promise in this regard. However, existing solar drying
systems often suffer from inefficiencies in heat transfer mechanisms,
resulting in extended drying times and potential degradation of dried
products [7-9]. Moreover, ensuring that these systems are cost-efficient,
environmentally friendly, sustainable, and user-friendly for individuals
without extensive technical expertise is equally crucial. Consequently, there
exists a critical need to investigate and enhance heat transfer mechanisms
 within multipurpose solar dryers, not only for improved efficiency and crop
quality but also for cost effectiveness, environmental sustainability, and
ease of use, thereby contributing to sustainable agricultural practices,
reducing food waste, and promoting global food security.

The inefficiencies and environmental impact associated with traditional

drying methods have long been recognized. The reliance on non-
renewable energy sources, coupled with inconsistent drying rates and
vulnerability to weather conditions, necessitates an approach to design a
multi-purpose solar-powered grain dryer. The integration of solar energy
technology aligns with the agricultural needs and engineering concept of
harnessing renewable resources to optimize efficiency and mitigate
environmental consequences.
This study is propelled by the engineering imperative to enhance the
performance of post-harvest preservation systems. By delving into the
design and evaluation of a multi-purpose solar-powered grain dryer, the
research aims to design a solution that transcends the limitations of
conventional methods. The versatile nature of the proposed dryer caters to
the diverse needs of agricultural crops, embodying an engineering
approach that prioritizes adaptability and efficiency.

4.2. Objectives of the Study

The general purpose of the study titled "Design and Performance Evaluation of a
Multi-purpose Solar-Powered Agricultural Rice Grain Dryer for Efficient Drying and
Post-Harvest Preservation" is to advance sustainable agricultural practices and food
security. This research aims to design and assess the effectiveness of a solar-
powered rice grain dryer, with a focus on enhancing the efficiency of post-harvest
drying processes and the preservation of crop quality. By doing so, it seeks to
address the following objectives:
4.2.1. To develop a multi-purpose solar-powered agricultural grain dryer for
efficient drying and post-harvest preservation.
 4.2.2. To Design and fabricate the specific system design that will power the
multipurpose solar powered agricultural grain dryer.
4.2.3. To test and evaluate the efficiency and effectiveness of the solar-powered
dryer in terms of drying time, energy consumption, and preservation of rice
quality compared to conventional drying methods.

4.3. Significance of the Study

This research holds predominant significance due to its distinct focus on
designing and fabricating an innovative, multi-purpose solar-powered grain dryer.
Unlike traditional methods and some existing system that often concentrate on
single-crop applications or employ conventional energy sources, this research
stands out by incorporating a versatile design tailored for various agricultural
products. The multi-purpose functionality addresses a critical gap in existing
research, ensuring that the proposed solution is adaptable to the diverse crops
cultivated by farmers, thereby enhancing its practical utility and impact.
Furthermore, the study's emphasis on solar-powered technology is of
utmost importance in the context of sustainable agricultural practices. In a world
grappling with the consequences of climate change, the integration of solar
energy aligns with global efforts to reduce carbon emissions and transition
toward renewable energy sources. The significance lies not only in the
development of an efficient drying system but also in contributing to the broader
goal of mitigating environmental impact in agriculture.
The engineering novelty of this study lies in its holistic approach to post-
harvest preservation. By combining the efficiency of solar energy utilization,
multi-crop adaptability, and a focus on energy storage solutions, the research
endeavors to engineer a comprehensive solution that distinguishes itself from
conventional drying methods. The design's versatility and eco-friendly attributes
mark a departure from singularly focused or non-renewable energy-dependent
approaches, highlighting the uniqueness of this study in the field of agricultural
engineering.
4.4. Scope and Limitations of the Study
4.4.1. Scope
The study encompasses a comprehensive examination of the engineering
aspects related to the design, development, and evaluation of a solar-
powered multi-purpose grain dryer. The study delves into the intricate
details of the dryer's design parameters, incorporating considerations for
efficient energy utilization, multi-crop adaptability, and the potential
integration of energy storage solutions. The scope extends to a thorough
performance evaluation under varying environmental conditions to assess
the dryer's effectiveness in reducing post-harvest losses and promoting
sustainable agricultural practices. The multi-purpose nature of the dryer
allows for its application to a diverse range of agricultural crops, providing
versatility in post-harvest preservation.
4.4.2. Limitation/s
 The geographical scope is confined to the specific region or
location where the research is conducted. Environmental
conditions, solar exposure, and crop varieties may differ in other
regions, affecting the generalizability of the findings. Additionally,
the study assumes consistent sunlight availability, which may not
hold true in all geographic locations.
 The study focuses on the engineering aspects of the solar-powered
dryer itself, and while economic considerations are touched upon, a
comprehensive economic analysis, including broader market
dynamics, investment incentives, and financial feasibility, is beyond
the immediate scope. Long-term durability and maintenance
considerations of the designed dryer are also not extensively
explored within the timeframe of this study.
4.5. Conceptual Framework

Figure 4.5.1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

The figure above presents a systematic progression from initial inputs to

desired outcomes. The input phase is characterized by the infusion of
engineering expertise, incorporating principles from mechanical engineering,
energy systems, and sustainable design. Simultaneously, the integration of solar
technology, encompassing photovoltaic cells and energy storage solutions, is a
pivotal input aimed at harnessing renewable energy for the drying process.
Additionally, insights from agricultural experts and farmers provide essential
input, ensuring that the design aligns with the practical needs of end-users.
The subsequent process phase involves the execution of well-defined steps.
Prototype development is a critical engineering process wherein the multi-
purpose solar-powered grain dryer is conceptualized, designed, and constructed.
This stage adheres to established engineering principles and sustainable design
 concepts. Field trials constitute an integral part of the process, simulating real-
world conditions to evaluate the solar dryer's performance across diverse
environmental factors and crop types. Systematic data collection, utilizing
sensors and performance metrics, forms another key process element,
generating both quantitative and qualitative data sets.
The output phase yields tangible results. The primary output is the fully
developed multi-purpose solar-powered grain dryer, equipped with optimized
components for enhanced efficiency and adaptability to varying agricultural
contexts. Accompanying this, data sets encompassing quantitative metrics like
drying efficiency rates and energy consumption, as well as qualitative insights
from user feedback, constitute essential outputs.
The ultimate outcome phase is marked by overarching impacts. Technical
effectiveness is a core outcome, emphasizing the successful reduction of post-
harvest losses and preservation of crop quality through the application of the
solar-powered dryer. The sustainability impact is another crucial outcome,
gauging how the use of solar energy aligns with environmentally conscious
agricultural practices. User acceptance serves as a pivotal outcome, indicative of
the potential for widespread adoption within agricultural communities,
emphasizing the study's practical and societal relevance. In essence, the IPOO
framework guides the study through a comprehensive journey, ensuring a well-
structured and impactful exploration of the multi-purpose solar-powered grain
dryer's design and performance evaluation.
4.5.1. Theoretical framework
Engineering Systems Theory:
This theory provides a foundational understanding of complex
systems and their components, emphasizing the integration of subsystems
for optimal functionality. In the context of the solar-powered grain dryer,
Engineering Systems Theory guides the holistic approach to design,
considering the intricate interplay between the solar collector, energy storage
system, drying chamber, and control mechanisms. It informs how these
components synergize to create an efficient and adaptable drying system.
[12]
The solar-powered grain dryer is viewed as an engineering system,
with each component designed and optimized to contribute to the overall
effectiveness of post-harvest preservation. The theory aids in identifying the
critical relationships between system elements and informs decision-making
regarding system integration for enhanced efficiency.
Sustainable Engineering Principles:
Grounded in principles of sustainable engineering, this theoretical
framework underscores the need to develop solutions that balance
economic, environmental, and social considerations. The design of the solar-
powered grain dryer is guided by principles of sustainability, ensuring that it
minimizes environmental impact, optimizes resource utilization, and
contributes to long-term agricultural resilience. [13]
Sustainable Engineering Principles are embedded in the selection of
materials, energy sources, and the overall life cycle analysis of the designed
dryer. The theory informs decisions to enhance the system's eco-
friendliness, reduce carbon footprint, and contribute to the broader goal of
sustainable agriculture.
Innovation Diffusion Theory:
This theory focuses on the process through which innovations are
communicated and adopted within a social system. In the context of the
solar-powered grain dryer, Innovation Diffusion Theory guides the
understanding of how this engineering solution could be accepted and
integrated into existing agricultural practices. It considers factors influencing
the adoption decision, such as perceived benefits, compatibility with existing
practices, and ease of use. [15]
The study incorporates elements of Innovation Diffusion Theory to
anticipate potential barriers to the adoption of the solar-powered grain dryer
and proposes strategies for effective dissemination. Understanding the social
 dynamics surrounding technology adoption contributes to the practical
implementation of the engineered solution.

4.6. Definition of Terms

 Solar Dryer-A solar dryer is a device that utilizes solar energy to dehydrate
and preserve agricultural products by converting solar radiation into heat for
the drying process, thereby reducing moisture content and preventing
spoilage.
 Multi-Purpose Dryer-A multi-purpose dryer is designed to accommodate a
variety of crops and agricultural products, offering versatility in post-harvest
preservation. It can be adapted to different drying needs.
 Post-Harvest Preservation- Post-harvest preservation refers to the set of
techniques and methods employed to extend the shelf life and maintain the
quality of agricultural produce after harvesting, reducing post-harvest losses.
 Solar Energy- Solar energy is the radiant energy emitted by the sun, which
can be harnessed using solar technologies, including photovoltaic cells and
solar thermal systems, to provide heat and electricity for various applications,
including drying.
 Crop Preservation - Crop preservation involves methods and technologies
aimed at maintaining the quality and preventing spoilage of harvested
agricultural products, ensuring their long-term availability and economic
value.
 Photovoltaic Cells - Photovoltaic cells, often referred to as solar cells, are
semiconductor devices that convert sunlight into electricity, used in solar
panels to generate electrical power from solar energy.
 Environmental Sustainability - Environmental sustainability pertains to
practices and technologies that have a minimal negative impact on the
environment, promote resource conservation, and reduce carbon emissions,
contributing to long-term ecological balance.
  Cost-Effectiveness - Cost-effectiveness is a measure of the economic
efficiency of a technology or system, evaluating the balance between costs
and benefits, and assessing whether the technology provides value for the
resources invested.
 Energy Storage - Energy storage involves methods and technologies for
storing excess energy generated by solar systems for later use, ensuring a
consistent energy supply, especially during periods of low solar radiation.
 Versatility: Versatility in the context of solar dryers refers to the ability of the
drying system to accommodate different crops and adapt to varying
environmental conditions.

4.7. Acronyms
AG – Agricultural Grains
Agri-Solar – Agricultural solar drying system
DH – Damp Heat
EPIA – Efficient Post-Harvest in Agriculture
MPD – Multi-Purpose Dryer
PID – Potential Induced Degradation
TC – Thermal Cycling
5.0. Review of Literature and Related Studies
5.1. Agricultural Crops

Global food production rests on agricultural crops, for the support of human life
[13]. This category includes crops such as cereals (wheat, maize, rice), oilseeds,
legumes, fruit trees, vegetables, etc. Agricultural crops are important because
they help people and the environment in many different ways. Tiwari [13]
mentioned that the world population depends on them as a primary source of
nutrition. For many billion people throughout the world, these cereals constitute
essential staple foods and make up a major proportion of total dietary
calories. After processing these crops into multiple foods that provide energy,
carbohydrates, and essential nutrients for humans’ growth and
development. Fruits and vegetables are essential elements in providing more than
just a minimum sustenance – these provide vitamins and minerals critical to good
health and help prevent dietary disease.

It is also contributing significantly to world economies. Crop cultivation remains

very important in many farming communities which provide people with a
livelihood, and it is an important source of income for many countries
[13,14]. Other sectors like food processing and distribution which heavily depend
on these crops also contribute in terms of job creation and stimulating the
economy. The agricultural sector in this regard acts as a pillar of sustainable
growth, creating job opportunities while significantly contributing to reducing
unemployment and poverty levels.

However, their status is subject to various challenges. Modern agricultural

practices have led to a focus on a limited number of high-yielding crop varieties,
which can make agriculture more susceptible to disease and pest outbreaks.
Climate change poses a significant threat, with shifts in temperature and
precipitation patterns impacting crop yields and forcing farmers to adapt.

On the other hand, the preservation of agricultural crops is of paramount

importance. According to Tiwari [13] It directly impacts food security by reducing
post-harvest losses. Inadequate preservation methods can lead to substantial
 crop spoilage, affecting both food availability and prices. Efficient preservation
techniques, such as drying, can extend the shelf life of crops and make them
accessible to more people. Amit et.al. [17] also emphasize that preservation is
essential for sustaining the genetic diversity of crop varieties. In the face of
changing environmental conditions and evolving consumer demands, preserving
a wide range of crop species and their wild relatives is crucial for crop breeding
efforts. These efforts can lead to the development of more resilient, productive,
and nutritious crop varieties.

5.2. Energy and Cost Efficiency and Sustainability

These days sustainability is linked to energy and cost efficiency. The

integrated approach tackles this pressing issue of efficient resource use,
minimizing wastage and environmental degradation arising from human actions
[18].

The important discussions revolve and start with energy efficiency. The
practice entails using energy wisely for optimal results. Energy-efficient
technologies and practices also reduce the amount of energy consumption but
maintain the same level or better performance in manufacturing, transportation or
in buildings for instance [21]. Energy conservation also decreases the pressure on
energy sources while minimizing the emission of carbon in the atmosphere, thus
supporting the fight against global warming [22]. A cost-efficient process is an
energy efficient one. This is all about doing more with less, prudent use of funds,
and efficient resource utilization for financial stability. Businesses and individuals
often save a lot of money over time after investing in energy-efficient technologies
and practices which help them to increase their financial resilience [22]. Energy
savings translate to cheaper utility costs, lower maintenance expenses, and
longer-lived equipment which contributes to the economic viability of operations.

Sustainability as an aspect of energy and cost efficiency entails the

sustainability of our actions and decisions. This aims at balancing economic
growth, environmental stewardship, and social responsibility [23]. Sustainability
practices take into consideration that these resources are limited and that we
 must sustainably use them while also meeting today’s and future generation’s
needs. Economically viable sustainable energy and cost-efficient solutions not
only afford organizations and individuals money but also ensure preservation of
the natural resources and minimization of environmental adverse impacts [20,23].

The move towards sustainability has made improvements in technology

ranging from energy efficient appliances and automobiles to green architecture
and renewable energy sources. The innovations foster the adoption of the circular
economy model, which aims to minimize waste and re-use resources, thus
prolonging the service life of products [23].

5.3. Solar Radiation and Solar Energy

Figure 1. Solar
Radiation (https://earthhow.com/solar-radiation-electromagnetic/)

Reaching the Earth's surface, solar radiation, also known as sunlight,

emanates as electromagnetic energy from the sun (see figure above). A vital
aspect of our planet's energy equilibrium, it contributes significantly to numerous
natural occurrences and human endeavors.
 As stated by Vignola and Michalsky [27] solar radiation, commonly referred to
as sunlight, represents a crucial element in Earth's energy dynamics. It embodies
a pivotal role in shaping both natural phenomena and human activities. This
radiative energy originating from the sun profoundly influences the planet's
ecological systems and climate patterns. Photosynthesis, for instance, hinges on
the capability of plants to capture solar radiation, transforming it into chemical
energy. This process underpins the foundation of terrestrial ecosystems,
perpetuating life on Earth.

Solar radiation provides life on earth which is why it is so important. Nearly all
ecosystems utilize it as their main source of energy. By utilizing the mechanism of
photosynthesis to store solar energy in its chemical form, plant life is the primary
source of all other kinds of life on earth. The radiation caused by the sun also
contributes in determining what is earth’s climate and weather system and thus
temperatures, winding movement or the way in which the world revolves around
and all such water cycling processes. Solar radiation is an important aspect of
modeling and planning climate changes because it is a component of the planet’s
energy scheme. Sustainability of solar energy depends on the support of solar
radiation. This radiation is essential both naturally and from a human perspective
since it powers the production of electricity and heating. Households and
businesses extensively use solar power for hot water provision, electric power
generation, and heating. To foster a healthier world and address climate change,
broad adoption of solar panel technologies is imperative.

Solar radiation, noted by Takebayashi et.al. [28], is a critical driver of Earth's

climate that shapes the hydrological cycle, atmospheric circulation patterns, and
temperature gradients. Mastering the complex mechanisms of solar radiation is
essential to managing and comprehending climate change outcomes. Climate
change studies, including those by Voyan et. al. and Rathod [35] highlight the core
function of solar radiation in controlling the planet's energy budget, which is vital in
analyzing global warming and the disturbances of climate.

5.4. Solar Drying and Solar Dryer

 Dehydrating food reduces its moisture content and increases its shelf life by
halting bacterial development [4]. Foodstuffs including fruits, vegetables, fragrant
herbs, wood, and other agricultural products are still dried at home and in small
commercial quantities, which has a substantial economic impact on rural
communities and farms. Hii et al. [29] found that although sun drying, which
involves placing crops in the sun, is economical, the finished product is of worse
quality because of contamination by dust, insects, birds, dogs, and rain.
Additionally, exposure to UV radiation directly results in a loss of vitamins and
minerals as well as unattractive color changes, and it takes a long time to dry.
Specialized machinery known as solar dryers controls the drying process and
shields agricultural products from harm from pest insects, dust, and rain. Solar
dryers provide greater drying temperatures, lower relative humidity, lower product
moisture content, and less spoilage than sun drying, according to research by
Hage et al. [32] comparing the two methods of drying. Rajeshwari and
Ramalingam [33] found that using sun dryers leads to higher-quality dried goods
and a 20% reduction in drying time when compared to open air drying. The solar
dryers come in different forms such as the tunnel dryers, hybrid dryers, horizontal
and vertical dryers, multi pass dryers, and active and passive dryers. Hii et al. [29]
classified the sun driers into two as active solar dryers that use forced cross
ventilation and passive solar dryers that employ natural convection. On the basis
of design/operating principle, method of drying, and product to be dried, solar
dryers can be categorized into three different sub-classes either for active or
passive solar drying systems; they include integral (direct) mode, distributed
(indirect) mode, Sunlight can affect many relevant product components and it
should be kept in mind Chlorophyll, for example, decomposes quickly. For
example, in large volume cases where space is limited, indirect mode driers will
come in handy. For instance, in the indirect approach, the food’s nutritional value
and color are maintained.

5.5. Solar Dryer for Agricultural crops and Grains

 According to a study by Kumar and Sansaniwal [12], solar dryers are getting a
lot of credit for being an important farming tool. It makes it easier to preserve
crops and grain after harvest. Solar dryers also make it easier to maintain the
quality of crops. That’s not even the most intriguing part of this field. In another
analysis by Asnaz and Dolcek [37], they realize that there is a lot of potential in
solar drying efficiency. Although they are inherently sustainable, they require
optimization in order to meet the demand of various crops. They believe that there
is a lot more room for improvement and offer a promising research direction with
the use of comparative studies on the performance of different solar drying
systems with different environmental conditions. This has potential to yield the
most efficient cost-effective design for specific crops and regions, making it much
easier for everyone to use solar dryers more often

Additionally, energy storage solutions, a vital component of the solar drying

equation, are a subject of growing significance. As highlighted from Nukulwar [40]
and Lingayat [7], the intermittent nature of solar energy poses a substantial
challenge for maintaining consistent drying processes. Developing and fine-tuning
energy storage systems compatible with solar drying setups, such as advanced
battery technologies or innovative thermal storage materials, has the potential to
significantly enhance the reliability and adaptability of solar dryers, particularly in
regions with variable solar exposure. Materials and coatings, as emphasized by
Ekechukwu [41], present an area of exploration and innovation. Enhancing the
heat-absorbing and heat-retaining qualities of solar drying components, like
collectors and chambers, is key to optimizing drying rates and overall efficiency.
Research opportunities are rife in the development of new materials and surface
coatings tailored to solar dryers, with a focus on their practical applicability and
performance across diverse environmental conditions.

Furthermore, the integration of digital monitoring and control systems, a point

elaborated upon by Singh [42] and Singh and Shrivastava [28], holds substantial
promise. These systems provide real-time data collection and remote oversight of
drying processes, offering greater control and automation. However, there is an
 ongoing need for research to enhance the accessibility, affordability, and user-
friendliness of these systems, particularly in remote and underserved agricultural
regions.

6.0. Methods and Procedure

6.1. Research Design
The study would adhere to an experimental approach of study.
Experimental design is a systematic and structured approach employed in
scientific research to investigate the impact of specific variables on an
outcome of interest. It involves deliberately manipulating independent
variables under controlled conditions to observe and measure the
resulting changes in dependent variables. This method allows researchers
to establish causal relationships, identify patterns, and draw meaningful
conclusions about the phenomena under study. The hallmark of
experimental design is its emphasis on control and precision, minimizing
bias and confounding factors. By utilizing this approach, researchers can
rigorously test hypotheses, optimize system components, and quantify the
effects of various factors on the observed outcomes. In essence,
experimental design serves as a powerful tool for conducting controlled
experiments that yield reliable and replicable results, contributing to the
advancement of knowledge and the refinement of innovative solutions in
diverse fields of study.
The choice of an experimental design for this study is driven by the
need for a rigorous and controlled approach to assess the impact of the
designed solar-powered grain dryer on key variables. Experimental
designs are particularly suited for this study because they enable
researchers to manipulate variables systematically, allowing for a more
precise examination of cause-and-effect relationships. In this context, the
experimental design involves the deliberate manipulation of independent
 variables, such as solar radiation levels, crop types, and environmental
conditions, to observe their influence on dependent variables, including
drying efficiency, the preservation quality of dried crops, and energy
consumption.
By employing an experimental design, the study aims to isolate and
understand the specific effects of the solar-powered grain dryer on post-
harvest processes, minimizing the influence of extraneous factors. The
design also incorporates field trials, replicating real-world agricultural
conditions to enhance the external validity of the findings. The use of
experimental design allows for the establishment of control variables to
ensure consistency in the design and operation of the solar dryer across
various trials.
Furthermore, an experimental design facilitates quantitative data
collection, instrumental in generating statistically significant results.
Measurements of solar radiation, temperature, humidity, drying efficiency,
and energy consumption contribute to a robust dataset, enabling thorough
analysis and interpretation. The experimental design's systematic nature
enhances the study's internal validity, ensuring that observed changes in
the dependent variables can be confidently attributed to the manipulation
of independent variables.

6.1.1. Research Instruments

AutoCAD- AutoCAD serves as a crucial research instrument in the
study by facilitating the design, prototyping, and documentation
phases of this study. It enables researcher to create detailed 2D and
3D models, optimize spatial considerations, and integrate system
components seamlessly in this study. AutoCAD's precision is
instrumental in generating technical drawings, specifying materials,
and supporting performance simulations and stress analyses.
Data Loggers- Using data loggers to record key parameters such as
temperature within the drying chamber, energy consumption, and
 system performance. This quantitative data contributes to the
evaluation of the dryer's efficiency in terms of drying time and overall
performance
Surveys- Utilizing structured interview guides and focus group
discussion outlines to collect qualitative insights from farmers and
end-users regarding their experiences, preferences, and challenges
with the solar-powered grain dryer. Further, administering surveys to
collect quantitative data on user satisfaction, perceived benefits, and
potential areas for improvement. Survey responses contribute to a
quantitative understanding of user acceptance.

6.2. Research Environment

The study be conducted in an agricultural area with wide variety of
crops to identify the overall effectiveness of the system performance in
terms of water irrigation and sustainability and efficiency in terms of
minimizing water loss. The existing labor-intensive nature of traditional
farming practices and irrigation methods poses challenges, especially in
regions where labor shortages are prevalent. The adoption of labor-saving
technologies and automation is crucial to alleviate these constraints and
ensure the efficient operation of farming applications.
The central problem that will be the focus of this study is the inefficient
use of water resources in traditional irrigation practices in agriculture. This
issue, as mentioned above, is characterized by significant water wastage,
which strains water supplies, exacerbates water scarcity concerns, and
leads to environmental and economic challenges.
6.2.1. Research Subjects
This study focuses on the conceptualization, engineering, and
assessment of a solar-powered grain dryer specifically designed for rice,
with an emphasis on versatility to accommodate various agricultural crops.
The research delves into the intricacies of designing a sustainable and
 adaptable drying system that harnesses solar energy to optimize post-
harvest preservation, reduce losses, and enhance the overall efficiency of
agricultural practices. Through field trials, data collection, and user
feedback, the study aims to evaluate the technical effectiveness,
sustainability impact, and user acceptance of the designed solar-powered
grain dryer within diverse agricultural contexts.

6.3. Procedures

Figure 6.1. Procedure of the Study

Some of the procedures have been discussed in the earlier part of this paper. This
part shows the summary of the procedure of how the study would take place. From
designing of the multipurpose solar dryer to fabrication. Afterwards, analysis of is
efficiency, sustainability, and its economic impact to the farmers especially to their
agricultural crops and grains.

6.3.1. Operational Framework

 Figure 6.2. Operational Framework of the Study
The study starts from configuring what is the current problem in the
agricultural area. The researcher, through review of literature and studies,
found out that most of the solar dryer focuses on a single crop or single
variety of crops hence, the generality and the sustainability of the system
are not fully maximized. Therefore, the researcher designed a specific
multi-purpose solar dryer for efficient use. Three aspects will be analyzed
namely economic, efficiency, and sustainability of the designed system.
These three would be factual evidence to support the use of the
researcher’s design system.
6.4. Design Concept
The design concept underlying this study is centered on the integration of
cutting-edge engineering principles, sustainable technology, and adaptability to
address critical challenges in post-harvest agriculture. The fundamental idea
revolves around crafting a solar-powered grain dryer that serves as a versatile,
energy-efficient, and environmentally sustainable solution for farmers. At its
core, the design concept envisions a multi-purpose dryer capable of
accommodating various crops beyond rice, embodying flexibility, and relevance
to diverse agricultural landscapes. The incorporation of solar energy as the
primary power source aligns with principles of sustainability, aiming to reduce
reliance on non-renewable resources while promoting eco-friendly agricultural
practices. The design concept emphasizes efficiency, not only in the drying
process but also in energy usage, with the potential integration of advanced
energy storage solutions to ensure consistent operation. Furthermore, the
concept acknowledges the socio-economic aspects of technology adoption by
considering the needs and experiences of end-users, ensuring that the
designed solution is not only technically advanced but also user-friendly and
culturally appropriate. Overall, the design concept encapsulates a holistic
approach that seamlessly blends engineering innovation, sustainability, and
adaptability to create a transformative solution for post-harvest preservation in
agriculture.
 Figure 6.1. Conceptual design of the Multipurpose Solar Dryer

The conceptual design was generated with the use of Autodesk (AutoCAD) program. The
figure above was a 3-D rendered design of a multipurpose solar dryer. Its outside feature was
labeled (A-F). The design and the outside features were based on how the light (convection and
prism concept) traveled. Also, the development of these designs considers sustainability and long
term use especially for the agricultural sectors. The overall height of the prototype is 100 cm
(1meter) while the length is 180 cm (1.8 meters).
Figure 6.2. Aperture configuration of both wedges’ (A- left and B - right)

Figure 6.3. Inside configuration of wedges ( C = steel sheet)

 Figure 8 shows the cross section inside of the box. Removing the wedges (triangle shape,
see figure 9 for reference) there is an aperture, in square shaped, where the heat that pass through
the Fresnel lens came from. On the other hand, figure 9 shows a steel sheet where the light will
hit. The steel sheet would be the target board of the light and the radiance came from the Lenses
would be disseminated all over the box. According to Tiwari [13] direct sunlight towards the
crops would cause over exposure resulting to wilting and degradation of the crops. Therefore,
this paper’s design is to incorporate those gaps in order for the crops, after dryer, fully intact and
not wilted.

Figure 6.4. Perforated steel sheet (D – rubber)

Figure 10 shows the perforated steel sheet where the crops (or grains) will be placed. The
perforation would serve as the exit site of the moisture and entry site of heat so that the de-
humidification of a certain product is balanced. On the protype, three layers will be placed,
which has 30 cm away from each other to avoid compaction. The rubber on the edges would
serve as insulator to avoid excess heat passing through the box causing overheating of the
system.