BIOL 2013 Name (Print) ________________________

Exam 2

1. Viruses
a. Have an ultimate purpose of killing the host organism.
b. Simply want to replicate.
c. Produce toxins inside of cells.
d. Produce toxins outside of cells.
e. All of the above.

2. Viruses are not considered living because

a. All viruses are just too small.
b. They carry out metabolism only within living cells.
c. They only produce ATP within living cells.
d. They have no ribosomes.
e. All of the above.

3. Capsomeres
a. Are the protein units that make up the capsid.
b. Are building blocks for the viral nucleic acid.
c. Are required to make the viral envelope.
d. Are only found in lysogenized cells.
e. None of the above.

4. Budding, when it refers to viruses, has to do with

a. Replication of non-enveloped viruses.
b. Replication of enveloped viruses.
c. Replication of prophages.
d. Replication of bacteriophages.
e. Replication of the host bacterial cell.

5. Clostridium botulinum produces a toxin because

a. It contains an oncogenic virus.
b. It contains a prophage.
c. It has been lysed by a phage.
d. It contains an enveloped human virus.
e. None of the above.

6. The best way to prevent a viral infection is

a. To take a really hot shower because the heat will inactivate the virus.
b. Drink copious amounts of alcohol because the alcohol will denature the
protein coat of the virus.
c. Get vaccinated if a vaccine is available.
d. Take antibiotics.
e. All of the above.
7. If you have a pet potato and you don’t want it to get sick, keep it away from
a. Prions.
b. Viroids.
c. Flu virus.
d. HIV.
e. All of the above.

8. If you see a deer staggering around in the woods, you might want to avoid it
because it may have
a. Snapple.
b. Uluru.
c. Chronic Wasting Disease.
d. Sponge Bob Encephalopathy.
e. AIDS.

9. Prions
a. Are normal brain proteins.
b. Are altered brain proteins.
c. Are living cells too small to be seen even with an electron microscope.
d. Are normally spread by contaminated cantaloupes.
e. Can be destroyed by heating to 37oC.

10. The breakdown of lactose into glucose and galactose

a. Is a spontaneous reaction.
b. Requires an enzyme to be a spontaneous reaction.
c. Requires ONLY a coenzyme to occur.
d. Requires ONLY an inorganic cofactor to occur.
e. None of the above.

11. ATP is the energy currency of living cells because

a. Of all of the energy sources in a cell, it has the most amount of energy.
b. It is an efficient molecule for energy storage.
c. It has more energy than fat.
d. The amount of energy that it takes to make ATP is reasonable for the cell.
e. All of the above.

12. Enzymes
a. Are always proteins.
b. Catalyze ONLY spontaneous reactions.
c. Catalyze reactions that might take a year to occur on their own.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
13. Enzyme activity
a. Slows down at temperatures below the optimal temperature and speeds up
at temperatures greater than optimal.
b. Slows down at temperatures greater than the optimal temperature and
speeds up at temperatures below optimal.
c. Speeds up at temperatures below and greater than optimal temperature.
d. Slows down at temperatures below and greater than optimal temperature.
e. Is unaffected by temperature.

14. Wild type E. coli does not require as a nutrient

a. A carbon source.
b. A nitrogen source.
c. Certain inorganic ions.
d. Essential metabolites.
e. Water.

15. With respect to temperature, organisms that grow optimally at human body
temperature of 37oC are referred to as
a. Psychrophiles.
b. Psychrotrophs.
c. Mesophiles.
d. Thermophiles.
e. Hyperthermophiles.

16. Which statement is correct?

a. All living organisms produce superoxide and superoxide dismutase.
b. Humans, dogs and cats produce superoxide and superoxide dismutase.
c. Humans, dogs and cats produce superoxide, but not superoxide dismutase.
d. Humans, dogs and cats do not produce superoxide, but they do produce
superoxide dismutase.
e. None of the above.

17. In which phase(s) of growth are bacterial cells growing most rapidly?
a. Lag phase only.
b. Log phase only.
c. Lag phase and log phase.
d. Stationary phase only.
e. Lag, log and stationary phases.
18. A microorganism that is found in an alkaline (pH 10.0) environment
a. Should grow well in a neutral pH medium.
b. Should be transferred slowly to the neutral pH medium if it is expected to
grow well.
c. Will probably die in the neutral pH medium.
d. Will remain in lag phase for a long time before going into log phase when
placed in a neutral pH medium.
e. Will enter log phase immediately in a neutral pH medium because this
type of medium is more favorable for growth.

19. Which of these methods might count dead cells found in an original bacterial
culture?
a. Direct Microscopic Count.
b. Direct Microscopic Count and Dilution and Plating.
c. Dilution and Plating and Turbidity Measurements.
d. Direct Microscopic Count, Dilution and Plating, and Turbidity
Measurements.
e. None of these count dead cells.

20. Proteins are not considered nutrients for a cell because

a. They are simply too big to get into the cell.
b. They must be unfolded first and that takes too long.
c. They don’t contain any energy, so the cell cannot use them.
d. They contain nitrogen which will poison the cell.
e. All of the above.

21. Nitrogen fixation

a. Occurs in some microorganisms.
b. Occurs in most plants.
c. Refers to the conversion of organic nitrogen into nitrogen gas.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.

22. Which statement is correct?

a. E.coli is a chemoheterotroph while most of the Archaea are
chemoautotrophs.
b. E.coli is a chemoautotroph while most of the Archaea are
chemoheterotrphs.
c. E.coli and most of the Archaea are chemoautotrophs.
d. E.coli and most of the Archaea are chemoheterotrophs.
e. E. coli and most of the Archaea do not need a carbon source.
23. The type of ATP generation where a phosphate is donated directly from an
organic molecule is
a. Substrate-level phosphorylation.
b. Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation.
c. Oxidative phosphorylation.
d. Oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
e. Photophosphorylation.

24. One purpose of fermentation is

a. To oxidize pyruvic acid.
b. To reduce pyruvic acid.
c. To oxidize lactic acid.
d. To reduce lactic acid.
e. To reduce NADH.

25. The oxidation of glucose ultimately to carbon dioxide is an example of

a. Anabolism.
b. Catabolism.
c. Chemiosmosis.
d. Proton motive force.
e. All of the above.

26. Oxidative phosphorylation is DIRECTLY associated with

a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
e. None of the above.

27. In biological oxidations, what is typically removed from a molecule?

a. Just electrons.
b. Just protons.
c. Just hydrogen ions.
d. Hydrogen atoms.
e. None of the above.

28. Streptococcus typically carries out fermentation only because

a. It is killed by molecular oxygen.
b. Its method of fermentation generates more energy than respiration
does in other organisms.
c. It is missing an enzyme in the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. It needs lactic acid as an energy source.
e. None of the above.
29. NAD+ is
a. A typical carbon source for chemoautotrophs.
b. An enzyme.
c. A coenzyme.
d. A final electron acceptor in respiration.
e. None of the above.

30. Most of the CO2 released by an organism performing respiration is released in

a. Glycolysis.
b. The Krebs Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. Each of the above releases the same amount of CO2.

31. A major difference between fermentation and respiration is

a. Fermentation uses an inorganic electron acceptor.
b. Fermentation uses an organic final electron acceptor.
c. Fermentation uses molecular oxygen as its final electron acceptor.
d. Respiration only occurs in anaerobes.
e. Respiration only occurs in aerobes.

32. We need molecular oxygen (O2)

a. To serve as a final electron acceptor and to be broken down for energy.
b. To serve as a final electron acceptor and for biosynthesis.
c. To be broken down for energy and for biosynthesis.
d. To serve as a final electron acceptor only.
e. To be broken down for energy only.

33. ATP Synthase is involved in

a. Glycolysis
b. The Kreb’s Cycle
c. Substrate-level phosphorylation
d. Oxidative phosphorylation
e. Fermentation

34. The Proton Motive Force

a. Is the force of electrons going through the Electron Transport Chain.
b. Uses ATP to pump protons out of the cell.
c. Transports certain amino acids into the cell.
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above.
35. The Core Pathways
a. Are used only in catabolism.
b. Are used only in anabolism.
c. Are glycolysis and the Kreb’s Cycle.
d. Are glycolysis, the Kreb’s Cycle and the Electron Transport Chain.
e. Are chemiosmosis and the Proton Motive Force.

36. The poison, cyanide, interferes DIRECTLY with

a. Glycolysis.
b. The Kreb’s Cycle.
c. The Electron Transport Chain.
d. Fermentation.
e. None of the above.

37. E.coli, in the presence of molecular oxygen and nitrate, predominantly carries out
a. Fermentation.
b. Aerobic respiration.
c. Anaerobic respiration.
d. Fermentation and aerobic respiration equally.
e. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration equally.

38. Which of the following contains the most energy?

a. NADH
b. NAD+
c. O2
d. H2O
e. All of the above contain the same amount of energy.

39. Fatty acids, which are break-down products from fats, enter metabolism
a. Through ATP Synthase.
b. At the Electron Transport Chain.
c. In fermentation reactions.
d. In one of the core pathways.
e. All of the above.

40. What is the fate of pyruvic acid in an organism that uses anaerobic respiration?
a. Most of its carbons are oxidized in the Kreb’s Cycle.
b. It is reduced to lactic acid.
c. It is catabolized in glycolysis.
d. It is oxidized in the electron transport chain.
e. It is ultimately reduced in the Kreb’s Cycle.
Answer Key:

1. b
2. d
3. a
4. b
5. b
6. c
7. b
8. c
9. b
10. a
11. d
12. d
13. d
14. d
15. c
16. b
17. b
18. c
19. a
20. a
21. a
22. a
23. a
24. b
25. b
26. c
27. d
28. c
29. c
30. b
31. b
32. d
33. d
34. c
35. c
36. c
37. b
38. a
39. d
40. a