Based on Long term availability

▪ Renewable: Solar, Wind, Tidal etc.

▪ Non-renewable: Coal, petroleum, natural gas etc.

Based on Traditional Use

▪ Conventional: Coal, Petroleum, Natural gas, electricity
(both thermal and hydel)
▪ Non-conventional: Solar, Wind, Tidal, Geothermal,
Atomic energy etc.

Based on Commercial Application

▪ Commercial: coal, petroleum, natural gas, hydro-electricity
and nuclear energy

▪ Non-commercial: Biofuels like firewood, cow dung,

charcoal and agricultural waste.
 SOLAR ENERGY
Solar power in India is a fast developing industry as
part of the renewable energy in India. About 5,000
trillion kWh per year energy is incident over India's
land area with most parts receiving 4-7 kWh per sq.
m per day. The country's solar installed capacity is
around 57 GW as of 1 June 2022.
It is an important source of renewable energy where
radiant light and heat from the Sun is harnessed
using technologies such as solar
heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar
architecture etc. 3
 TYPES OF SOLAR ENERGY
Depending upon the way of capture , utilization and
distribution , solar energy can be classified as follows:

1. ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING: Active systems have

devices to convert the sun's energy into a
more usable form, such as hot water or
electricity.
Eg: Photovoltaic systems, concentrated solar
power and solar thermal power (solar water
heating) to harness the energy
4
2. PASSIVE SOLAR HEATING
Passive systems are structures whose design,
placement, or materials optimize the use of
heat or light directly from the sun.
Eg: orientation of building to a sun , selecting materials
with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties and designing spaces that circulates
natural air.
Here windows, walls and floors are made to
collect, store and distribute solar energy in the
form of heat in winters and reject solar heat in
summers.
 Day lighting is the practice of placing windows or other
openings and reflective surfaces so that during the
day natural light provides effective internal lighting.
6
 ACTIVE SOLAR HEATING
Active solar energy systems use
the same principles as passive
systems except that they use a
fluid (such as water) to absorb the
heat. A solar collector positioned
on the roofs of buildings heats the
Flat Plate
fluid and then pumps it through a Collector
system of pipes to heat the whole
building.

Evacuated Tube
Collector
7
CONCENTRATING
SOLAR POWER

8
 What is Concentrating Solar Power?
• A clean, large-scale solar thermal technology known as
concentrating solar power is used in special power plants
(Concentrating Solar Power or CSP plants) that use
different kinds of mirror configurations to convert the
sun's energy into high-temperature heat. The heat energy
is then used to generate electricity in a steam generator.
• Used in large scale and is more energy efficient

9
PHOTOVOLTAIC PANELS

PHOTOVOLTAIC'S
10
What is a Photovoltaic or Solar Cell?
• Method of generating electrical power
by converting solar radiation into
direct current electricity using
semiconductors .
• Exhibits photovoltaic effect.
• Made up of mono crystalline silicon ,
polycrystalline silicon , copper indium
gallium selenide.
• Requires protection thus are packed
tightly behind the glass/polymer sheet
• Panel is composed of many solar cells.
• Is sustainable energy source.
11
 Applications of PVs

It is used in remote areas. It acts as a sound barrier on a It is used to recharge the

highway. portable lamps in Africa.

They are used as small

Solar Powered water pumps are refrigerators on the back of
cost effective and efficient in It not only provide electricity but camels which provide vaccines
12
agricultural purposes. acts as a parking for vehicles. to be in good condition.
 Advantages of Solar Energy
• Solar energy is a clean and renewable energy source.
• Once installed, it can be produced free of charge.
• It will last forever whereas it is estimated that the world’s oil
reserves will last for 30 to 40 years.
• It makes absolutely no noise at all.
• Very little maintenance is needed to keep solar cells running
as there are no moving parts.
• In the long term, there can be a high return on investment
due to the amount of free energy a solar panel can produce, it
is estimated that the average household will see 50% of their
energy coming in from solar panels.
• Particularly useful where there is no national grid and also
where there are no people such as remote site water
pumping. 13
 Limitations of Solar Energy
➢ Solar energy can only be harnessed when it is daytime and
sunny.
➢ Solar collectors, cells and panels are relatively expensive to
manufacture although prices are falling rapidly.
➢ Solar power stations can be built but they do not match the
power output of similar sized conventional power stations.
They are also very expensive.
➢ Large areas of land are required to capture the sun’s energy.
Collectors are usually arranged together especially when
electricity is to be produced and used in the same location.
➢ Solar power is used to charge batteries so that solar powered
devices can be used at night. However, the batteries are large
and heavy and need storage space. They also need replacing
from time to time. 14
SOLAR POWERED TECHNOLOGIES

SOLAR POWERED TOY CAR

SOLAR POWERED PLANE

15
SOLAR TILES SOLAR CAR
 Wind energy
Atmospheric air is in a state of
continuous motion due to
unequal heating of land and
water bodies by solar radiation.
This kinetic energy possessed
by air due to velocity is called
WIND ENERGY.
The energy can be harnessed
by the help of windmill.
The windmill can be used for
doing mechanical work such as
water lifting pump as well as to
generate electricity.
 Working of wind mill
Windmill consists of an electric fan, erected
at some height on a rigid support.
To generate electricity, the rotatory motion
of the windmill is used to turn the turbine of
the electric generator. The output of a single
windmill is quite small therefore a large
number of windmills are setup at a place
and the output of each windmill is clubbed
together.
WIND POTENTIAL OF INDIA
INDIA ranks 4th in world for wind resources.
The total wind power potential in India is
estimated to be 45000 MW, out of which
about 6000MW is located in Tamil Nadu and
5000MW in Gujarat.
 Merits Limitations
• It is a renewable • Wind is not available at
source of energy. all times.
• It does not cause • It requires a large area of
pollution. land.
• The recurring cost is • A minimum wind speed of
almost nil 15 km/h is required.
• The power generation • The tower and blades are
starts immediately exposed to rain, sun,
after commissioning storms and cyclones thus
of windmill require high maintenance
Hydropower is a renewable source of energy which
uses the force or energy of moving water to
generate power

Hydro Energy
 Waterwheel

Earlier humans used waterwheels to harness the kinetic energy of water. They
used it to grind the wheat to make flour.
A waterwheel is a revolving wheel fitted with blades, buckets, or vanes.
Waterwheels convert the kinetic energy of flowing water to mechanical energy.
 Hydro energy is produced due to the kinetic energy of
flowing water and the potential energy of water at height.
 Water from a height is
made to fall on the turbine
blades which are further
connected to the generator.
Advantages of Hydro Power
• Clean and Pollution –
Free Energy Source
• Low generation and
maintenance cost
• High efficiency
• Life expectancy of
plant is 50 years or
more
Hydro Power Plants are labor-intensive in nature and
thus generate large employment opportunities.
Hydro Power Plants are multi purpose projects and
can be used for:
➢Irrigation
➢Flood Control
➢Industrial and Domestic purposes
➢Development of Recreational sites
 Demerits of Hydro Power
❖The initial investment is very high and the gestation
period is very long
❖Causes population displacement
❖Damages the environment and fertile land
❖Impacts Fish Population
❖Impacts Quality and Flow of Water
❖Impacts Ecosystems of Rivers and Streams
❖Impacts Local Environment and Land Use
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 Geothermal Power
• Heat of the earth found
within rock formations
and the fluids held within
those formations.
• holes are drilled down to
hot region, steam comes
up with pressure and is
used to drive turbines, of
an electric generator to
produce electricity.
 Advantages to
Geothermal Power
• Geothermal energy does not
produce any pollution, and
does not contribute to the
greenhouse effect.
• The power stations do not take up much room .
• No fuel is needed.
• The energy source is free and can be harnessed for
24 hours throughout the year.
 Limitations of
Geothermal Power
• There are not many places where you can build a
geothermal power station. Geothermal hot spots are
scattered
• Though as whole, geothermal energy is inexhaustible,
a single bore has a limited life span of about 10 years.
• Hazardous gases and minerals may come up from
underground .
• Noise pollution is caused by drilling operations at
geothermal site.
▪ Oceans cover 75% of the Earth’s
surface
▪ It is the largest renewable energy
source available to contribute to the
security of energy supply and reduce
greenhouse gases emissions.
▪ It is a predictable source of
renewable energy with potential to
satisfy our needs
 Tidal
energy

Ocean
Wave Energy
energy Thermal
Energy
Sea waves are formed due to blowing of wind on
the surface of sea. Waves have lot of kinetic
energy in them, which can be used to generate
electricity.
Merits Limitations
• Renewable •Suitable to Certain Locations
• Environment Friendly • Effect on marine Ecosystem
• Abundant • Source of Disturbance for
• Variety of Ways To Harness Private and Commercial
• Easily Predictable Vessels
•No Damage to Land • Weak Performance in Rough
•No specific site requirement Weather
• Noise and Visual pollution
Tidal Energy
Tidal energy can be harnessed by constructing a
dam across the narrow opening to the sea.
Turbine fixed at the opening of dam converts
tidal energy into electricity
 Barrage-style Tidal Power Plants
• Works by building Barrage to contain water after
high tide, then water has to pass through a
turbine to return to low tide
• Estimated tidal power potential in India is about
15,000 MW: Gulf of Cambay, Gulf of Kuchh and
Sunderbans, Lakshadweep islands, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands etc
• Inexhaustible, pollution free
• Renewable resource
• Predictable source of energy, independent
of uncertainty of rainfall
• Does not require large area of land as it is
build on the bay or the estuary
• Costly-Expensive to build and maintain
• Suitable only for some areas
• Technology is not fully developed
• Barrage style only produces energy for about 10
hours out of the day
• Barrage style has environmental affects
– Such as fish and plant migration
– Silt deposits
– Local tides change- affects still under study
• Maintenance difficult: corrosion of barrage and
turbines by salty sea water
 Ocean as a heat engine
• There can be a 20° difference between ocean
surface temperature and the temperature at
1000m and below
• The surface acts as the heat source, the deeper
cold water acts as a heat sink.
• Temperature differences are very steady
• Called OTEC (Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion)
• India’s potential of OTEC is about 50,000MW. Best
suited sites are Lakshadweep, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands etc.
• The energy potential from sea is quite large, but
efficient commercial exploitation is still difficult.
Ocean as Heat Engines
Closed cycle system
• Heat from warm seawater
causes a volatile liquid like
ammonia to be evaporated in
an evaporator
• Expanding vapor rotates a
turbine connected to an
electric generator.
• Cold seawater is brought up
and cools the ammonia
vapor in a condenser. This
liquid returns to the
evaporator and the process
repeats.
 Merits Limitations
•Power from OTEC is continuous, •Capital investment is very
renewable and pollution free. high.
•Unlike other forms of solar • Due to small temperature
energy, output of OTEC shows difference in between the
very little daily or seasonal surface water and deep water,
variation. conversion efficiency is very
•OTEC system might help in low
enrichment of fishing grounds • Low efficiency of these
due to the transfer of nutrients plants coupled with high
from the unproductive deep capital cost and maintenance
waters to the warmer surface cost make them
waters. uneconomical.
 BIOMASS ENERGY

Biomass is organic matter derived from

living, or recently living
organisms.
It most often refers to plants or plant-
based materials which are not used for
food or feed.
 ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES

• Burns without • Slurry left behind

smoke. needs to be
• High calorific value. removed
• Leaves no residue periodically.
on burning. • Requires more
• Residue in the land.
plant can be used
as an excellent • Lesser efficient
manure than fossil fuels.
 Biogas in india
• In India, the estimate for the production of
biogas is about 20,000 lakh cubic meters. This
is equivalent to 6.6 crore domestic LPG
cylinders.
• Maharashtra tops the production with approx.
3600 lakh cubic meters while Andhra Pradesh
comes next with approx. 2100 lakh cubic
meters.
Green fuel, also known as Biofuel or bio-diesel is a type
of fuel distilled from plants and animal materials.
Trans-esterification of Vegetable oils (Rape, Hemp,
Sunflower, Soy, Palm, Olive, etc.)
 Production of Bio-Diesel

Production of Bio-Diesel is a two step approach:

Step 1: Extraction of oil from the seeds.
Step 2: Conversion of extracted oil to Bio-Diesel.
• Biodiesel which is methyl or ethyl ester of fatty
acid is made from vegetable oil and animal fat.
• Very clean fuel because it has no sulfur, no
aromatics and 10% built in oxygen which helps
it to burn completely.
Ecological Advantages of Biofuels
Biofuels have been of considerable ecological
advantage due to the following reasons:
• Biodegradable
• Non-Toxic
• Non- Carcinogenic
• Non- Mutagenic
• Non- Allergenic
Commercial Advantages
o
of Biofuels
Flashpoint of biodiesel is around 179 C, as compared to
the flashpoint of diesel fuel which is 74oC. So, Biodiesel
is advantageous in following ways:
• Lesser risk of fire hazard
• Easy to transport
• Easy storage
• Efficient fuel due to the molecular oxygen content of
fuel which reacts under pressure and temperature
faster than the subsequent fuel/air mixture.
 Power Alcohol
Production of Power Alcohol (Bio-fuel) from
hydrocarbons, carbohydrates, starch and molasses,
waste sulphite liquor from paper and pulp mills
invertase
C12H22O11 + H2O 2C6H12O6
Sucrose

zymase
C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 ΔH= -31.2 kcal
Glucose Ethanol (Power Alcohol)
 Formation of Power Alcohol
• Dilution: Molasses are diluted with water to get 8-
10% solution of sugars.
• Addition of dil H2SO4: pH required should be kept
between 4-5. This pH favours the growth of yeast
which is desirable but checks the growth of any other
bacteria which may contaminate the solution.
• Addition of ammonium salts: When molasses
contain insufficient yeast food, some nutrient
substances like ammo. sulphate and ammo.
phosphate are added, which act as food for the
ferment.
 Contd….
• Addition of yeast (fermentation): Selected strain
of yeast is added. The mixture is kept at 300C for
2-3 days. During this period, enzymes invertase
and zymase present in the yeast decompose
sugars to ethyl alcohol with evolution of CO2. The
fermented solution is filtered.
• Azeotropic distillation: Alcohol is mixed with
benzene or CCl4 and subjected to distillation. The
benzene or CCl4 distils over taking away a portion
of alcohol and water, leaving behind absolute
alcohol.
 Advantages of Alcohol blended Gasoline
• Octane number of alcohol is quite high (90).
Hence the blend has better antiknock
properties.
• No decrease in power output or increase in
specific fuel consumption on blending.
• Starting difficulties because of high boiling
point of alcohol is overcome, when it is used
in blended form.
• Alcohol-petrol blend has a tendency to absorb
any traces of moisture present.
 Limitations of Alcohol blended Gasoline
• Calorific value of alcohol is low and hence it
lowers the calorific value of petrol blend.
• Alcohol is easily oxidised to acids and hence can
cause corrosion.
• Since it is an oxygenated fuel (contains oxygen in
its molecular structure), thus the air required for
complete combustion of blend is less than the air
required for petrol, so the air entering the
cylinders is to be regulated by modifying the air
inlet.