559 sample

range and X
is in f.. denoting value
If
randon 2 f,..fn
f.
space = selected.
2.50 whose again. families the
i the X({rr})
sample family take
Rs -Re of space at repeated f is can
PROP = element drawn X. the
families
family
= w,)=0 the
-1xi.50)
i.50) sample
describe
the and Let in = 5, =5 X
each
Rstix21-12x
is is
ballprocess
Then 1
= 2. ten selected.members X(C) selected.
Xf) which
Xhrw,})
or selected;
forthe One
draws, X((w. of respectively.
2 l out 2, 4, selected
x on 2.50,-4.50,
Thus, (1 6) , 0, varicblebe of = = uponis
(2
Rs
X(TTT)
-R(3x function balls.Thetwo
l50)=-R450 Xww,})- values family number
to
: Xð)X()) f, is selccted.
below
dependingselected.
family
)= f, is
X(THH)= plaver red colour.
the by randomlikely
as =3,=6,
take one members,
or f
= a I in denoted X({rw the the f, or is
and balls equaly X/)
detined X) is
Rs6 (TTH) the is its recorded can selecting
down
f. f, familyf
X
)= 6 when fuf.family
lamily
to hence, white
notihg red r)= a or
= be whichof 5 4, 3. 2,3.4,5 f,.
3) XHHT)=XHTH)=
=NTHT= loss bag of w
is 6,4.notevariable
disiribution
of = = 2
Rs2x 2 afterballs number X((w. family Xð)X/) value families
whenwhenwhen
the vaBue, contains the X{w variable experiment
3. and
shows red 5,4. randomX)-4, valuethe
box in each family 3, X=4,X=5,X=6,
X(HHH)= unique of balls S)E X(0)= w,))= r)= 2, = takethe
XHTT bagthe number random
Probability3,
Xð) any
sign the that4, a a of
a A in the select takewill one
minustakes X({w
X({w, at manner is
3,
23 backthe Let a look have X can X any
Example Therefore is us X.Clearly,
X Solution
put denotes Now.
for X Let X Now, Sinilarly.
Then
where,
sDRce,
then Thus,13.6.1 a
us Such Thus. When
Let dnd
560 MATHEMATICS

Since we had assumed that each family is cqually likely to be selected, the probability
that family f, is selected is
10
1
Thus, the probability that X can take the value2 is 10 We write P(X = 2) =;
10

Also, the probability that any one of the familiesf.f, or f, is selected is

3
P(¯. S, 5,) = 10
3
Thus, the probability that X can take the value 3 = 10

3
We write P(X = 3) =
10
Similarly, we obtain
3
P(X = 4) = P(ð, fo f)) = 10
2
P(X = 5) = P(è, S,) 10

and P(X =6) = P(UD10

Such a description giving the values of the random variable along with the
corresponding probabilities is called the probability distribution of the random
variable X.

In general, the probability distribution ofa random variable X is defined as follows:

Definition 5The probability distribution of arandomvariable Xis the system of numbers
X
P(X) P, P2 Pu
where, p,>0, p, = 1, i= 1, 2,.. n
The real numbers x, Xy, , are the possible values of the random variable Xand
P, (i = 1,2,., n) is the probability of the random variable Xtaking the value x, ie
P(X = x) =P,
 PROBARIIITY 561

Note is oneof the possible values of arandom variable X., the statement
X= is true only at somec point (s) of the sample space. Hence. the probability that
Iakes valuc x is always nonzero, i.e. P(X =x) #0.
Alo for all pshle values of the random variable X, allclements of the sample
sae are cvcrcd Heme. the sum of all the probabilities in a probability distribution
must be one.

Example24TTwo cards are drawn successively with replacement from a well-shuffled

deck of $2 cards. Find the probahbility distribution of the number of aces.
Solution The number of aces is a random variable. Let it be denoted by X.Clearly. X
can take the values 0, 1, or 2.
Now, since the dravws are done with replacement, therefore, the two draws form
independentcxperiments.
Therefore. PX = 0) = P(non-ace and non-ace)
= P(non-ace) x P(non-ace)
48 48 144
= X
52 52 169
PX = 1) = P(ace and non-ace or non-ace and ace)
= P(ace and non-ace) + P(non-ace and ace)
= P(ace). P(non-ace) + P (non-ace). P(ace)

4 48 48 4 24
+
52 52 52 52 I69
and P(X = 2) = P (ace and ace)
4 4 I
52 52 169
Thus, the required probability distribution is
X (0 2

144 24
P(X)
l69 169 169

Example25 Find the probability distribution of number of doublets in three throws of

a pair of dice.
562 MATHEMATICS

Soution Let X denote thc nånier f d ublets. Possible doublets are

(1.1).C2), 3,3). (4.4). (5.5).(6.6)
Clearly, X can taike ihe valnc 0. i. 2. or 3.

Probability of getting aioubiet =

36
5
Probability of not getting a cdoublet =! 6 6

5 125
Now P(X =0) = P(io doublet) = 216
P(X =i) = P(one doubiet and twO non-doublets)
5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6

75
3
216

P(X = 2)= P(wo doublets and one non-double)

5 IX 15
+
6 6 6 6 6 216
and P(X =3) = P(three doublets)

6 6 6 216
Thus, the required probability disribution is
X 3

125 75 15
P(X)
216 216 216 216

Verification Sum of the probabilities

125 75 15
+
i=l 216 216 216 216

125 +75+15+1 216

216 216
 PROBABILITY 563
Cyample 26 Let Xdenote the number of hours
school day.The probability that Xcan take the you study during a randomly selected
is some unknoWn constant. values x, has the following forn, where
0.1, if x =0
P(X =x)= kx, if r=lor 2
k(5-x), if x=3or4
|0, otherwise
(a) Find the value of k.
(b) What is the probability that you
most two hours? study at least two hours ? Exactly two hours? AL
Solution The probability distribution of Xis
0 2 4
P(X) 0.1 2k 2k

(a) We know that

Therefore 0.1 + k + 2k + 2k + k= 1
1.e.
k =0.15
(b) P(you study at least two hours) = P(X 2 2)
= P(X = 2) + P (X=3) + P(X =4)
=2k +2k + k= 5k= 5 x 0.15 =
P(you study exactly two hours) 0.75
=P(X = 2)
= 2k=2x0.15 = 0.3
P(you study at most two hours) =P(X s2)
=P (X 0)+ P(X= I) + P(X
=2)
=0.1+ k+ 2k = 0.1 + 3k = 0.+3
= 0.55
x 0.15
13.6.2 Mean of a random variable
In many problems, it is
means of a single numberdesirable
to describe some feature of the
that random variable by
Such numbers are mean, mediancanand
be computed from its
probability distribution. Few
Mean is a measure of location or mode. In this section, we shall discuss mean only.
Middle or average value of the central tendency in the sense that it roughlv locates a
random variable.
 MATHEMATICS
564
whose possible values x, g ..,, occur
random variable
Definition 6 Let X be a The mean of X, denoted by , is the
respectively.
with probabilities P P» Ps,P,,
average of the possible values of X
the mean of X is the weighted
number ,p; ie.
/=1
its probability with which it occurs.
each value being weighted by also called the expectation of X,
denoted by
random variable X is
The mean of a
E(X).

E(X) = u =)%Pi =x,p+ x, P, + .. t *,P

Thus, /=l
the sum of the
the mean or expectation of a randon variable X is
in other words,
their respective probabilities.
products of all possible values of X by the
dice be thrown and the random variable X be the sum of
Example 27 Let a pair of
the two dice. Find the mean or expectation of X.
numbersthat appear on
space of the experiment consists of 36 elementary events in the
Solution The sample
and y, = 1,2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
form of ordered pairs (x,, y), where x, = of the numbers on the two dice takes the
sum
The random variable X i.e. the
values 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8,9, 10, 11or 12.
1
Now P(X = 2)= P({1,))) =:36
2
P(X =3) = P({(1,2),(2,1)}) 36
3
P(X = 4)= P({(1,3), (2,2), (3, 1)}) = 36
4
P(X = 5) = P({(1,4), (2,3), (3,2), (4,1)})=: 36
5
P(X = 6) =P({(1,5), (2,4), (3,3), (4,2), (5,1 )}) =36
6
P(X =7) =P({(1,6), (2,5),(3,4), (4,3),(5,2), (6,1)})=36
5
P(X = 8) = P({(2,6),(3,5),(4,4),(5,3),(6,2)})=36
 PROBABILITY S65

P(X =9) = P{3.6). (4.5).(5,4),

(6.3))= 36

P(X = 10) =P{(4.6). (5,5). (6.4))=

36

P(X = 11)= P({(5.6), (6,5))=

36

P(X = 12) =P({(6.6))) =

36
The probability distributionof Xis
X or x, 2 3 6 7 8 10 12
1 2 3 4 6 5 4 3 2
P(X) or P, 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36
Therefore.
4
=EX) = p, =2x-3
+3x+x -+5X
i=1 36 36 36 36

6 5
+6x+7X
36 36
-+8X *10x+|x -+12x
+9x+|
36 36 36 36 36
2+6+]2 + 20+30 +42 + 40 +36 + 30 + 22 +12
=7
36
Thus, the mean of the sum of the numbers that appear on
throwing two fair dice is 7.
13.6.3 Variance of a random variable
The mean of a random variable does not give us
values of the random variable. In fact, if the information about the variability in the
variance is small, then the values of the
random variable are close tothe mean. Also random
variables with different probability
distributions can have equal means, as shown in the following
distributions of Xand Y.
X 2 3 4
2 2
P(X)
8
566 MATHEMAT!CS

4 5 6
Y 0

3 1
2
P(Y) 8 8

E(X) =Ix+2x+3x+4x22.
1 =2.75
Clearty 8 8 8 8

E(Y) = -1x-+0x =2.75

and 8
It is also
different, however their ineans are sane.
The variables X and Y are distributions (Fig 13.5).
representation of these
easily observable from the diagramatic
P(Y)
P)

/st

1 2 3
2 3 4
.
(ii)
()
Fig 13.5
extent to which the values of
To distinguish X from Y, we require a measure of the
studied that the variance is a
the random variables spread out. In Statistics, we have
or spread in tne
measure of the spread or scatter in data. Likewise, the variability
vaiues of a random variable may be measured by variance.
Occur with
Definition 7 Let X be a random variable whose possible values x,, X,,
probabilities plx,), px,)...pr)respectively.
Let u= E (X) be the mean of X. The variance of X, denoted by Var (X) or Or
defined as
n

a = Var(X)= (,-H' px) i=l

or equivalently
 IROBABILITY 567

The ion-negative number

o, = VVar(X)=-p(x)
is called ihe standard deviation of ihe random variable X.
Another formula to find the variance of a randomvariable. We know that,

Var (X) = i=l

- p;)

=(x+-24u x,) p(x)

n

-Xp)+
i=l i=l
p,)-X2u, plx)
i=l

-)x' p(x) +p plz)-2uXpl;)

i=l i=l

= p ( )+u'-4? Sincecep
()=land u=
i=i i=l

i=l

i=l

Var (X) =E(X) - (E(X)F, where E(X')=Px;)

Example 28 Find the variance of the number obtained on a throw of an unbiased die.
Solution The sample space of the experiment is S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Let X denote the number obtained on the throw. Then Xis a random variable
which can take values 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or6.
568 MATHEMA1

1
P(6) =
Also P(1) = P(2) = P(3)= P(4) = P(5) = 6

Therefore, the Probabilitydist1ibution of X is

1 2 3 4 5 6
X
1 1 1
P(X)| 6 6 6 6 6

Now E(X) = píx)

i=1

+2x+3x+4x+x21
6 6 6 6 6

Also
E(X') = x-+2x,,! +o'x 1 91
6 6 6

Thus, Var (X) = E (X)) -(EX)

91 21 91 441 35
36 12

Example 29Two cards are drawn simultancously (or successively without replacemen)
from a well shuftledpack of $2 cards. Findthe mean, var1ance and standard deviation
of the number of kings.
Selution Let X denote the number of kings in a draw of two cards. X is a random
variable which can assume the values 0. 1 or 2.

48!
Now P(X = 0) =P (no king) 2!(48- 2)! 48x47 188
52! 52x 51 221
2(52-2)!
P(X =1)= P (one king and one C
non-king) =

S2C
4x 48x2 32
52x51 221
 PROBABILITY 569

4x3
and P(X =2) =P(wo kings)=
52x51 221

Thus, the probability distribution of Xis

X 1 2
188 32 1
P(X)
221 221 221

Now Mean of X= E(X) = ; p,)

i=l

188 34
= 0x
221
+lx+2x
221 221 221

Also E(X) = i=l

pl4)
188 32 36
= 0²x00+1x, -+2?x 221
221 221 221

Now Var(X) = E(X') - [E(X)P

36 34 ) 6800
221 221 (221)*

V6800
Therefore g = Var(X) =- 221
-=0.37

|EXERCISE 13.4|
1. Staie whict tie foilowing are not the probability distributions of arandom
variable. Give rcas) fr .or 3nswer.

u.4 0.4 0.2

(ü) X 3 4

P(X)| 0.I 0.5 0.2 0.1| 0.3

570 MATHEMAIICS

(i) Y -1
0.6| 0. J 0.2
|P(Y)
3 -1
(iv)
P(Z)| 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.1 0.05

randomly drawn. Let X

2. An urn contains 5 red and 2 black balls. Two balls are
values of X? s X a
represcnt the number of black balls. What are the possible
random variable ?
and the number of
3. Let X represent the difference betwecn the number of heads
tails obtained when acoin is tossed 6 times. What are possible values of X?
4. Findtheprobability distribution of
(i) number of heads in two tosses of a coin.
(ü) number of tails in the simultancous tosses of three coins.
(ii) number of heads in four tosses of a com.
5. Findthe probability distribution of the number of suceesses in two tosscs of adie,
where a success is detined as
(1) number greater than 4
(i) six appeais on at least one die
6. Fronm a lot of 30 bulbs which include 6 defectives, a sample of 4 bulbs is drawn
at randonm with renlacement. Findthe probability distribution of the number of
defective bulbs.

7. A coin is biased sothat the head i 3 times as likeiy to occur as tril. If thecoin is
tossed twice, find the probability disiribution of nu.nber of tails
8. A random variable Xhasthe following proba: 'ityd stributc:
X 2 3 4 5
P(X)| 0 k 2k| 2k 3k k? 2k² 7k+k
Determine
(i) k (ü) P(X<3)
(iü) P(X > 6) (iv) P(O<X<3)
 PROBABLITY 571

9. The randomvariable Xhas a probability

where k is sOme number : distribution P(X) of the following form,

|k, if x=0
2k, if x=1
P(X)) =
|3k, if x=2
0, otherwise
(a) Determine the value of k.
(b) Find P (X<2), P (X< 2), P(X >2).
10. Find the mean number of heads in three tosses of a fair coin.
11. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. If Xdenotes the number of sixes, find the
expectation of X.
12. Two numbers are selected at random (without replacement) from the first six
positive integers. Let X denote the larger of the two numbers obtained. Find
E(X).
13. Let X denote the sum of the numbers obtained when two fair dice are rolled.
Find the variance and standard deviation of X.
14. A class has 15 students whose ages are 14, 17, 15, 14, 21, 17, 19, 20, 16, 18, 20,
17, 16, 19 and 20 years. One student is selected in such a manner that each has
the same chance of being chosen and the age X of the selected student is
recorded. What is the probability distribution of the random variable X? Find
mean, variance and standard deviation of X.
15. In a meeting, 70% of the members favour and 30% oppose a certain proposal.
A member is selected at random and we take X=0if he opposed, and X=1 if
he is in favour. Find E(X) and Var (X).
Choose the correct answer in each of the following:
16. The-mean of the numbers obtained on throwing a die having written 1on three
faces, 2 on two faces and 5 on.one face is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (b) 3

17. Suppose that two cards are drawn at random from adeck of cards, Let X be the
number of aces obtained. Then the value of E(X) is
37 5
2
(A) (B) (C)
221 13 13 (D)
13