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5 Network Switchingl5 - 103315

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23 views4 pages

5 Network Switchingl5 - 103315

Uploaded by

Ali kombo hassan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

NETWORK SWITCHING
LECTURE No.4
INRODUCTION
A network consists of many switching devices. In order to connect multiple
devices, one solution could be to have a point to point connection in between
pair of devices. But this increases the number of connection. The other
solution could be to have a central device and connect every device to each
other via the central device which is generally known as Star Topology. Both
these methods are wasteful and impractical for very large network. The
other topology also cannot be used at this stage. Hence a better solution for
this situation is SWITCHING. A switched network is made up of a series of
interconnected nodes called switches.
Switching is the process of moving data from node to node until they reach
to the destination. Long distance transmission between stations (called “end
devices”) is typically done over a network of switching nodes. In a
switched communications network, data entering the network from a station
are routed to the destination by being switched from node to node

Two different switching techniques are used by the network nowadays:


 Circuit switching and
 Packet switching.
The traditional telephone system is based on circuit switching, but packet
switching is beginning to make inroads with the rise of Voice over IP
technology.
Circuit Switching
In circuit switching network dedicated channel has to be established before
the call is made between users. The channel is reserved between the users
till the connection is active. For half duplex communication, one channel is
allocated and for full duplex communication, two channels are allocated. It is
mainly used for voice communication requiring real time services without
any much delay

As shown in the figure 1, if user-A wants to use the network; it need to first
ask for the request to obtain the one and then user-A can communicate with
user-C. During the connection phase if user-B tries to call/communicate with
user-D or any other user it will get busy signal from the network

Advantages of circuit switching

i. Network quality is guarantee


ii. Path is established for entire conversation
iii. Fixed bandwidth
iv. Overload may block call up
v. No overhead bits after call setup.

Disadvantages of circuit switching

i. More expensive
ii. Channel used is not available until call is end/broken
iii. Connection require call setup delay
iv. As the connection is dedicated it cannot be used to transmit any
other data even if the channel is free.

Packet Switching

In packet switching network unlike CS network, it is not required to establish


the connection initially. The connection/channel is available to use by many
users. But when capacity or number of users increases then it will lead to
congestion in the network. Packet switched networks are mainly used for
data and voice applications requiring non-real time scenarios.

As shown in the figure 2, if user-A wants to send data/information to user-C


and if user-B wants to send data to user-D, it is simultaneously possible. Here
information is padded with header which contains addresses of source and
destination. This header is sniffed by intermediate switching nodes to
determine their route and destination.
In packet switching, station breaks long message into packets. Packets are
sent one at a time to the network. Packets are handled in two ways, viz.
datagram and virtual circuit.
The packet switching has two approaches:

i. Virtual Circuit approach


In virtual circuit, preplanned route is established before any packets
are transmitted. The handshake is established using call request
and call accept messages. Here each packet contains virtual circuit
identifier(VCI) instead of the destination address. In this type,
routing decisions for each packet are not needed. WAN, ATM, frame
relay and telephone networks use connection oriented virtual circuit
approach
ii. Datagram approach. In datagram, each packet is treated
independently. Packets can take up any practical route. Packets
may arrive out of order and may go missing. whereas internet
relies on connectionless datagram based packet switching
Advantages of packet switching
i. No dedicated path
ii. Route is established for each packet
iii. High rate data transmission
iv. With improved protocols, packet switching is widely used for video
and voice calls using applications such as WhatsApp, Skype, Google
Talk etc.
v. Many users can share the same channel simultaneously
Disadvantages of packet switching
i. Packet transmission delay
ii. Overhead bits in each packet
iii. Protocol used in packet switching is complex
iv. Packet may be lost in their route

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