VOLUME II

PRODUCTION MACHINERY

PAES 307:2001 – Engineering Materials – Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines –

Specifications and Applications

PAES 308:2001 – Engineering Materials – Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

PAES 309:2001 – Engineering Materials – Anti-Friction Bearings for Agricultural Machines –

Specifications and Applications

PAES 310:2001 – Engineering Materials – Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines –

Specifications and Applications

PAES 311:2001 – Engineering Materials – Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines –
Specifications and Applications

PAES 312:2001 – Engineering Materials – Rivets for Agricultural Machines – Specifications

and Applications

PAES 313:2001 – Engineering Materials – Screws for Agricultural Machines – Specifications

and Applications

PAES 307: 2001

Engineering Materials
Helical Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

HELICAL GEAR - cylindrical gear whose tooth traces are helices, it transmits rotational
motion and power between two parallel axes.

GEAR TOOTH- each of the projecting parts of a gear which is intended to ensure, by
contact with the teeth of another gear, that one gear turns the other.

MODULE - quotient of the circular pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the
quotient of the diametral pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

NORMAL MODULE - quotient of the normal circular pitch (expressed in millimeters)and the
number π, where the normal circular pitch is the product of the circular pitch and the
cosine of the helix angle.

PITCH CIRCLE - line of intersection of the pitch cylinder by a plane perpendicular to the
axis of the gear.

ADDENDUM - radial distance between the addendum circle and the pitch circle.
ADDENDUM CIRCLE - circle that bounds the outer ends of the teeth.

DEDENDUM - radial distance between the dedendum circle and the pitch circle.

DEDENDUM CIRCLE - line of intersection of the dedendum cylinder by a plane

perpendicular to the axis of the gear.

CLEARANCE - amount by which the dedendum in a given gear exceeds the addendum
of its meshing gear.

PITCH DIAMETER - diameter of the pitch circle.

ADDENDUM DIAMETER - diameter of the addendum circle.

DEDENDUM DIAMETER - diameter of the of the dedendum circle.

TOOTH DEPTH - radial distance between the addendum circle and the dedendum circle.

CIRCULAR PITCH - length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive
corresponding points of adjacent teeth. normal circular pitch - length of the arc, living
between the tooth traces of two consecutive corresponding flanks of a cylindrical
normal helix.

TOOTH THICKNESS - width of the tooth measured along the circular pitch.

TOOTH SPACE - space between teeth measured along the pitch circle.

BACKLASH - difference between the tooth space and the tooth thickness

FACE WIDTH - width over the toothed part of a gear, measured along a straight line
generator of the reference cylinder

TOOTH FLANK - portion of the surface of a tooth lying between the tip surface and the
root surface.

PRESSURE ANGLE - pressure angle at the point where the profile cuts the pitch circle.

NORMAL PRESSURE ANGLE - pressure angle at a point on a tooth trace.

HELIX - curve whose tangents are inclined at a constant angle to the axis of the cylinder.

NORMAL HELIX - in a cylinder on which helix is considered, a helix which is perpendicular

to that helix.
HELIX ANGLE - acute angle between the tooth trace and the generator of any imaginary
cylinder or cone coaxial with a gear whose tooth trace is under consideration.

BASE CIRCLE - of an involute cylindrical gear, the "base circle" of the involutes forming the
tooth profiles

TOOTH PROFILE - the line of intersection of a tooth flank with any defined surface cutting
the reference surface.

TOOTH TRACE - the line of intersection of a flank with the reference surface.

INVOLUTE CYLINDRICAL GEAR - a cylindrical gear of which every usable tooth profile is an
arc of an involute to a circle.

INVOLUTE TO A CIRCLE - a plane curve described by a point on a straight line (the

"generating line"), which rolls out without slip on the base circle.

PAES 308:2001
Engineering Materials
Straight Bevel Gears for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

BEVEL GEARS - gears which are used to transmit motion and power to shafts having
intersecting axes.

STRAIGHT BEVEL GEARS - bevel gears whose teeth are straight but the sides are tapered
so that they would intersect the axis at a common point called the pitch cone apex if
extended inward.

MITER GEARS - bevel gears having equal numbers of driver and driven gear teeth and
operate at axes with right angles.

MODULE - the quotient of the pitch, expressed in millimeters, to the number π (or the
quotient of the reference diameter, expressed in millimeters, to the number of teeth).

CIRCULAR PITCH - the length of the arc of the pitch circle between two consecutive
corresponding profiles which is measured at the large end of the tooth.

PITCH DIAMETER - the diameter of the pitch circle at the large end of the tooth.

ADDENDUM ANGLE - the angle between the elements of the face cone and the pitch
cone.
DEDENDUM ANGLE - the angle between the elements of the root cone and the pitch
cone
FACEWIDTH - the length of teeth along the cone distance.

CONE DISTANCE - the distance from the end of the tooth to the pitch apex.

PITCH ANGLE - the angle formed between an element of the pitch cone and the bevel
gear axis, it is the half angle of the pitch cone.

BACK ANGLE - the angle between an element of the back cone and the plane of
rotation.

BACK CONE - the angle of a cone whose elements are tangent to a sphere containing
a trace of the pitch circle.

BACK CONE DISTANCE - the distance along an element of the back cone from the apex
to the pitch circle.

MOUNTING DISTANCE - for assembled bevel gears, the distance from the crossing point
of the axes to the registering surface, measured along the gear axis; ideally it should be
identical to the apex to back.

MOUNTING SURFACE - the diameter and/or plane of rotation surface which is used in
locating the gear in the application assembly

CROWN - the sharp corner forming the outside diameter

CROWN-TO-BACK - the distance from the crown to the rear of the gear

PITCH APEX TO BACK - the distance along the axis from apex of pitch cone to a locating
registering surface on back

ROOT ANGLE - the angle formed between a tooth element and the axis of the bevel gear

SHAFT ANGLE - the angle between meshing bevel gear axes: also, the sum of the two
pitch angles. NOTE: for the purpose of this standard, the shaft angle shall be 90°.

FACE ANGLE - The between an element of the face cone and its axis

FRONT ANGLE - The angle between an element of the front cone and a plane of rotation.

HEEL - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the outer end

TOE - The portion of the bevel gear tooth near the inner end
 PAES 309:2001
Engineering Materials
Anti-friction Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

RADIAL LOAD - Load or force passing through the axis of rotation.

RATED LIFE - L10, The number of revolutions or hours at a given constant speed that 90
percent of an apparently identical group of bearings will complete or exceed before the
first evidence of fatigue develops.

BASIC DYNAMIC LOAD RATING – C, The radial load that a ball bearing can withstand for
one million revolutions of the inner ring.

EQUIVALENT DYNAMIC LOAD – P, constant stationary radial load which, if applied to a

bearing with rotating inner ring and stationary outer ring, would give the same life as that
which the bearing will attain under the actual conditions of load and rotation.

BASIC STATIC LOAD RATING – CO, the maximum radial load, which corresponds to a
calculated contact stress at the center of the most heavily, loaded rolling
element/raceway contact of:
• 4,600 mpa for self-aligning ball; bearings;
• 4,200 mpa for all other ball bearings
• 4,000 mpa for all roller bearings

EQUIVALENT STATIC LOAD – PO, static radial load, if applied, which produces a maximum
contact stress equal in magnitude to the maximum contact stress in the actual condition
of loading.

PAES 310: 2001

Engineering Materials
Journal Bearings for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

JOURNAL BEARING - sleeve bearing, a cylinder which surrounds the shaft and is filled with
some form of fluid lubricant

JOURNAL - the part of the rotating shaft, axle, roll or spindle that turns in a bearing

LUBRICANT - a medium that supports the shaft preventing metal to metal contact.
 PAES 311: 2001
Engineering Materials
Bolts and Nuts for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

FASTENER - a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain

equilibrium of single or multiple components

BOLT - an externally threaded fastener designed for insertion through holes in assembled
parts, and normally tightened or released by torquing a nut

NUT - a block or sleeve having an internal thread designed to assemble with the external
thread on a bolt, screw, stud or other threaded part

NOMINAL SIZE - the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external
and internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the
thread; for unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter.

LENGTH OF FASTENER - the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the
intersection of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme
end of the fastener, measured parallel to the axis of the fastener

RIGHT-HAND THREAD - a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from
the starting end, when viewed from that end

LEFT-HAND THREAD - a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction

from the starting end, when viewed from that end

PROOF LOAD - the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any
indication of permanent deformation after the load is released

PITCH - the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side
of the axis

MAJOR DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread

MINOR DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread

PITCH DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose
surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread
ridge and the thread groove equal
 PAES 312: 2001
Engineering Materials
Rivets for Agricultural Machines – Specifications and Applications

RIVET - a headed pin of metal used for uniting two or more pieces by passing the shank
through a hole in each piece and then by beating or pressing down the plain end so as
to make a second head

NOMINAL DIAMETER - the diameter of the shank nominal length (rivets other than
countersunk or raised countersunk rivets) the length from the underside of the head to
the end of the shank.

NOMINAL LENGTH (COUNTERSUNK AND RAISED COUNTERSUNK HEAD) - the distance from
the periphery of the head to the end of the rivet measured parallel to the axis of the rivet.

LAP-JOINT - a type of riveted joint wherein the plates overlap each other and are held
together by one or more rows of rivets.

BUTT-JOINT - a type of riveted joint wherein the plates being joined are in the same plane
and are joined by means of a cover plate or butt strap which is riveted to both plates by
one or more rows of rivets.

PITCH - spacing between rivet centers.

MARGIN - the distance from the edge of the plate to the centerline of the nearest row of
rivets

CLINCH ALLOWANCE - allowance in length of rivet in order to turn over or flatten the
protruding end.

PAES 313: 2001

Engineering Materials
Screws for Agricultural Machines - Specifications and Applications

FASTENER - a mechanical device designed specifically to hold, join, or maintain

equilibrium of single or multiple components

SCREW - an externally threaded fastener capable of being inserted into holes in

assembled parts, of mating with preformed internal thread or forming its own thread, and
of being tightened or released by torquing the head

NOMINAL SIZE - the designation used for the purpose of general identification; for external
and internal threaded fasteners nominal size usually is the basic major diameter of the
thread; for unthreaded fasteners, nominal size is usually the basic body diameter
LENGTH OF FASTENER - the length of a headed fastener is the distance from the
intersection of the largest diameter of the head with the bearing surface to the extreme
end of the fastener, measured parallel to the axis of the fastener; the length of a headless
fastener is the distance from one extreme end to the other in a line parallel to the axis.

RIGHT-HAND THREAD - a thread which winds in a clockwise and receding direction from
the starting end, when viewed from that end

LEFT-HAND THREAD - a thread which winds in a counterclockwise and receding direction

from the starting end, when viewed from that end

PITCH - the distance (in millimeters), measured parallel to the thread axis, between
corresponding points on adjacent thread forms in the same axial plane on the same side
of the axis

PROOF LOAD - the specified load which the fastener must withstand without any
indication of permanent deformation after the load is released

MAJOR DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder
bounding the crest of an external thread or the root of an internal thread

MINOR DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this diameter is the imaginary cylinder bounding
the root of an external thread or the crest of an internal thread

PITCH DIAMETER - for a straight thread, this is the diameter of the imaginary cylinder whose
surface passes through the thread profiles in such a way to make the widths of the thread
ridge and the thread groove equal.