adjective transitive E Endiect tenses present

17
Prepositions

Apreposition shows the relation between the subject and the object in the sentence. A
preposition most commonly occurs before a noun phrase or pronoun.
The mouse is under the table. (under shows the relation between the table and the
mouse)
The dog ran after the cat. (after shows the relation between the dog and the cat)
Prepositions can be classified into the following three kinds:
1. Preposition of time.
2. Preposition of position.
3. Preposition of movement &direction.
However, the same preposition can be used to give various meanings depending on the
nature of the sentence:
Come at 6 o'clock sharp. (as preposition of time)
Look at the blackboard. (as preposition position)
He threw the ball at the batsman. (as preposition of direction and movement)
Prepositions of Time
Apreposition which is used to denote time iscalled preposition of time. It is used
immediately before the time phrase in the sentence. The most common prepositions of
time are o, at, in, before, after, till, cithin, by, since, for and from.
Use of at, on, in and by
At

At usually denotes a definite point of time like the time of clock, exact time of the parts
of the day, names of festivals and celebrations.
At 3o'clock, at midnight, at the beginning of the class, at the end of the meeting, at
christmas, at diwali

101 MELot GRAMMAR 4

On

On is used before the names of days and dates.

On Sunday, On fifth of December, On New Year's eve
In
In is used before parts of the day, month, year, and season.
In the morning, In the afternoon, In the summer, In winter, In March, In 1984
In is also used with the future tenses to show the period.
in two hours, in a few minutes, in a fortnight, in six months, in five years.
By
By denotes the latest time at which an action will be over.
" The show will be over by 7 p.m.
e He willbe back by llp.m.
Use of Since and For
Since
It shows the point of the time of the start of the action.
We use since + name of days, months, seasons, festivals and time phrase (last week, last
year).
It has been raining since morning.
Since last Holi he has been suffering with paralysis.
For

It shows the period of time of the happening of the action.

(1) For + number of days, months, wecks, six months
(2) For + hours (two hours), for + long time: as;
Ihave known her for a long time.
D We have been waiting for the bus for an hour.
D For a long time she has been trying to get a job for herself.
From
From denotes the starting point of an action and is mostly used with to or tilluntil.
The examination willbe held from 8a.m. to 1l a.m.
Hewas the managerof this company from 2012 till 2015.
HELLOI GAAMMAR& 102
Use of in and Within
In
In shows at the end of the action by the mentioned time phrase. i.e. at the completion for the
given time phrase:
" Ishall be back in a week. (when the week is over)
Within

Within shows before the end of the action by the mentioned time phrase. ie. before the
completion of the given time phrase, as;
Ishall be back within a week. (before a week is over)
Use of Before and After
Before
Before is used for something that occurs before a certain time.
We should finish this exercise before 4 p.m.
After
After is used for something that occurs after a certain time.
" Il see you after work.
A. Fill in the blanks with the help of prepositions of time.
1. There was a loud noise which woke us up midnight.
2. Do you usually eat chocolate eggs. Easter?
3. I'll see you Tuesday afternoon, then.
4. In my hometown the shops open early the morning.
5. His daughter was born the 24th of August.
6. My friend has been living in Canada. two years.
seven o'clock.
7. Ihave been waiting for you
8. This report has to be done Friday.
9. She plays tennis Fridays.
10. The trees here are really beautiful the spring
Prepositions of Position
The preposition which is used to denote position of noun is called preposition of
position. The most common prepositions of position are
in, at, on, beside, near, behind, above, over, under, between and among.

103 MELLOr GRAMMARs

Use of at and in
At

At has the idea of an exact point, it is used with small area like village, small town, ete.
At the Pragati Maidan, at Harinagar Ghantaghar, at the bus stop, at the wall, at the cross road
In
In has the idea of a larger area and is used in speaking of bigger towns, states, countries.
In India, in Delhi, in a factory, in the middle
Use of Between and Among
Between
Between means in or into the space which separates at least two places, people or
objects. It is used to give the sense of 'middle' with two persons/things.
" The post office is between the bank and the shop.
On the flight I sat between Michacl and David.
Among
Among means in the middle of or surrounded by other things. It is used to give the
sense of 'middle' with more than two persons/things.
The hare hid among the bushes.
" Distribute these sweets among students.
Use of On and Upon
On
On is used while speaking of two things at rest the surface of which is in contact.
" Mypen is on the table.
" The notice is displayed on the notice board.
Upon
Upon is used while speaking of two things, one of which is at rest and the other is in
motion. Their surfaces may or may not be in contact.
" The cat sprang upon the table.
" The dog pounced upon the piece of meat.
Use of Above and over
Above
Above gives the sense of vertically higher than'.
HELLOI GRAMMAR 104
The surfaces of both the objects are not in contact.
The waves came up above her head and she started sereaming.
" The summit is 8,848 metres above sea level.
Over
Over gives the sense of covering higher than or spread over.' The surfaces of both the
objects may or may not be in contact.
Jillwore alarge coat over her clothes.
" There is a bridge over the river.

AUTHORS But. 'Over' con also meon vertically obove.

Use of Below and Under

Both below and under means lower than. Sometimes, we can use either of them. Still
there is difference between their uses.
Below

Below give the sense of 'lower than'. The surfaces of both of the objects are not in
contact.

The sun sank below the horizon.

The temperature is ten degrees below zero.
Under
Under gives the sense of 'vertically below or exactly lower than.' The surface of both the
objects may or may not be in contact.
There is something under the bed.
" He wore a shirt under his sweater.

Use of In front of, Behind, Beside, Near, Opposite to and By

In front of
It gives the sense of facing some thing.
" There is an elephant in front of us.
Behind
It gives the opposite sense of facing some thing.
e Who's the girl standing behind Rocky?
e The sun disappeared behind the clouds.

105 MELLOI GRAMMAR4

Beside (next to)
It gives the sense of just next to.
" Come and sit beside me.
Near
It gives the sense of close by.
" The shop is near the road.
Opposite to
Itgives the sense of the other side.
© The new showroom that he has put up is opposite to the centralmall.
By
It is used to indicate proximity i.e. sense of next to.
There is a switchboard by the door.
" My study table is by my bed.
Use of Across and Through
Both give the sense of 'erossing over' and reaching the other side.
Across
There is temple across this river.
He lives across the valley.
Through
We went to the other side through the dense forest.
" We drove through some spectacular countryside.
B. Choose the correct verb to complete the following sentences.
1. I watch TV the living room.
2. She looks at herself the mirror.
3. I met her the entrance.
4. Look at the picture the wall.
5. The receptionist is the front door.
6. This building is a subway station.
7. Planes normally fly the clouds.
8. We put a sun umbrella the table so we wouldn't get so hot.
9. How long can you stay the water?

HELOT GRAMMAR4 106

 10. Miners work the surface of the Earth.

Prepositions of Direction and Movement

Apreposition, which is used to show direction and movement of an object, is called
preposition of directions and movement are, direction: from, off, out of and movement:
to, towards, into, at, for, against.

Preposition of direction from: From, off,out of.

From
From is used with the point of departure.
" He has already gone from the village.
Off

Off is used in the sense of the separation of the subject.

We get offthetrain at the next stop.
Out of
Out of is the opposite of 'into'. It means from the interior of.
" The parrot flew out of the cage.
" The doctor went out of the nursing home.
Preposition of direction towards: to, towards, into, at, for, against.
To
To has the sense of to the point of destination.
" Are you going to the party?
" Can you tell me the way to the station?
Towards
Towards has the sense of in the direction of the destination.
He was sitting with his back towards me.
" The thief ran away towards the temple.
Into
Into denotes movement towards the interior (inside) of something.
" The frog jumped into the pond.
She quietly walked into the room.
At
At has the idea of hitting.
107 MELIor GRAMMAR 4
 © She threw the stone at the dog.
For

For suggests the beginning of a movement to the destination.

" The workers left for the factory.
The child leaves for the school.
Against
Against show pressure or contact: as;
" Put the piano there, against the wall.
The rain beat against the windows.
C Fill in the blanks with the help of prepositions of direction and movement.
1. Anna has returned her home town.

2. Are the boys still swimming the pool?

3. Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese sailor who sailed the world in
the 16th Century.
4. The plane landed the runway.

5. We drove the river for an hour but turned north before we reached it.

6. When Ifinished high school Idrove Europe in a caravan with two of

my friends.

7. The baby spilled his cereal the floor.

8. Allan left your keys the table.

9. I walk the amusement park.

10. Pat drove Mike the airport.

11. Lee and Sarah took the bus that was heading the university.

12. We both jumped the swimming pool at the same time.

13. The athletes ran the track for 1 hour.

14. You must always wear a helmet when you cycle in case you fall the
bike.

15. The first person to swim the English Channel was Mathew Webb, in
1875.

HELLOI GRAMMAR6 108

 Worksheet IlIl
Leena, her brother Daksh and their daddy are in the zoo. Leena is very excited
So she just cannot stop chatting with her father. While conversing, they forge
certain words. Complete the conversation between Leena and her daddy.

Leena It's great here, dad! Look at the white rhinos over there.
Dad Yes, they're from Africa. There are only 29,000 rhinos left in the
world.
Daksh Dad, l'm thirsty. Is there some lemonade left in that bottle?
water.
Dad No, there isn't any but there's
Leena Oh, Daksh! Forget about the lemonade. Dad, are there
ostriches here?

Dad I'm sure there must be on the other side.

Daksh : I'm hungry. Is there chocolate in the bag?

Dad No, there isn'tany.
Leena Daksh, have you come here only to eat?
mice or rats or
Daksh This zoo isn't very good. There aren't
snakes, insects or spiders.
Dad Oh, Daksh!