𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑾𝑺

𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑾𝑺

𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑺𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘𝒔 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑠
𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑡𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑚𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔.
𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉(𝒑) − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠.
𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑎𝑑𝑣𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺 𝑨𝑵𝑫 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑾𝑺
𝑴𝒊𝒏𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠.
𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟
𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠.
𝑴𝒂𝒋𝒐𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑤ℎ𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟.
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻:
𝑺𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑾
𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑺:
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑑 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑫+𝒅
𝑫𝒎 =
𝟐
𝑭𝑶𝑹𝑴𝑼𝑳𝑨𝑺:
𝐷’ = 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐼𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒
′
𝑫𝒎 + 𝒅
𝑫 =
𝟐
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 ∶
𝝅
=
𝟒
(D’)2
𝝅 𝟐
= 𝑫𝒎 + 𝒅
𝟏𝟔
𝑻𝒀𝑷𝑬𝑺 𝑶𝑭 𝑻𝑯𝑹𝑬𝑨𝑫𝑺:
𝟏. 𝑼𝑵𝑪(𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑪𝒐𝒂𝒓𝒔𝒆) − 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑢𝑠𝑒,
𝑒𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑑.
2. 𝑼𝑵𝑭(𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒆) − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑙𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.
3. 𝑼𝑵𝑬𝑭(𝑼𝒏𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑬𝒙𝒕𝒓𝒂 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒆) − 𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛
𝑎𝑒𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑝𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑒
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑.
 𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔:
1. 𝐴𝑐𝑚𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑟 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
2. 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
3. 𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
1. 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑁𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝑬𝒙𝒂𝒎𝒑𝒍𝒆: 𝟏 – 𝟖𝑼𝑵𝑪 – 𝑿𝒀 – 𝒁
𝟏 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
𝟖 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑻𝑷𝑰(𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑/𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ)
𝑿 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟: = 𝟏 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
= 𝟐 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑖𝑡
= 𝟑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
1. 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑁𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝒀 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟:
= 𝑨 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
= 𝑩 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝒁 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟:
= 𝑹𝑯 – 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
= 𝑳𝑯 − 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
1. 𝐴𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑁𝐶 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂:
𝝅 2 , 𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑫 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟒𝟑𝒑
𝟒
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑫 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏
𝒑 = 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ, 𝒊n
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
2. 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝑴 − 𝟏𝟔 𝒙 𝟐 − 𝟔𝑨
𝑴 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝟏𝟔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒎𝒎
𝟐 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ, 𝒎𝒎
𝟔 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅𝒔 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
2. 𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝑨 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑓𝑜𝑟: = 𝒈 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
= 𝒉 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑩𝒐𝒍𝒕 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂:
𝝅 𝟐 𝟐
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑫 − 𝟎. 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝒑 , 𝒎𝒎
𝟒
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑫 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒎𝒎
𝒑 = 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ, 𝒎𝒎
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔:
1. 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
p

𝟕
𝒉= p
𝟏𝟔

𝒐
ɸ = 𝟎 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔:
2. 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑜𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝐶𝑀𝐸 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
p ɸ

𝒑
𝒉=
𝟐

ɸ = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑪𝑴𝑬 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅

= 𝟏𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑻𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝒐
𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏 𝑻𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒔:
3. 𝐵𝑢𝑡𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑇ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
p
ɸ 45o

𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟑𝒑

ɸ = 𝟕𝒐
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑑 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝐷 = 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑫 = 𝒅 + 𝟐𝒉
𝐷𝑚 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑫𝒎 = 𝒅 + 𝒉
𝑫𝒎 = 𝑫 − 𝒉
ℎ = ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺
1. 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
𝑨. Sw = C(Ar)0.418
B. Fa = C(Ar)1.418
C. 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑫 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏)
= 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓 𝑫 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍)
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺
1. 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
𝑫. 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝑭𝒂 𝑫
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑺𝒘 = 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑭𝒂 = 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝒍𝒃
𝑨𝒓 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝒊𝒏𝟐
𝑪 = 𝟏𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑦 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
= 𝟏, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑜𝑛𝑧𝑒)
= 𝟓, 𝟎𝟎𝟎 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙)
𝑫 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺
𝟐. 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒔:
𝟏 𝟑
𝑨. 𝑺 𝒚 𝑨𝒔 𝟐 B. 𝑺𝒚 𝑨𝒔 𝟐
𝑺𝒅 = 𝑭𝒆 =
𝟔 𝟔
C. 𝑫𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒂𝒑
= 𝟏. 𝟓 𝑫 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒕 𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏)
= 𝑫 (𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒆𝒍 𝒐𝒓 𝒘𝒓𝒐𝒖𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒊𝒓𝒐𝒏)
𝑩𝑶𝑳𝑻𝑺
𝟐. 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝑭𝒂𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒔:
𝑫. 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑪𝑫𝑭𝒊
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑺𝒅 = 𝑑𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑭𝒆 = 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑, 𝒍𝒃
𝟐
𝑨𝒔 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎, 𝒊𝒏
𝑺𝒚 = 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑪 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟎 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝑫 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏
𝑭𝒊 = 𝑭𝒆 = 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝒍𝒃
 𝑾 = 𝑳𝒐𝒂𝒅 𝑷𝑶𝑾𝑬𝑹 𝑺𝑪𝑹𝑬𝑾
𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓
𝑿 = 𝒍𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆
v p = pitch 𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑫 = 𝑚𝑎𝑗𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝒅 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑫𝒎 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
d 𝒅+𝑫
𝑫𝒎 𝑫𝒎 =
𝟐
D
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
1. 𝑷𝒊𝒕𝒄𝒉(𝒑) − 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑤𝑜
𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠
𝟏
p= 𝑻𝑷𝑰 = 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉
𝑻𝑷𝑰
2. 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝑳 : 𝑳 = 𝒑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑)
𝑳 = 𝟐𝒑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑)
𝑳 = 𝟑𝒑 (𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑)
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
3. 𝑳𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚, 𝑽:
= (𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑)(𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑)
= 𝑵𝑳
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑳 = 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑑
𝑵 = 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
N 𝑳𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅
Axis of 𝟒. 𝑳𝒆𝒂𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆(𝒙):
rotation
𝑳
𝑳 tan x =
𝝅𝑫𝒎
𝑿 Length of thread:
= 𝝅𝑫𝒎 𝟐 + 𝑳𝟐
𝝅𝑫𝒎
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
𝟓. 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑻:
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅:
𝐖𝐃𝐦 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱 + 𝒇
𝐓=
𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒇 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝐱
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
𝟓. 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒓𝒂𝒊𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅, 𝑻:
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑨𝑪𝑴𝑬 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑:
𝑾𝑫𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 + 𝒇
𝑻=
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑫𝒎 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
𝑾 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
𝒇 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑠
 = 𝟏𝟒. 𝟓 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑪𝑴𝑬
= 𝟏𝟓𝒐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
6. 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒎𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒇𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝑻𝒄
𝒇𝒄 𝑾 𝒓𝒐 + 𝒓𝒊 𝒇𝒄 𝑾𝑫𝒄
𝑻𝒄 = =
𝟐 𝟐
𝑫𝒐 + 𝑫𝒊
𝑫𝒄 = = 𝒓𝒐 + 𝒓𝒊
𝟐
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒓𝒐 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝒇𝒄 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑫𝒄 = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝒓𝒊 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑫𝑜 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑫𝑖 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
7. 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 𝒕𝒐 𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒏𝒈
𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒐𝒂𝒅:
𝑾𝑫𝒎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒇
𝑻=
𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
𝑵𝒐𝒕𝒆: 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑
(𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑,  = 𝟎𝒐 )
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
8. 𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 𝒕𝒐 𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘, 𝑻𝑻:
𝑻 𝑻 = 𝑻 + 𝑻𝑪
9. 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘(𝑷𝒐)
𝑷𝒐 = 𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕 𝒙 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒂𝒓 𝒗𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘
=𝑾𝒙𝑽
10. 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘(𝑷𝒊)
Pi = 2  TT N
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
11. 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘(𝒆):
𝑨. 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅:
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝑶𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
e=
𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
=
𝒇𝒄 𝑫𝒄
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 + 𝒇 + 𝟏 − 𝒇𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙
𝑫𝒎
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
11. 𝑬𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒚 𝒐𝒇 𝒑𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘(𝒆):
𝑩. 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝑨𝑪𝑴𝑬 𝒐𝒓 𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒑𝒆𝒛𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍 𝒕𝒉𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒅:
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒇𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝒆=
𝒇 𝒄 𝑫𝒄
𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒙𝒄𝒐𝒔 + 𝒇𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 − 𝒇𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙
𝑫𝒎
W R Lever arm

F
For one revolution of the screw:
X = lead angle
p = pitch
e= efficiency of the screw
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒐𝒖𝒕𝒑𝒖𝒕
𝒆=
𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌 𝒊𝒏𝒑𝒖𝒕
d
𝑫𝒎 𝑾 𝑳
D 𝒆=
𝑭 𝟐𝝅𝑹
𝑾𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝒑 = 𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑐ℎ
𝑭 = 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚
𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑜 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤
𝑹 = 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑚
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
12. 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑯𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒌:
𝐴. 𝑾 = 𝒘𝒐𝒓𝒌𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒔𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉 𝒕𝒐 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘 𝒖𝒑 𝒕𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕𝒍𝒚
𝒕𝒐 𝒑𝒂𝒄𝒌 𝒋𝒐𝒊𝒏𝒕
= 𝑺𝒕 (𝟎. 𝟓𝟓𝑫𝟐 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝑫), 𝒍𝒃𝒔
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆:
𝑺𝒕 = 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝒑𝒔𝒊
𝑫 = 𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒔
12. 𝑭𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒎𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝑯𝒂𝒏𝒅𝒃𝒐𝒐𝒌:
𝑩. 𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒘𝒔:
𝑫𝑵𝒅𝟐.𝟑 𝑯𝒑
HP= ,
𝟓𝟎 𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒓𝒆𝒘
T=1250 D d2.3, in-lb
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆: 𝑫 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔
𝑵 = 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝒓𝒑𝒎
𝒅 = 𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑤 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒆𝒔