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24 views21 pages

CGV 1.2

Uploaded by

ps9473013
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Introduction to Computer

Graphics and Visualization


By
Prof. Vaibhav P. Vasani
Assistant Professor
Department of Computer Engineering
K. J. Somaiya College of Engineering
Somaiya Vidyavihar University
Computer Graphics
• Computer graphics deals with all aspects of creating images
with a computer
• Hardware
• Software
• Applications
Example
• Where did this image come from?

• What hardware/software did we need to produce it?


Preliminary Answer
• Application: The object is an artist’s rendition of the sun for an
animation to be shown in a domed environment (planetarium)
• Software: Maya for modeling and rendering but Maya is built on
top of OpenGL
• Hardware: PC with graphics card for modeling and rendering
Basic Graphics System

Output device

Input devices
Image formed in FB
CRT

Can be used either as a line-drawing device (calligraphic) or to


display contents of frame buffer (raster mode)
Computer Graphics: 1950-1960

• Computer graphics goes back to the earliest days of computing


• Strip charts
• Pen plotters
• Simple displays using A/D converters to go from computer to
calligraphic CRT
• Cost of refresh for CRT too high
• Computers slow, expensive, unreliable
Computer Graphics: 1960-1970

• Wireframe graphics
• Draw only lines
• Sketchpad
• Display Processors
• Storage tube

wireframe representation
of sun object
Sketchpad
• Ivan Sutherland’s PhD thesis at MIT
• Recognized the potential of man-machine interaction
• Loop
• Display something
• User moves light pen
• Computer generates new display
• Sutherland also created many of the now common algorithms for
computer graphics
Display Processor
• Rather than have the host computer try to refresh display use a
special purpose computer called a display processor (DPU)

• Graphics stored in display list (display file) on display processor


• Host compiles display list and sends to DPU
Direct View Storage Tube
• Created by Tektronix
• Did not require constant refresh
• Standard interface to computers
• Allowed for standard software
• Plot3D in Fortran
• Relatively inexpensive
• Opened door to use of computer graphics for CAD community
Computer Graphics: 1970-1980

• Raster Graphics
• Beginning of graphics standards
• IFIPS
• GKS: European effort
• Becomes ISO 2D standard
• Core: North American effort
• 3D but fails to become ISO standard

• Workstations and PCs


Raster Graphics
• Image produced as an array (the raster) of picture elements
(pixels) in the frame buffer
Raster Graphics
• Allows us to go from lines and wire frame images to filled
polygons
PCs and Workstations
• Although we no longer make the distinction between
workstations and PCs, historically they evolved from different
roots
• Early workstations characterized by
• Networked connection: client-server model
• High-level of interactivity
• Early PCs included frame buffer as part of user memory
• Easy to change contents and create images
Computer Graphics: 1980-1990
Realism comes to computer graphics

smooth shading environment bump mapping


mapping
Computer Graphics: 1980-1990

• Special purpose hardware


• Silicon Graphics geometry engine
• VLSI implementation of graphics pipeline
• Industry-based standards
• PHIGS
• RenderMan
• Networked graphics: X Window System
• Human-Computer Interface (HCI)
Computer Graphics: 1990-2000

• OpenGL API
• Completely computer-generated feature-length movies (Toy
Story) are successful
• New hardware capabilities
• Texture mapping
• Blending
• Accumulation, stencil buffers
Computer Graphics: 2000-2010
• Photorealism
• Graphics cards (GPU) for PCs dominate market
• Nvidia, ATI
• Game boxes and game players determine direction of market
(Wii, Kinect, etc)
• Computer graphics routine in movie industry: Maya, Lightwave
• Programmable pipelines
Computer Graphics: 2010-
• Mobile Computing
• iPhone
• Cloud Computing
• Amazon Web Services (AWS)
• Virtual Reality
• Oculus Rift
• Artificial Intelligence
• Big Data/Deep Learning
• Google Car

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