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Tax Guide 2024/2025

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 Independent PKF Firms In South Africa Our Services

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 BUDGET PROPOSALS
1 Increase in Tax for Individuals
Personal income tax is increased by not adjusting the tax brackets,
rebates and medical tax credits.
2 Global Minimum Corporate Tax
An effective tax rate of at least 15% is to be imposed on multinational
corporations with an annual revenue exceeding €750 million.
3 Alternative Dispute Resolution Proceedings
The dispute resolution process will be reviewed to improve efficiency,
which may include allowing alternative dispute resolution proceedings
at the objection phase of a tax dispute.
4 Local Electric Vehicle Production Incentive
As from 1 March 2026, manufacturers will be able to claim 150%
of qualifying investment on production capacity for electric and
hydrogen-powered vehicles in the first year of investment.

SOLAR PANEL REBATE

The individual who pays for new and unused solar panels is eligible for a
rebate of 25% of the cost (excluding installation, inverters and batteries),
capped at R15 000 per individual. The panels must be brought into use for
the first time in the period 1 March 2023 to 29 February 2024.

TWO-POT RETIREMENT SYSTEM

As from 1 September 2024, retirement funds will be subject to the new
two-pot system which aims to minimise early withdrawals, while retaining the
principle of exempting contributions and growth, but taxing withdrawals.
The “retirement pot” cannot be accessed before retirement.
The “savings pot” can be accessed with a single taxable withdrawal in any
12 month period, subject to tax at marginal rates.
One-third of the total contribution goes to the “savings pot” and the balance
to the “retirement pot”.
The fund balance as at 31 August 2024 will remain in the “vested pot”.
Withdrawals will be subject to tax according to the relevant lump sum table.
Members may transfer the lesser of 10% of the fund balance or R30 000
from the “vested pot” to the “savings pot” as initial seed funding.
This booklet is published by PKF Publishers (Pty) Ltd for and on behalf of

• All information contained herein is believed to be correct at the time of publication,

21 February 2024. The contents should not be used as a basis for action without
further professional advice.
• While utmost care has been taken in the compilation of this publication no responsibility
will be accepted for any inaccuracies, errors or omissions.
• The information incorporates commentary from the budget speech but the legislation
finally enacted may differ.
• Changes in rates of tax announced in the budget speech for the 2025 tax year become
effective only once the legislation is enacted by Parliament.
• Copyright subsists in this work. No part of this work may be reproduced in any form or
by any means without the publisher’s written permission.
1
 INDEX
Administrative Penalties 51 Pre-Paid Expenditure 31
Arbitration Awards 13 Pre-Production Interest 30
Assessed Losses Ring-Fenced 47 Pre-Trading Expenditure 31
Body Corporates 48 Prime Overdraft Rates 40
Bond/Instalment Repayments 41 Provisional Tax 9
Broad-Based Employee Equity 20 Public Benefit Organisations 48
Budget Proposals 1 Recreational Clubs 48
Bursaries and Scholarships 20 Reinvestment Relief 29
Capital Gains Tax 26 Relocation of an Employee 18
Capital Incentive Allowances 23 Reportable Arrangements 49
Common Reporting Standard 38 Research and Development 18
Country-by-Country Reporting 38 Residence Based Taxation 32
Debt Concession or Compromise 21 Residential Building Allowances 22
Deductions - Donations 48 Restraint of Trade 13
Deductions - Employees 11 Retention of Documents/Records 56
Deductions - Retirement 18 Retirement Lump Sum Benefits 19
Deductions - Royalties 35 Secondary Tax on Companies 4
Deductions - Travel Expenses 17 Securities Transfer Tax 39
Deemed Capital - Disposal of Shares 30 Skills Development Levy 42
Deemed Employees 12 Small Business Corporations 7
Directors Fees 13 Solar Panel Rebate 1
Dispute Resolution 50 Special Economic Zones 30
Dividend Stripping 29 Strategic Allowances 26
Dividends Tax 8 Subsistence Allowances 16
Donations Tax 53 Tax Clearance 49
Double Taxation Agreements 34 Tax Free Investments 13
Doubtful Debt Allowance 31 Tax Rates - Companies 4
Effective Tax Rate 4 Tax Rates - Individuals 5
Employment Tax Incentive 20 Tax Rates - Trusts 6
Estate Duty 53 Tax Rebates 5
Exchange Control Regulations 44 Tax Thresholds 5
Executor’s Remuneration 53 Third-Party Reporting 48
Exemptions - Individuals 11 Transfer Duty 40
Farming Income 43 Transfer Pricing 39
Foreign Companies/Branch Tax 4 Travel Allowances 16
Foreign Employment Income 3 Trust Distributions - Local Trust 52
Fringe Benefits 14 Trust Distributions - Foreign Trust 52
Headquarter Company 35 Turnover Tax - Micro-Businesses 6
Home Office Deduction 51 Two-Pot Retirement System 1
Hotel Allowances 22 Understatement Penalties 50
Interest Rates - Changes 42 Unquantified Proceeds 29
Involuntary Disposals 29 Value-Added Tax 46
IRP5 Codes 54 Variable Remuneration 17
Learnership Allowances 30 VAT Claw-Back for Developers 47
Limitation of Interest Deduction 21 VAT Relief - Inter-Group 47
Loans to Trusts - Section 7C 3 Venture Capital Investments 31
Married in Community of Property 13 Voluntary Disclosure 50
Medical Aid Tax Credits 5 Wear and Tear Allowances 24
Medical Expense Tax Credits 10 Withholding Taxes Summary 36
Multilateral Instrument 37 Withdrawal Lump Sum Benefits 19
Non-Residents 34 Withholding Tax on Interest 34
Patent and Intellectual Property 22 Withholding Tax on Royalties 35
Penalties and Interest 41
2
LOANS TO TRUSTS SECTION 7C
As from 1 March 2017, interest-free or low interest loans to a trust by a
connected natural person or by a company connected to that natural person
give rise to a deemed donation. The donation is the difference between the
interest rate charged and the official interest rate applied to the loan amount.
This deemed donation applies to new and existing loans, excluding:
• Loans to certain vesting and certain share incentive trusts
• Loans to special trusts solely for the benefit of a person with a disability
• Loans to approved public benefit organisations
• Loans funding a primary residence of that person or that person’s spouse
• Loans to small business funding entities
• Loans where transfer pricing rules apply
• Loans provided in terms of a Sharia compliant financing arrangement
• Loans subject to Dividends Tax
• Unpaid beneficiary distributions, subject to certain provisions which
may include a requirement that:
- the trust deed stipulates (or the trustees have the sole discretion to
determine) the time and extent of payment of such vested amount
- the beneficiary has not entered into an agreement with the trustee
to retain such amount in the trust.
The interest foregone is treated as an ongoing annual donation by that
person as at the end of the tax year. Donations Tax will be payable at the end
of March of each year. The annual Donations Tax exemption of R100 000
may be claimed if not already utilised.
As from 19 July 2017, loans provided by natural persons to companies
held by trusts or loans ceded to connected natural persons such as trust
beneficiaries are included.
As from 1 January 2021, certain preference shares issued to a connected
natural person are treated as deemed loans.
As from 1 January 2024, where the deemed donation is in a foreign currency
this is converted at the average exchange rate for the year of assessment.
Example: An interest free loan of R2,5 million provided to a trust on 1 March
2023 and the loan remained constant during the year, the calculation is:
R
Loan 2 500 000,00
Interest 1 March 2023 to 31 March 2023 (31/366 days) at 8,25% 17 469,26
Interest 1 April 2023 to 31 May 2023 (61/366 days) at 8,75% 36 458,33
Interest 1 June 2023 to 29 February 2024 (274/366 days) at 9,25% 173 121,58
Deemed donation 227 049,17
Less annual exemption 100 000,00
Net deemed donation at 29 February 2024 127 049,17
Donations Tax at 20% (due 31 March 2024) 25 409,83

FOREIGN EMPLOYMENT INCOME

As from 1 March 2020, foreign employment income not exceeding R1,25 million
is exempt, provided the person spends more than 183 days, of which at
least 60 days is continuous, outside South Africa in any 12 month period
commencing or ending during that year of assessment.
Prior to 1 March 2020, foreign employment income was fully exempt provided
the same days requirement was met.

3
TAX RATES COMPANIES
Income Tax
For years of assessment ending during the following periods:
1 April 1994 - 31 March 1999 35%
1 April 1999 - 31 March 2005 30%
1 April 2005 - 31 March 2008 29%
1 April 2008 - 28 February 2023 28%
1 March 2023 - 31 March 2025 27%
SA Income - Foreign Company/Branch Tax
For years of assessment ending during the following periods:
1 April 1999 - 31 March 2005 35%
1 April 2005 - 31 March 2008 34%
1 April 2008 - 31 March 2012 33%
1 April 2012 - 28 February 2023 28%
1 March 2023 - 31 March 2025 27%

Secondary Tax on Companies

Dividend declared between 22 June 1994 and 13 March 1996 25%
Dividend declared between 14 March 1996 and 30 September 2007 12,5%
Dividend declared between 1 October 2007 and 31 March 2012 10%

Dividends Tax
Dividend paid or becomes due and payable from 1 April 2012 15%
Dividend paid or becomes due and payable from 22 February 2017 20%

EFFECTIVE TAX RATE

1 Mar 2016 22 Feb 2017 1 Mar 2017 1 Mar 2023
to to to to
21 Feb 2017 28 Feb 2017 28 Feb 2023 28 Feb 2025

R R R R
Taxable income 100,00 100,00 100,00 100,00
Less: Normal tax 28,00 28,00 28,00 27,00
Available for distribution 72,00 72,00 72,00 73,00
Less: Dividend 72,00 72,00 72,00 73,00
Retained 0 0 0 0
Total tax 38,80 42,40 42,40 41,60
Normal tax 28,00 28,00 28,00 27,00
Dividends Tax 10,80 14,40 14,40 14,60
Effective rate 38,80% 42,40% 42,40% 41,60%

Assumes all profits are declared as a dividend subject to Dividends Tax.

4
TAX RATES INDIVIDUALS - 2024
Taxable income Rates of tax
R 0 - R 237 100 18% of each R1
R 237 101 - R 370 500 R 42 678 + 26% of the amount over R 237 100
R 370 501 - R 512 800 R 77 362 + 31% of the amount over R 370 500
R 512 801 - R 673 000 R121 475 + 36% of the amount over R 512 800
R 673 001 - R 857 900 R179 147 + 39% of the amount over R 673 000
R 857 901 - R1 817 000 R251 258 + 41% of the amount over R 857 900
R1 817 001 + R644 489 + 45% of the amount over R1 817 000

TAX RATES INDIVIDUALS - 2025

Taxable income Rates of tax
R 0 - R 237 100 18% of each R1
R 237 101 - R 370 500 R 42 678 + 26% of the amount over R 237 100
R 370 501 - R 512 800 R 77 362 + 31% of the amount over R 370 500
R 512 801 - R 673 000 R121 475 + 36% of the amount over R 512 800
R 673 001 - R 857 900 R179 147 + 39% of the amount over R 673 000
R 857 901 - R1 817 000 R251 258 + 41% of the amount over R 857 900
R1 817 001 + R644 489 + 45% of the amount over R1 817 000

TAX THRESHOLDS
Taxable income
2024 2025
Persons under 65 R 95 750 R 95 750
Persons 65 and under 75 R148 217 R148 217
Persons 75 and over R165 689 R165 689

TAX REBATES
Amounts deductible from the tax payable 2024 2025
Persons under 65 R17 235 R17 235
Persons 65 and under 75 R26 679 R26 679
Persons 75 and over R29 824 R29 824

MEDICAL AID TAX CREDITS

Monthly amounts deductible from tax payable 2024 2025
Main member R364 R364
Main member with one dependant R728 R728
Main member with two dependants R974 R974
Each additional dependant qualifies for a credit of R246 (2023 : R234)
per month.
5
TAX RATES TRUSTS
Rate of tax 2015 2016-2017 2018-2025
All taxable income 40% 41% 45%
Special trusts are taxed at the rates applicable to individuals, but are not
entitled to any rebate. The 40% inclusion rate for a taxable capital gain
applies to both types of special trusts.
A special trust is one created:
• solely for the benefit of a person affected by a mental illness or serious
physical disability which prevents that person from earning sufficient
income to maintain themselves. Where the person for whose benefit
the trust was established dies prior to or on the last day of the year of
assessment the trust will no longer be regarded as a special trust
• as a testamentary trust established solely for the benefit of minor children
who are alive and related to the deceased on the date of death. Where
the youngest beneficiary turns 18 years of age (2013 : 21) prior to or
on the last day of the year of assessment, the trust will no longer be
regarded as a special trust.

TURNOVER TAX MICRO-BUSINESSES

Years of assessment ending between 1 March 2014 and 28 February 2015
Turnover Rates of tax
R 0 - R 150 000 Nil
R150 001 - R 300 000 1% of the amount over R 150 000
R300 001 - R 500 000 R 1 500 + 2% of the amount over R 300 000
R500 001 - R 750 000 R 5 500 + 4% of the amount over R 500 000
R750 001 - R1 000 000 R 15 500 + 6% of the amount over R 750 000

Years of assessment ending between 1 March 2015 and 28 February 2025

Turnover Rates of tax
R 0 - R 335 000 Nil
R335 001 - R 500 000 1% of the amount over R 335 000
R500 001 - R 750 000 R 1 650 + 2% of the amount over R 500 000
R750 001 - R1 000 000 R 6 650 + 3% of the amount over R 750 000
The simplified turnover-based tax system applies to qualifying sole
proprietors, partnerships and incorporated businesses with a turnover of less
than R1 million per year.
The system is elective. For years of assessment commencing on or after
1 March 2012, a micro-business can voluntarily exit the system at the end of
any year of assessment. However, once out of the system the taxpayer will
not be permitted to re-enter.
Prior to this, a three year lock-in period existed for exit and re-entry into the
system. Personal services rendered under employment-like conditions and
certain professional services are excluded from the system.
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2018, transitional
measures were introduced to eliminate penalties when turnover exceeds
R1 million and the micro-business is obliged to exit the system.
6
SMALL BUSINESS CORPORATIONS
Years of assessment ending between 1 April 2023 and 31 March 2024
Taxable income Rates of tax
R 0 - R 95 750 Nil
R 95 751 - R365 000 7% of the amount over R 95 750
R365 001 - R550 000 R18 848 + 21% of the amount over R365 000
R550 001 + R57 698 + 27% of the amount over R550 000

Years of assessment ending between 1 April 2024 and 31 March 2025

Taxable income Rates of tax
R 0 - R 95 750 Nil
R 95 751 - R365 000 7% of the amount over R 95 750
R365 001 - R550 000 R18 848 + 21% of the amount over R365 000
R550 001 + R57 698 + 27% of the amount over R550 000
Qualifying requirements:
• All shareholders or members throughout the year of assessment
are natural persons who do not hold an interest in any other private
company, close corporation or co-operative other than those which:
- are inactive and have assets with a market value less than R5 000; or
- have taken steps to liquidate, wind-up or deregister (effective for years
of assessment commencing on or after 1 January 2011).
• Gross income for the year of assessment does not exceed R20 million
(2013 : R14 million).
• Not more than 20% of the gross income and all capital gains consists
collectively of investment income and income from the rendering of
a personal service.
Investment income includes any annuity, interest, rental income from
immovable property, royalty or any income of a similar nature, local
dividends, foreign dividends (as from 1 April 2012) and any proceeds
derived from investment or trading in financial instruments (including
futures, options and other derivatives), marketable securities or
immovable property.
Personal service includes any service in the field of accounting, actuarial
science, architecture, auctioneering, auditing, broadcasting, consulting,
draughtsmanship, education, engineering, financial service broking,
health, information technology, journalism, law, management, real estate
broking, research, sport, surveying, translation, valuation or veterinary
science, performed personally by any person who holds an interest in
the company, close corporation or co-operative, except where such
small business corporation employs three or more unconnected full-time
employees for core operations throughout the year of assessment.
• The company, close corporation or co-operative is not a personal service
provider or venture capital company.
Where the business operates in a special economic zone the tax rate is the
lower of 15% or the rate determined in accordance with the tables.
Investment incentive
The full cost of any asset used directly in a process of manufacture and
brought into use for the first time on or after 1 April 2001, may be deducted
in the tax year in which the asset is brought into use. As from 1 April 2005,
all other depreciable assets may be written off on a 50/30/20 basis.
7
DIVIDENDS TAX
Dividends Tax is applicable to all South African resident companies as well
as non-resident companies listed on the JSE. Dividends Tax is borne by the
shareholder at a rate of 20% (prior to 22 February 2017 : 15%), subject to
any reduction in terms of a double taxation agreement. Tax on dividends in
specie remains the liability of the company declaring the dividend.
Exemptions from Dividends Tax
South African resident companies, the Government, public benefit
organisations (PBO’s), certain exempt bodies, closure rehabilitation trusts,
retirement funds, shareholders in a registered micro-business (provided the
dividend does not exceed R200 000 in the year of assessment), are exempt
from Dividends Tax. The exemption also applies to dividends in specie.
As from 1 April 2012, any dividend that was subject to STC is also exempt.
A non-resident receiving a dividend from a non-resident company, which is
listed on the JSE, is exempt from Dividends Tax.
Withholding Tax Obligations
The company declaring the dividend, other than dividends in specie, is
required to withhold the Dividends Tax on payment. Liability for withholding
tax shifts if the dividend is paid to a regulated intermediary which includes
central securities depository participants, brokers, collective investment
schemes, approved transfer secretaries and linked investment service
providers.
Dividends Tax can be eliminated or reduced upon the timely receipt of a
written declaration that the shareholder is either entitled to an exemption or
to double taxation agreement relief and an undertaking that the shareholder
will inform the company should there be a change in circumstances.
As from 1 July 2020, the written declaration and undertaking must be
renewed every five years from the date of the original declaration.
In the case of dividends in specie there is no withholding obligation, as the
tax is the liability of the company declaring the dividend.
Dividend Definition
The definition includes all distributions to a shareholder, other than:
• a reduction of contributed tax capital (CTC)
• an issue of capitalisation shares
• a general share buy-back by a JSE listed company
• an issue of shares as consideration for a share buy-back
• certain transfer pricing adjustments.
A distribution of CTC must be recorded in writing by the directors prior to
making the distribution.
Low Interest or Interest-Free Loans
There is a deemed dividend implication where a low interest or interest-free
loan or advance is made by a company to a resident natural person or trust
connected to the company or to a person (other than a company) who is
connected to such natural person or trust. The deemed dividend is the
difference between the interest rate charged and the official interest rate
applied to the loan amount and is treated as a cash dividend.
Share Buy-back
Where an unlisted company buys back a portion of its own shares, the
portion distributed from CTC is subject to Capital Gains Tax and the
remaining distribution is subject to Dividends Tax.
The CTC distributed must be in proportion to the shareholder’s percentage
held in the specific class of shares on the date of the distribution.
8
PROVISIONAL TAX
First Year of Assessment
Where a taxpayer has not been assessed previously, a reasonable estimate of
the taxable income, and not merely a default of nil, must be made.
First Payment
The estimate of taxable income may not be less than the basic amount, unless
circumstances justify a lower estimate.
Second Payment
A two-tier system applies depending on the taxpayer’s taxable income:
• Actual taxable income of R1 million or less
To avoid any penalty the basic amount must be used. If a lower estimate is
used, this must be within 90% of the taxable income finally assessed.
• Actual taxable income exceeds R1 million
To avoid any penalty the estimate must be within 80% of the taxable
income, excluding retirement fund lump sums, finally assessed.
If the above requirements are not met, a penalty of 20% is levied on the
difference between the estimated tax and 90% of the actual tax (if the
taxable income is R1 million or less), or 80% of the actual tax (if the taxable
income exceeds R1 million), less PAYE and provisional tax paid in the year of
assessment. The penalty may be waived or reduced if the taxpayer can prove
that due care had been taken in seriously calculating the estimate.
• Non-submission of a return
Where the return is not submitted within four months of the due date, the
estimate of taxable income is deemed to be nil.
Third Payment
Third provisional payments are only applicable to individuals and trusts with
taxable income in excess of R50 000 and companies and close corporations
with taxable income in excess of R20 000.
Year of Death
As from 15 January 2020, no estimate is required for the period from the last
provisional return up to date of death.
Basic Amount
As from 1 March 2015, the basic amount is the taxable income of the latest
preceding tax year, provided the assessment is issued at least 14 days prior to
the submission of the provisional tax return. If that assessment is for a tax year
older than 18 months, the basic amount is increased by 8% per year.
Permissible Reductions in the Basic Amount
Capital gains, retirement fund lump sums and certain severance benefits
reduce the basic amount.
Estimates
Where an estimate lower than the basic amount is used, capital gains must
be included in that estimate and the taxpayer’s circumstances must justify a
lower estimate. Capital gains must be included in the second estimate if the
final taxable income is expected to exceed R1 million. SARS has the right to
increase any estimate, to an amount considered reasonable.
Exemptions
Natural persons, excluding sole proprietors, are exempt if either:
• the taxable income does not exceed the tax threshold
• the taxable income from dividends (e.g. REIT distributions), interest, foreign
dividends, rental from letting immovable property and remuneration from an
employer not registered for PAYE, does not exceed R30 000.
Trusts with no taxable income are not provisional taxpayers.
Body corporates, deceased estates, PBO’s, recreational clubs, shareblocks
and small business funding entities are exempt from provisional tax.
9
 MEDICAL EXPENSE TAX CREDITS
Medical Aid Contributions
Medical aid contributions may be claimed as a medical scheme fees tax credit
against tax payable as follows:
• R364 (2023 : R347) per month each for the taxpayer and the first dependant
• R246 (2023 : R234) per month for each additional dependant
Where more than one person pays the medical aid contribution, the medical
scheme fees tax credit is apportioned.
Younger than 65 years
Excess contributions and other qualifying medical expenses may be claimed as an
additional medical expense tax credit calculated as follows:
The amount by which the formula {[medical aid contributions - (medical scheme
fees tax credit x 4)] + other qualifying medical expenses} exceeds 7,5% of
taxable income, divided by a factor of 4.
65 years and older, or younger than 65 years if the taxpayer or an
immediate family member has a disability
Excess contributions and other qualifying medical expenses may be claimed as an
additional medical expense tax credit calculated as follows:
{[Medical aid contributions - (medical scheme fees tax credit x 3)] + other qualifying
medical expenses}, divided by a factor of 3.
Other qualifying medical expenses include:
• payments to medical practitioners, nursing homes and hospitals
• payments to pharmacists for prescribed medicines
• payments related to a disability or physical impairment including:
- costs of special care (including training of parents or caregivers)
- insurance, maintenance and supply of aids and special devices
- prosthetics (including prosthetic breasts, limbs or eyes)
- special devices (including computers suitably adapted, kidney machines,
mobile ramps, wheelchairs, crutches, orthopaedic shoes, pacemakers,
prescription spectacles and contact lenses)
- alterations to assets (including doorways, elevators and outdoor ramps)
- special education for learners with disabilities (including fees for a school
assistant, classroom costs and school fees). School fees are limited to the
amount in excess of the fees of the closest public fee-paying school
- certain services costs (including deaf-blind intervening services, lip-reading
services, rehabilitative therapy and sign language) and service animals
- certain reasonable travel expenses (including accommodation)
- continence products (including catheters, diapers and disposable briefs).
Disability means a moderate to severe limitation of a person’s ability to function
or perform daily activities due to physical, sensory, communication, intellectual or
mental impairment, provided the limitation lasts more than a year and is diagnosed
by a duly registered medical practitioner in accordance with prescribed criteria.
According to the SARS guide on the medical tax credits (issue 15):
• diabetes and asthma are regarded as medical conditions and not disabilities
• bad eyesight, hearing problems, paralysis of a portion of the body and brain
dysfunctions (including dyslexia, hyperactivity or lack of concentration) are
regarded as physical impairments and not disabilities.
GAP cover and medical insurance premiums do not qualify as medical aid
contributions or as other qualifying medical expenses.
Recovery of expenses (including amounts received from a medical aid savings
account, GAP cover or medical insurance) reduces the claim.
Expenditure paid by a taxpayer on behalf of a spouse, child or parent must be
claimed by the taxpayer who paid the expense.

10
 EXEMPTIONS INDIVIDUALS
• Dividends received or accrued from South African companies or JSE dual
listed non-resident companies are generally not subject to income tax.
• Dividends or distributions received or accrued from a real estate
investment trust (REIT) are subject to income tax.
• As from 1 March 2014, dividends received for services rendered or by
virtue of employment, including share incentive trust distributions, are not
exempt subject to certain exclusions.
• For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2017, foreign
dividends are partially exempt in terms of a formula whereby the
maximum effective rate is 20% (previously 15%).
• Interest received by or accrued to a non-resident is exempt from income
tax unless the individual was physically present in South Africa for a
period exceeding 183 days in aggregate or carried on business through a
permanent establishment in South Africa at any time during the 12 month
period prior to the date of receipt or accrual. As from 1 March 2015, where
this exemption is applicable, a final withholding tax of 15% is imposed on
interest paid to a non-resident, subject to an exemption or reduction in
the rate in terms of a double taxation agreement.
• South African sourced interest received by natural persons:
Persons under 65 years R23 800 (2013 : R22 800)
Persons 65 years and older R34 500 (2013 : R33 000)
• Unemployment insurance benefits.
• As from 1 March 2012, Road Accident Fund payouts.
• As from 1 March 2015, all returns from tax free savings investments.
Termination Lump Sum from Employer
As from 1 March 2011, employer provided severance payments for reasons
of age, ill health and retrenchment are aligned with the taxation of retirement
lump sum benefits, including the R550 000 (2023 : R500 000) tax free limit.
In the case of retrenchment this concession does not apply where that
person at any time held an interest of more than 5% in that entity.
Compensation
As from 1 March 2007, compensation awards paid by an employer on the
death of an employee in the course of employment are exempt, limited to
R300 000. As from 1 March 2011, previous retrenchment exemptions are no
longer set-off against this amount.

DEDUCTIONS EMPLOYEES
Employees or holders of office are limited to the following deductions from
their remuneration:
• Bad debts and doubtful debts allowance
• Wear and tear allowance
• Business travel expenses limited to the travel allowance or fringe benefit
for the use of a company motor vehicle
• Pension or retirement annuity fund contributions, subject to a limitation
• As from 1 March 2016, provident fund contributions, subject to a limitation
• Donations to qualifying public benefit organisations, subject to a limitation
• Home office expenses, subject to stringent requirements
• Legal expenses, subject to certain requirements
• Prior to 1 March 2015, premiums paid for an income protection policy
• As from 1 March 2008, refunded awards for services rendered and
refunded restraint of trade awards.
11
DEEMED EMPLOYEES
Labour brokers and personal service providers are regarded as deemed
employees.
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2009:
• A labour broker is a natural person who, for reward, provides a
client with other persons to render a service to the client or
procures other persons for the client and remunerates such
persons
• A personal service provider is a company, close corporation or
trust where any service rendered on behalf of the entity to its client
is rendered personally by any person who is a connected person in
relation to such entity, and one of the following provisions apply:
- the person would have been regarded as an employee of the
client if the service was not rendered through an entity
- the person or entity rendering the service must perform such
service mainly at the premises of the client and such person or
entity is subject to the control or supervision of such client as to
the manner in which the duties are performed
- more than 80% of the income derived from services rendered is
received from one client or associated person in relation to the
client
• The entity will not be regarded as a personal service provider
where such entity employs three or more unconnected full-time
employees for core operations throughout the year of assessment.
Implications
• A labour broker, not in possession of an exemption certificate, is
subject to PAYE on income received at the rates applicable to
individual taxpayers. Deductible expenditure is limited to
remuneration paid to employees
• A personal service provider is subject to PAYE at the rate of
27% (prior to 1 April 2022: 28%) in the case of a company and 45%
(2017 : 41%) in the case of a trust
• No PAYE is required to be deducted in certain instances, where
the entity provides an affidavit confirming that the entity does not
receive more than 80% of its income from one source
• The deemed employee may apply to SARS for a tax directive for a
lower rate of tax to be applied
• Deductions available to personal service providers are limited to
remuneration to employees, contributions to pension, provident and
benefit funds, legal expenses, bad debts, expenses in respect of
premises, finance charges, insurance, repairs, fuel and maintenance
in respect of assets used wholly and exclusively for trade and any
amount previously included in taxable income and subsequently
refunded by the recipient.

12
TAX FREE INVESTMENTS
As from 1 March 2015, natural persons can invest in approved investments
which include unit trusts, fixed deposits or REIT’s. These investments are
subject to a lifetime investment limit of R500 000, and an annual investment
limit of R36 000 (2020 : R33 000).
All proceeds, including interest, dividends and capital gains on the disposal
of these investments, are fully exempt from tax.
Where the annual or lifetime limits are exceeded, a penalty of 40% of the
excess capital contributed is imposed.

MARRIED IN COMMUNITY OF PROPERTY

Taxpayers married in community of property are taxed on half of their own
interest, dividends, rental income and capital gain and half of the interest,
dividends, rental income and capital gain of their spouse, regardless of the
spouse in whose name the assets are registered (other than assets excluded
from the joint estate).
All other taxable income is taxed only in the hands of the spouse who
received it or to whom it accrues.

ARBITRATION AWARDS
Arbitration awards are generally awarded due to unfair dismissal, termination
of the employment contract prior to the expiry date or unfair labour practices.
Amounts paid due to unfair dismissal and early termination of the contract
constitute remuneration and are taxable.

RESTRAINT OF TRADE
Gross Income
Any amount received by or accrued to any natural person, labour broker or
personal service provider for a restraint of trade imposed on such person,
is included in gross income in the year of receipt or accrual.
Deduction
Where an expense was incurred in respect of a restraint of trade imposed on
any person, the deduction, in a year of assessment, is limited to the lesser of:
• the expense apportioned over the period for which the restraint applies
• one-third of the amount incurred per year.
Where the expense did not constitute income in the hands of the recipient,
no deduction is allowed.

DIRECTORS FEES
Prior to 1 March 2017, directors of private companies and members of close
corporations were deemed to have received a monthly remuneration, subject
to PAYE, calculated in accordance with a formula, which did not apply where
at least 75% of their remuneration was in the form of fixed monthly payments.
As from 1 March 2017, this formula is no longer applicable and PAYE is
calculated on a payment basis.
As from 1 June 2017, resident non-executive directors are regarded as
independent contractors, resulting in no PAYE being withheld from directors
fees, unless voluntarily agreed to. Where the fees exceed R1 million in a
12 month period, the non-executive director is required to register for VAT and
issue a tax invoice to the company for the directors fees.
13
FRINGE BENEFITS
Right of Use of Motor Vehicle
As from 1 March 2015, for vehicles acquired or financed, the determined value
for the fringe benefit is the retail market value (previously cost) including VAT but
excluding finance charges and interest. The employee will be taxed on 3,5%
(2011 : 2,5%) per month of the determined value of the motor vehicle less any
consideration paid by the employee towards the cost of the vehicle.
The fringe benefit is reduced to 3,25% if the vehicle is subject to a maintenance
plan for not less than three years and/or 60 000 kilometres.
As from 1 March 2013, for vehicles acquired under an operating lease, the value
of the fringe benefit is based on the rental and fuel cost to the employer.
Where an employee is given the use of more than one vehicle and can prove
that each vehicle is used primarily for business purposes, the value placed on
the private use of all the vehicles is determined according to the value
attributed to the vehicle carrying the highest value of private use.
For PAYE purposes the employer is required to include in the employee’s
monthly remuneration 80% of the taxable benefit. The inclusion rate may be
reduced to 20% if the employer is satisfied that at least 80% of the use of the
vehicle for a year of assessment will be for business purposes.
On assessment SARS is obliged, provided it is satisfied that accurate records
have been maintained in respect of distances travelled for:
• business purposes, to reduce the value of the fringe benefit by the same
proportion that the business distance bears to the total distance travelled
during the year of assessment
• private purposes and the employee has borne the full cost of the specified
vehicle running expenses, to reduce the value of the fringe benefit:
- by the same proportion that the private distance bears to the total
distance travelled during the year of assessment, in the case of
licence, insurance and maintenance costs
- by applying the prescribed rate per kilometre to the kilometres travelled
for private purposes in the case of the fuel cost pertaining to private use.
No value is placed on the private use of an employer-owned vehicle if:
• it is available to and used by all employees, private use is infrequent and
incidental to the business use, and the vehicle is not normally kept at or
near that employee’s residence when not in use outside business hours
• the nature of the employee’s duties requires regular use of the vehicle for
the performance of duties outside normal hours of work and private use
is infrequent or incidental to business use or limited to travel between
place of residence and place of work.
The provision of an employer-owned vehicle constitutes a deemed supply for
VAT purposes. The employer must account for output VAT on the deemed
consideration by applying the VAT fraction on a monthly basis.
The deemed consideration is determined as follows:
Motor vehicle/Double-cab 0,3% of cost of vehicle (excl. VAT) per month
Bakkies 0,6% of cost of vehicle (excl. VAT) per month
Use of Business Cellphones and Computers
As from 1 March 2008, no value is placed on the private use by employees of
employer-owned cellphones and computers which are used mainly for business
purposes.
Low Interest or Interest-Free Loans
• The fringe benefit is the difference between the interest rate charged by
the employer and the official interest rate applied to the loan amount
• The fringe benefit has no value where the loan is less than R3 000 or where
a loan is made to an employee to further their own studies.
14
Long Service and Bravery Awards
Long service is an initial unbroken period of at least 15 years or any subsequent
unbroken period of at least 10 years.
No value is placed on any award, including cash, not exceeding R5 000.
Prior to 1 March 2022, cash awards were taxable.
Medical Aid Contributions
As from 1 March 2010, the full contribution by an employer is a fringe benefit.
If the employer makes a lump sum payment for all employees, the fringe
benefit is determined in accordance with a formula, which will have the effect of
apportionment amongst all employees concerned.
No value is placed on the contributions made for an employee who retired due
to superannuation or ill health, or for dependants of a deceased employee.
Holiday Accommodation
The employee is taxed on the prevailing market rental where the property is
owned by the employer or rented from an associated entity, or the actual rental
where the employer rents the accommodation from a third party.
Residential Accommodation
The value of the fringe benefit to be taxed is the rental value less any
consideration paid by the employee. As from 1 March 2015, where the
accommodation is not owned by the employer but by an unconnected person,
the rental value is the lower of the formula value or the arm’s length rental.
As from 1 March 2008, no value is placed on the benefit where:
• the supply of any accommodation is to an employee away from his usual
place of residence in South Africa for the performance of his duties
• the supply of any accommodation in South Africa to an employee away
from his usual place of residence outside South Africa is for a two year
period, subject to a limit of R25 000 per month. This concession does not
apply if the employee was present in South Africa for more than 90 days in
the tax year prior to the date of arrival for the purpose of his duties.
Employer-Owned Insurance Policies
As from 1 March 2012, any premium paid by an employer under an employer-
owned insurance policy (group life or disability plan), directly or indirectly, for
the benefit of the employee, spouse, child, dependant or nominee is taxed in
the hands of the employee as a fringe benefit. If the employer makes a lump
sum payment for all employees, the fringe benefit is determined in accordance
with a formula, which will have the effect of apportionment amongst all
employees concerned.
Uniform Allowance
An employer may provide a uniform to an employee or an allowance in order
to purchase such uniform. No value is placed on the fringe benefit, provided
that the employee is required to wear the uniform while on duty and it is
clearly distinguishable from ordinary clothing.
Free or Subsidised Meals and Refreshments
Free or subsidised meals provided by the employer give rise to a fringe benefit,
valued at the cost to the employer less any consideration paid by the employee.
No value is placed on the benefit if it is provided at a place mainly or wholly
used by the employees or at the employer’s premises, or it is provided during
business hours (normal or extended) or on a special occasion.
Low-Cost Housing Transferred to Employee
No value is placed on interest-free or low interest loans granted solely to
acquire fixed property or if fixed property is transferred to an employee where
all of the following are applicable:
• the market value of the property does not exceed R450 000
• the employee’s annual remuneration does not exceed R250 000
• the employee is not a connected person in relation to the employer.
15
SUBSISTENCE ALLOWANCES
If an employee is obliged to spend at least one night away from his usual place
of residence in South Africa on business, the employer may pay an allowance
for personal subsistence and incidental costs without such amounts being
included in the employee’s taxable income.
Where this allowance is paid to an employee and that employee does not
travel for business purposes by the end of the following month, the allowance
becomes subject to PAYE in that month.
The following amounts are deemed to have been incurred by an employee in
respect of a subsistence allowance:
Local Travel
• R169 (2024 : R161) per day or part of a day for incidental costs
• R548 (2024 : R522) per day or part of a day for meals and incidental costs.
Where an allowance is paid to an employee to cover accommodation, meals
and incidental costs, the employee is required to prove the expense incurred
while away on business, which is limited to the allowance received.
Overseas Travel
Actual accommodation expenses plus an allowance per country as set out on
www.sars.gov.za (2009 : $215) per day for meals and incidental costs incurred
outside South Africa. Where the absence is for a continuous period in excess
of six weeks, the deemed expenditure does not apply.
Reimbursive Subsistence Expenses
As from 1 March 2021, where an employee is obliged to be away from the
office on a day trip, any reimbursements paid by an employer in respect of
meals and incidental costs are not included in the employee’s taxable income
provided the employer’s policy allows for such reimbursements and the
reimbursed amount does not exceed R169 (2024 : R161).

TRAVEL ALLOWANCES
Fixed Travel Allowances
As from 1 March 2010, 80% of the fixed travel allowance is subject to PAYE.
As from 1 March 2011, where the employer is satisfied that at least 80% of the
use of the vehicle in the year of assessment will be for business purposes, the
inclusion rate may be reduced to 20%. The full allowance is disclosed on the
employee’s IRP5 certificate, irrespective of the percentage of business travel.
Reimbursive Travel Expenses
No PAYE is deductible where an employee receives a reimbursement based on
the actual business kilometres travelled, no other travel allowance is paid to the
employee and the cost is calculated in accordance with the prescribed rate.
The amount is not subject to tax on assessment.
Where the reimbursive rate paid by the employer does not exceed the
prescribed rate but another travel allowance is paid, the allowances are
combined and treated as a fixed travel allowance.
Where the reimbursive rate paid by the employer exceeds the prescribed rate
of 464 cents (2024 : 464 cents) per kilometre, irrespective of the business
kilometres travelled, there is an inclusion in remuneration for PAYE purposes.
The excess amount is subject to PAYE unlike the fixed travel allowance where
only 80% of the amount is subject to PAYE.
Example: 17 891 kilometres are reimbursed for business travel at 500 cents.
The prescribed rate is 464 cents. The amount included in remuneration is
calculated as 17 891 x (500 cents less 464 cents) = R6 440,76.

16
 DEDUCTIONS TRAVEL EXPENSES
The deduction in respect of business travel is limited to the allowance
granted and may be determined using actual expenditure incurred or on a
deemed cost per kilometre basis in accordance with the table below.
Accurate records of the opening and closing odometer readings must be
maintained in all circumstances.
As from 1 March 2010, the claim must be based on the actual distance
travelled for business purposes, supported by a detailed log book.
The cost of the vehicle includes VAT but excludes finance costs.
Where actual expenditure is used the value of the vehicle is limited to
R800 000 (2024 : R800 000) for purposes of calculating wear and tear, which
must be spread over a seven year period.
The finance costs are also limited to a debt of R800 000 (2024 : R800 000).
In the case of a leased vehicle, the instalments in any year of assessment
may not exceed the fixed cost component in the table.
DEEMED EXPENDITURE - 2024

Cost of vehicle Fixed Fuel Repairs
R c c
Does not exceed R100 000 33 760 141,5 43,8
Exceeds R100 000 but not R200 000 60 329 158,0 54,8
Exceeds R200 000 but not R300 000 86 958 171,7 60,4
Exceeds R300 000 but not R400 000 110 554 184,6 65,9
Exceeds R400 000 but not R500 000 134 150 197,6 77,5
Exceeds R500 000 but not R600 000 158 856 226,6 91,0
Exceeds R600 000 but not R700 000 183 611 230,5 102,1
Exceeds R700 000 209 685 234,3 113,1

DEEMED EXPENDITURE - 2025 (updated table not available at time of publication)

Cost of vehicle Fixed Fuel Repairs
R c c
Does not exceed R100 000 33 760 141,5 43,8
Exceeds R100 000 but not R200 000 60 329 158,0 54,8
Exceeds R200 000 but not R300 000 86 958 171,7 60,4
Exceeds R300 000 but not R400 000 110 554 184,6 65,9
Exceeds R400 000 but not R500 000 134 150 197,6 77,5
Exceeds R500 000 but not R600 000 158 856 226,6 91,0
Exceeds R600 000 but not R700 000 183 611 230,5 102,1
Exceeds R700 000 209 685 234,3 113,1

VARIABLE REMUNERATION
Variable remuneration, such as commission, bonuses, overtime, leave pay,
night shift or standby allowances and reimbursive travel, is taxed on a
payment basis.
As from 1 March 2023, this includes performance-based remuneration. The
rule applies to the deduction of PAYE, the employee’s gross income inclusion
and the employer’s income tax deduction.
17
RELOCATION OF AN EMPLOYEE
Where the employer incurs expenses for the relocation of an employee or where
the employee is reimbursed, the following expenses are not a fringe benefit:
• transportation of the employee, their family and personal possessions
• rental of temporary residential accommodation for the employee and their
family for up to 183 days after transfer
• settling-in costs, including new school uniforms, replacement curtains,
motor vehicle registration fees and utility connection fees
• costs relating to the sale of the previous residence, including bond
cancellation fees, commission and legal fees, and the cost of bond
registration of the new residence, legal fees and transfer duty.
The loss on sale of the previous residence and architect’s fees for the design
of, or alterations to, a new residence are excluded.
As from 22 November 2017, the actual cost must be reflected on the IRP5
under code 3714. Previously one month’s basic salary could be deemed as
the relocation allowance.

RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

An additional deduction of 50% is available for expenditure incurred in respect
of qualifying research and development and as from 1 January 2014:
• Research and development excludes, amongst others:
- internal business processes that are used by connected parties
- routine testing, analysis, collecting of information and quality control
- market research, market testing or sales promotion
- the creation or development of financial instruments or products
- the creation or enhancement of trademarks or goodwill.
• The Department of Science and Technology must approve the entire
150% deduction. Only expenditure incurred on or after the date of receipt
of the application is eligible for this deduction.
Research and development capital assets are written off as follows:
- new and unused machinery or plant on a 50/30/20 basis (prior to
1 January 2012: 40/20/20/20)
- buildings or improvements at 5% per year.

DEDUCTIONS RETIREMENT
The contributions to pension, provident and retirement annuity funds are deductible
but limited to the lesser of:
• R350,000
• 27.5% of the greater of:
- Remuneration (excluding retirement, withdrawal or severance lump sums)
- Taxable income (excluding retirement, withdrawal or severance lump sums)
prior to the deduction of donations and foreign tax.
• Taxable income (excluding retirement, withdrawal or severance lump sums and
taxable capital gains) prior to the deduction of donations and foreign tax.
Any excess contributions may be carried forward to the subsequent tax year.
Contributions paid by the employer are taxed as a fringe benefit in the hands of the
employee and are deemed to be contributions paid by the employee in order to
calculate the allowable deduction.
The employer’s deduction for contributions made to these funds on the
employee’s behalf is not subject to any limitation (2016 : 20% of remuneration).
Annuitisation Rules
Pension and retirement annuity funds are subject to the one-third lump sum and the
two-thirds annuity rules unless the lump sum is R247 500 or less (2016 : R75 000).
As from 1 March 2021, lump sums from provident funds are subject to annuitisation
and apportioned to ensure contributions made prior to 1 March 2021 and the
resultant growth may be paid out as a lump sum.
Where the member was at least 55 years old on 1 March 2021, the lump sum from
the provident fund is not subject to the annuitisation rules.
18
 RETIREMENT LUMP SUM BENEFITS
As from 1 October 2007, the taxable portion of a lump sum from a pension,
provident or retirement annuity fund on retirement or death is the lump sum
less any contributions that have not been allowed as a tax deduction plus the
taxable portion of all lump sums previously received. As from 1 March 2011,
certain severance benefits are also taxed in accordance with this table.
This amount is subject to tax at the following rates less any tax on the
previous lump sums which is calculated in accordance with the current
table regardless of the tax actually paid on that lump sum:
Lump sums accruing between 1 March 2014 and 28 February 2023
Taxable portion of lump sum Rates of tax
R 0 - R 500 000 Nil
R 500 001 - R 700 000 18% of the amount over R 500 000
R 700 001 - R1 050 000 R 36 000 + 27% of the amount over R 700 000
R1 050 001 + R130 500 + 36% of the amount over R1 050 000
An assessed loss cannot be set-off against the taxable lump sum.
Lump sums accruing between 1 March 2023 and 28 February 2025
Taxable portion of lump sum Rates of tax
R 0 - R 550 000 Nil
R 550 001 - R 770 000 18% of the amount over R 550 000
R 770 001 - R1 155 000 R 39 600 + 27% of the amount over R 770 000
R1 155 001 + R143 550 + 36% of the amount over R1 155 000
An assessed loss cannot be set-off against the taxable lump sum.

WITHDRAWAL LUMP SUM BENEFITS

As from 1 March 2009, the taxable portion of a pre-retirement lump sum from
a pension or provident fund is the amount withdrawn less any transfer to a new
fund plus all withdrawal lump sums previously received.
This amount is subject to tax at the following rates less any tax on the
previous lump sums which is calculated in accordance with the current
table regardless of the tax actually paid on that lump sum:
Lump sums accruing between 1 March 2014 and 28 February 2023
Taxable portion of withdrawal Rates of tax
R 0 - R 25 000 Nil
R 25 001 - R660 000 18% of the amount over R 25 000
R660 001 - R990 000 R114 300 + 27% of the amount over R660 000
R990 001 + R203 400 + 36% of the amount over R990 000
An assessed loss cannot be set-off against the taxable lump sum.
Lump sums accruing between 1 March 2023 and 28 February 2025
Taxable portion of withdrawal Rates of tax
R 0 - R 27 500 Nil
R 27 501 - R 726 000 18% of the amount over R 27 500
R 726 001 - R1 089 000 R125 730 + 27% of the amount over R 726 000
R1 089 001 + R223 740 + 36% of the amount over R1 089 000
An assessed loss cannot be set-off against the taxable lump sum.
19
EMPLOYMENT TAX INCENTIVE
As from 1 January 2014, a special incentive is allowed as a credit against the
employer’s monthly PAYE payment. To qualify for the incentive:
• Employers must
- be registered for PAYE and be tax compliant
- not be the Government, a municipal entity or a public entity
- not have been disqualified by the Minister of Finance
• Employees must
- have a South African ID book/card or asylum seeker permit
- be at least 18 years old and not older than 29 years
- not be a domestic worker or connected to the employer
- earn at least R2 000 per month or the minimum amount stipulated by the
regulated industry but not more than R6 500 per month
- be employed on or after 1 October 2013
- be subject to the Basic Conditions of Employment Act as from 1 March 2022
- not be mainly involved in the activity of studying as from 1 March 2022.
As from 1 March 2022, the credit for each qualifying employee is as follows:
Monthly Per month during the first Per month during the next
Remuneration 12 months of employment 12 months of employment
R 0 - R1 999 75% of monthly remuneration 37,5% of monthly remuneration
R2 000 - R4 499 R1 500 R750
R4 500 - R6 500 R1 500 - (0,75 x (Monthly R750 - (0,375 x (Monthly
Remuneration - R4 500)) Remuneration - R4 500))
As from 1 March 2015, where an employee is employed on a full-time basis
for at least 160 hours per month (excluding overtime hours), an employer is
entitled to claim the full incentive. Where less than 160 hours are worked, the
incentive must be apportioned pro-rata.
Where the credit exceeds the PAYE liability of the employer, the excess
amount is refundable provided the employer is tax compliant.
As from 1 March 2017, monthly claims can only be made up to the date of
each six monthly reconciliation.
The incentive ceases to apply from 28 February 2029.

BURSARIES AND SCHOLARSHIPS

Bona fide scholarships or bursaries granted to enable any person to study at
a recognised educational institution are exempt from tax provided there is no
element of salary sacrifice. Where the benefit is granted to an employee, the
exemption will not apply unless the employee agrees to reimburse the employer in
the event that the studies are not completed.
Where the benefit is granted to a relative of the employee, the exemption will only
apply if the annual remuneration proxy in the prior year of the employee is less than
R600 000 (2017 : R400 000) and to the extent that the bursary does not exceed
R60 000 (2017 : R40 000) per relative for higher education and
R20 000 (2017 : R15 000) per relative for basic education to grade 12.
As from 1 March 2018, where the benefit is granted to a relative with a disability,
the exemption will apply to the extent that the bursary does not exceed R90 000
per relative for higher education and R30 000 per relative for basic education.

BROAD-BASED EMPLOYEE EQUITY

Employer companies may issue qualifying shares up to a cumulative limit of
R50 000 (2008 : R9 000) per employee in respect of the current tax year and
the immediately preceding four (2008 : two) tax years. The tax deduction is
limited to a maximum of R10 000 (2008 : R3 000) per year per employee.
There are no tax consequences for the employee, other than a taxable capital
gain, provided the employee does not sell the shares for at least five years.
20
LIMITATION OF INTEREST DEDUCTION
Debt arising as a result of a corporate restructure
As from 1 January 2015, the interest deduction in respect of certain corporate
restructures may be limited and calculated in accordance with a formula.
Any excess interest cannot be carried forward to the next tax year. As a result
the excess interest is permanently non-deductible.
The interest deduction limitation must be applied in the tax year in which the
restructure transaction is entered into and in the five subsequent tax years.
Recipient of interest is not subject to tax in South Africa
As from 1 January 2015, the deduction of interest paid to an exempt entity or
foreign loanholder (who is not subject to tax in South Africa) may be limited and
calculated in accordance with a formula.
Any excess is carried forward to the next tax year, and is subject to the formula
in that year.
This will generally apply in the case of:
• interest paid to an exempt lender, such as a PBO
• interest paid to a foreign loanholder where the withholding tax on interest is
reduced to nil in terms of a double taxation agreement.
For years of assessment ending on or after 31 March 2023, the limitation also
applies to interest paid to a foreign loanholder taxed at a reduced rate.
This limitation is only applicable when the parties involved are in a controlling
relationship, whereby the recipient directly or indirectly holds more than 50% of
the equity shares or voting rights in that company.

DEBT CONCESSION OR COMPROMISE

As from 1 January 2013, a concession or compromise of debt is determined in
accordance with the purpose of the debt funding.
Where the debt funded:
• a capital asset which has not been disposed of:
- the base cost of that asset is reduced
- future allowances are limited to the reduced base cost
- to the extent that the debt reduction exceeds the base cost any
capital loss is reduced
• a capital asset which has been disposed of:
- any capital loss is reduced
- if no capital loss is available for reduction, a capital gain is included
• an allowance asset which has not been disposed of:
- the base cost of that asset is reduced
- to the extent that the debt reduction exceeds the base cost a
recoupment, limited to previous allowances granted, is recognised
as income
• an allowance asset, which has been disposed of:
- a recoupment arises but is limited to previous allowances granted
• trading stock:
- reductions are made to opening stock, purchases and/or closing stock
depending on whether the stock was brought forward from the previous
tax year, purchased in the current tax year or has not been disposed of
in the current tax year
• deductible expenditure:
- a recoupment is recognised as income.
Certain transactions, subject to specific criteria, are excluded or partially
excluded from these provisions such as transactions involving deceased
estates, donations, groups of companies, fringe benefits and companies in
liquidation.
21
 PATENT AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
A taxpayer may claim an allowance for the cost of acquiring any invention,
patent, design, copyright, other property of a similar nature or knowledge
connected with the use of such patent, design, copyright or other property or
the right to have such knowledge imparted.
Where the cost exceeds R5 000, the allowance is limited to:
• 5% of the cost of any invention, patent, copyright or other
property of a similar nature
• 10% of the cost of any design or other property of a similar nature.
Where the intangible asset was acquired from a connected person the allowance
is limited to the cost to the connected seller less allowances claimed by the seller
plus recoupments and taxable capital gain included in the seller’s income.
No allowance is allowed in respect of any expenditure incurred for the acquisition
of any trademark or property of a similar nature on or after 29 October 1999.

HOTEL ALLOWANCES
Asset type Conditions for annual allowance Annual allowance
Hotel buildings Construction of buildings or improvements, 5% of cost
provided used in trade as hotelkeeper or used
by lessee in trade as hotelkeeper
Refurbishments which commenced on or 20% of cost
after 17 March 1993
Hotel equipment Machinery, implements, utensils or articles 20% of cost
brought into use on or after 16 December 1989
Refurbishment is defined as any work undertaken within the existing building framework

RESIDENTIAL BUILDING ALLOWANCES

Asset type Conditions for annual allowance Annual allowance
Residential Buildings erected on or after 1 April 1982 and 2% of cost and an
buildings before 21 October 2008 consisting of at least initial allowance of
five units of more than one room intended for 10% of cost
letting, or occupation by bona fide full-time
employees
New and unused buildings acquired, erected or 5% of cost or 10%
improved on or after 21 October 2008 if situated of cost for low cost
anywhere in South Africa and owned by the tax- residential units not
payer for use in his trade, either for letting or as exceeding R300 000
employee accommodation. Enhanced allowances for a stand-alone unit
are available where the low cost residential unit or R350 000 in the
is situated in an urban development zone case of an apartment
Employee 50% of the costs incurred or funds advanced or R6 000 prior to
housing donated to finance the construction of housing 1 March 2008
for employees on or before 21 October 2008 R15 000 between
subject to a maximum per dwelling 1 March 2008 and
20 October 2008
Employee Allowance on amounts owing on interest free 10% of amount
housing loan account in respect of low cost residential owing at the end
loans units sold at cost by the taxpayer to employees of each year of
and subject to repurchase at cost only in case of assessment. This ends
repayment default or termination of employment on 28 February 2022

22
 CAPITAL INCENTIVE ALLOWANCES
Asset type Conditions for annual allowance Annual allowance
Industrial buildings Construction of buildings or improvements on 5% of cost
or improvements or after 1 January 1989, where a building is used (previously 2%)
(note 1) wholly or mainly for a process of manufacture (note 2)
or similar process or research and development.
Construction of buildings or improvements on or 10% of cost
after 1 July 1996 to 30 September 1999 and the (note 2)
buildings or the improvements are brought into
use before 31 March 2000 and used in a process
of manufacture or similar process
New commercial Any cost incurred in erecting any new and unused 5% of cost
buildings (other than building, or improving an existing building on or
residential after 1 April 2007 wholly or mainly used for the
accommodation) purposes of producing income in the course of
(note 3) trade
Building in an urban Costs incurred in erecting, demolishing or 20% in first year
development zone extending a building, excavating land, providing 8% in each of
(note 3) water, power, parking, drainage, security, waste 10 subsequent years
disposal or access
Improvements to existing buildings 20% of cost
Aircraft Acquired on or after 1 April 1995 20% of cost (note 2)
Farming equipment Machinery, implements, utensils or articles 50% in first year
and assets used (other than livestock) brought into use on or 30% in second year
in production of after 1 July 1988. Bio-diesel plant and machinery 20% in third year
renewable energy brought into use after 1 April 2003
Ships South African registered ships used for 20% of cost
prospecting, mining or as a foreign-going (note 2)
ship, acquired on or after 1 April 1995
Plant and machinery New or unused manufacturing assets acquired 40% in 1st year
(note 1) on or after 1 March 2002 are subject to 20% in each of the
allowances over four years 3 subsequent years
(note 4)
Used manufacturing assets 20% of cost
Plant and machinery Plant or machinery brought into use for the first 100% of cost
(small business time by that taxpayer on or after 1 April 2001 and
corporations only) used directly in a process of manufacture
Non-manufacturing Acquired on or after 1 April 2005 50% in first year
assets (small business 30% in second year
corporations only) 20% in third year
Licences
Expenditure, other than for infrastructure, Evenly over the
to acquire a licence from a goverment period of the licence,
body to carry on telecommunication services, subject to a
exploration, production or distribution of maximum of
petroleum or the provision of gambling facilities 30 years

Notes
1 As from 1 April 2012, new or unused assets or buildings used for the purpose of
research and development also qualify for the allowances
2 Recoupments of allowances can be deducted from the cost of the replacement asset
3 Allowances available to owners as users of the building or as lessors
4 Where plant and machinery is used in a process of manufacture or a similar process,
the taxpayer is obliged to make use of the allowances and not the wear and tear rates.
23
WEAR AND TEAR ALLOWANCES
The following rates of wear and tear are allowed by SARS in terms of
Interpretation Note 47 (issue 5):
Type of No. of years Type of No. of years
asset for write-off asset for write-off
Adding machines 6 Drills 6
Air-conditioners Electric saws 6
window 6 Electrostatic copiers 6
mobile 5 Engraving equipment 5
room unit 10 Escalators 20
Air-conditioning assets Excavators 4
air handling units 20 Fax machines 3
cooling towers 15 Fertiliser spreaders 6
condensing sets 15 Firearms 6
Aircraft (light passenger or Fire extinguishers (loose units) 5
commercial helicopters) 4 Fire detections systems 3
Arc welding equipment 6 Fishing vessels 12
Artefacts 25 Fitted carpets 6
Balers 6 Food bins 4
Battery chargers 5 Food-conveying systems 4
Bicycles 4 Forklift trucks 4
Boilers 4 Front-end loaders 4
Bulldozers 3 Furniture and fittings 6
Bumping flaking 4 Gantry cranes 6
Carports 5 Garden irrigation equipment
Cash registers 5 (movable) 5
Cell phone antennae 6 Gas cutting equipment 6
Cell phone masts 10 Gas heaters and cookers 6
Cellular telephones 2 Gear boxes 4
Cheque-writing machines 6 Gear shapers 6
Chillers Generators (portable) 5
absorption type 25 Generators (standby) 15
centrifugal 20 Graders 4
Cinema equipment 5 Grinding machines 6
Cold drink dispensers 6 Guillotines 6
Communication systems 5 Gymnasium equipment
Compressors 4 cardiovascular 2
Computers health testing 5
mainframe/server 5 weights and strength 4
personal 3 spinning 1
Computer tablet 2 other 10
Computer software (mainframes) Hairdressers equipment 5
purchased 3 Harvesters 6
self-developed 5 Heat dryers 6
Computer software Heating equipment 6
(personal computers) 2 Hot-water systems 5
Concrete mixers portable 4 Incubators 6
Concrete transit mixers 3 Ironing and pressing
Containers 10 equipment 6
Crop sprayers 6 Kitchen equipment 6
Curtains 5 Knitting machines 6
Debarking equipment 4 Laboratory research
Delivery vehicles 4 equipment 5
Demountable partitions 6 Lathes 6
Dental and doctors equipment 5 Laundromat equipment 5
Dictaphones 3 Law reports 5
Drilling equipment (water) 5 Lift installations 12
24
Type of No. of years Type of No. of years
asset for write-off asset for write-off
Magnetic resonance imaging 5 Runway lights 5
(MRI) scanners Sanders 6
Medical theatre equipment 6 Scales 5
Milling machines 6 Security systems (removable) 5
Mobile caravans 5 Seed separators 6
Mobile cranes 4 Sewing machines 6
Mobile refrigeration units 4 Shakers 4
Motors 4 Shopfittings 6
Motorcycles 4 Solar energy units 5
Motorised chain saws 4 Special patterns and tooling 2
Motorised concrete mixers 3 Spin dryers 6
Motor mowers 5 Spot welding equipment 6
Musical instruments 5 Staff training equipment 5
Navigation systems 10 Surge bins 4
Neon signs and advertising Surveyors
boards 10 field equipment 5
Office equipment instruments 10
electronic 3 Tape recorders 5
mechanical 5 Telephone equipment 5
Oxygen concentrators 3 Television and advertising films 4
Ovens and heating devices 6 Television sets, video
Ovens for heating food 6 machines and decoders 6
Packaging and related equipment 4 Textbooks 3
Paintings (valuable) 25 Tractors 4
Pallets 4 Trailers 5
Passenger cars 5 Traxcavators 4
Patterns, tooling and dies 3 Trollies 3
Pellet mills 4 Trucks (heavy-duty) 3
Perforating equipment 6 Trucks (other) 4
Photocopying equipment 5 Truck-mounted cranes 4
Photographic equipment 6 Typewriters 6
Planers 6 Vending machines (including
Pleasure craft 12 video game machines) 6
Ploughs 6 Video cassettes 2
Portable safes 25 Warehouse racking 10
Power tools (hand-operated) 5 Washing machines 5
Power supply 5 Water distillation and
Public address systems 5 purification plant 12
Pumps 4 Water tankers 4
Racehorses 4 Water tanks 6
Radar systems 5 Weighbridges (movable parts) 10
Radio communication 5 Wireline rods 1
Refrigerated milk tankers 4 Workshop equipment 5
Refrigeration equipment 6 X-ray equipment 5
Refrigerators 6
Notes
1 Wear and tear may be claimed on either a diminishing value method or on a straight-
line basis, in which case certain requirements apply
2 Costs incurred in moving business assets from one location to another are not
deductible as these are regarded as being capital in nature. Wear and tear may
be claimed over the remaining useful life of the assets
3 When an asset is acquired for no consideration, a wear and tear allowance may be
claimed on its market value at date of acquisition
4 Prior to 1 January 2013, wear and tear on any assets acquired from a connected
person may only be claimed on the original cost to the seller less allowances claimed
by the seller, plus recoupments and CGT included in the seller’s income
5 The acquisition of “small” items at a cost of less than R7 000 (2009 : R5 000) per item
may be written off in full during the year of acquisition.
25
 STRATEGIC ALLOWANCES
Asset type Conditions for annual allowance Annual allowance
Strategic projects An additional industrial investment allowance is 100% of cost
allowed on new and unused assets used for
preferred qualifying strategic projects which were
approved between 31 July 2001 and 31 July 2005
Any other qualifying strategic projects 50% of cost
Pipelines New and unused structures contracted for 10% of cost (oil
electricity cables and construction commenced on or after pipelines)
railway tracks 23 February 2000 5% of cost (other)
Electronic New and unused structures contracted for 5% of cost
telecommunication and construction commenced on or after
lines or cables 23 February 2000
As from 1 April 2015 new and used structures 6.67% of cost
As from 1 April 2019 new and used structures 10% of cost
Airport and New and unused assets brought into use on or 5% of cost
port assets before 28 February 2022 and used directly and
solely for purpose of business as airport,
terminal or transport operation or port authority
Rolling stock Brought into use on or before 28 February 2022 20% of cost
Environmental Environmental treatment and recycling assets 40% in 1st year
assets as from 8 January 2008 for new and unused assets 20% in each of the
3 subsequent years
Environmental waste disposal assets of a
permanent nature 5% of cost
Energy efficiency All forms of energy efficiency savings as reflected Determined in
savings on an energy savings certificate in any year of accordance with a
assessment ending before 1 January 2026 formula
Solar PV Generation capacity exceeding 1 megawatt 50% / 30% / 20%
renewable energy For tax years on or after 1 January 2016, generation
capacity not exceeding 1 megawatt 100% of cost
Generation capacity without limitation brought into
use for the first time between 1 March 2023 and
28 February 2025 125% of cost

CAPITAL GAINS TAX

As from 1 October 2001, Capital Gains Tax (CGT) applies to a resident’s worldwide
assets and to a non-resident’s immovable property or assets of a permanent
establishment situated in South Africa.
Disposals
CGT is triggered on disposal of an asset.
• Important disposals include
- abandonment, exchange, scrapping, loss or donation
- vesting of an interest in an asset of a trust in the beneficiary
- distribution of an asset by a company to a shareholder
- granting, renewal, extension or exercise of an option
• Deemed disposals include
- termination of South African tax residency
- a change in the use of an asset
- an asset ceasing to be part of a permanent establishment
• Disposals exclude
- the transfer of an asset as security for a debt or the release of
such security
- issue of, or grant of an option to acquire a share, debenture or
unit trust
- loans and the transfer or release of an asset securing debt.
26
Calculation of a Capital Gain/Loss
• A capital gain or loss is the difference between the proceeds and the base
cost. An aggregate capital loss is carried forward and is available for set-off
against subsequent capital gains.
Base Cost
• Expenditure included in the base cost
- acquisition, disposal, transfer, stamp duty, STT and similar costs
- remuneration of advisers, consultants and agents
- costs of moving an asset and improvement costs
• Expenditure excluded from the base cost
- expenses deductible for income tax purposes
- interest and raising fees, except for listed shares and business assets
- expenses initially recorded and subsequently recovered
• Methods for an asset acquired before 1 October 2001
- Valuation as at 1 October 2001
- 20% of the proceeds
- Time apportionment base cost
Example: If an asset cost R220 000 on 1 October 1998 and was sold on
30 September 2023 for R450 000, as CGT was implemented on
1 October 2001, the base cost is:
Original cost expenditure R220 000
Add: R 27 600


Proceeds from disposal
Less: Base cost expenditure
R450 000
(R220 000)
} x 3 25
Time apportionment base cost R247 600
Note 1: When determining the number of years to be included in the time
apportionment calculation, a part of the year is treated as a full year.
Note 2: Where expenditure in respect of a pre-valuation date asset was incurred
on or after 1 October 2001 and an allowance has been allowed in respect of that
asset, an extended formula is applied.
Note 3: Expenditure incurred on or after 1 October 2001 is then added to the
base cost determined in accordance with one of the above methods.
• Part disposals
- Base cost is apportioned unless it is separately identifiable
Proceeds
• The total amount received or accrued from the disposal
• Excluded
- amounts included in gross income for income tax purposes
- amounts repayable or a reduction in the sale price in the year of disposal
• Specific transactions
- connected persons - deemed to be at market value
- deceased persons - market value as at date of death
- deceased estates - the bequest is deemed to be at the base cost
i.e. market value at date of death.
Inclusion Rates and Effective Rates
Inclusion rate Maximum effective rate
2023 2024 2025 2023 2024 2025
Individuals 40,0% 40,0% 40,0% 18,0% 18,0% 18,0%
Special Trusts 40,0% 40,0% 40,0% 18,0% 18,0% 18,0%
Companies 80,0% 80,0% 80,0% 22,4% 21,6% 21,6%
Trusts 80,0% 80,0% 80,0% 36,0% 36,0% 36,0%
In the case of Collective Investment Schemes (unit trusts), the unitholder is liable
for the CGT on disposal of the units. Retirement Funds are exempt from CGT.
27
Exclusions and Rebates
• Annual exclusion
Natural persons and special trusts R40 000 (2016 : R30 000)
Natural persons in the year of death R300 000 (2012 : R200 000)
The annual exclusion is applied to the net capital gain or loss prior to the
application of the inclusion rate.
• Other exclusions
- A primary residence, owned by a natural person or a special trust,
used for domestic residential purposes, where the proceeds do not
exceed R2 million. Where the proceeds exceed R2 million, the
exclusion is R2 million (2012 : R1,5 million) of the calculated capital gain
- Personal use assets owned by a natural person or a special trust
- Lump sums from insurance and retirement benefits, except for certain
second-hand policies
- Small business assets or an interest in a small business, limited to
R1,8 million (2012 : R900 000) if certain requirements are met, including:
- the market value of all the person’s business assets at the date of
disposal is less than R10 million (2012 : R5 million)
- the natural person was a sole proprietor, partner or held a minimum
shareholding of 10%, and was actively involved in the business for at
least five years
- the natural person is at least 55 years old, or suffers from ill-health,
is infirm or deceased
- Compensation, prizes and donations to certain PBO’s
- Assets used by registered micro-businesses for business purposes.
Rollover Relief
The capital gain is disregarded until ultimate disposal of the asset or in the
case of a replacement asset it is spread over the same period as wear and tear
may be claimed for the replacement asset, commencing when the replacement
asset is brought into use unless disposed of earlier.
The relief applies to the following:
• certain involuntary disposals
• replacement of qualifying business assets (excluding buildings)
• transfer of assets between spouses
• shareblock conversions to sectional title or full title
• certain corporate restructure transactions.
Valuations as at 1 October 2001
Valuations should have been obtained before 30 September 2004. For certain
assets these valuations should have been lodged with the first tax return
submitted after 30 September 2004, or such other time as SARS may allow,
provided the valuation was in fact done prior to the requisite date:
• where the market value of any intangible asset exceeded R1 million
• where the market value of any other asset exceeded R10 million
Non-Resident Sellers of Immovable Property
Where a non-resident disposes of immovable property in South Africa in
excess of R2 million, the purchaser is obliged to withhold the following taxes
from the proceeds (unless a directive to the contrary has been issued):
Seller’s status Withholding tax
1/9/2007-21/2/2017 As from 22/2/2017
Natural person 5,0% 7,5%
Company 7,5% 10,0%
Trust 10,0% 15,0%
The tax withheld is regarded as a pre-payment of the tax due as a result of the
capital gain made by the non-resident upon the submission of a tax return for
that year of assessment. If a return is not submitted within 12 months of the
end of the year of assessment, the pre-payment is regarded as a final tax.
28
DIVIDEND STRIPPING
Where a company, holding at least 50% of the shares (directly or together
with a connected person) in an unlisted company, pays an extraordinary
exempt dividend to a resident shareholder within 18 months of the disposal
of the shares, the capital gain will be adjusted to include a portion of the
extraordinary dividend as proceeds from the sale of the shares.
As from 1 January 2019, certain disposals resulting from corporate
restructure transactions are excluded.
As from 20 February 2019, where an extraordinary dividend accrues to a
holding company from a target company, and that target company, within a
period of 18 months, issues shares to another person (company, individual
or trust) that share issue will result in a deemed disposal by the holding
company due to a decrease in the effective interest of the holding company
in the target company. The deemed disposal will result in a capital gain
for the holding company as a portion of the extraordinary dividend will be
regarded as proceeds from the sales of the shares.
An extraordinary dividend is any dividend that exceeds 15% of the higher of
market value of the shares disposed 18 months prior to their disposal or at
the date of their disposal.
A dividend received or accrued after 30 October 2019 in terms of an
unbundling or liquidation transaction undertaken as a corporate restructure
transaction is not regarded as an extraordinary dividend.

INVOLUNTARY DISPOSALS
Where movable or immovable assets are disposed of by operation of law,
theft or destruction, taxpayers can defer the taxable recoupments and
capital gains if the proceeds are equal to or exceed the base cost and are
fully reinvested in qualifying replacement assets. These assets must be
contracted for within 12 months and brought into use within three years.
These periods may be extended for up to six months. Tax on the recoupment
and capital gain upon the disposal of the old asset is spread over the same
period as wear and tear may be claimed on the replacement asset. Personal
use assets do not qualify for this relief.

REINVESTMENT RELIEF
Taxpayers can defer taxable recoupments and capital gains on the sale
of business assets (excluding buildings) if they fully reinvest the proceeds
from the sale in other qualifying replacement assets. These assets must be
contracted for within 12 months and brought into use within three years.
These periods may be extended for up to six months. Tax on the recoupment
and capital gain upon the disposal of the old asset is spread over the same
period as wear and tear may be claimed for the replacement asset.

UNQUANTIFIED PROCEEDS
Where an asset is disposed of for an unquantified amount, the portion of the
amount which cannot be quantified in that year is deemed to accrue in the
year that it becomes quantifiable. Any recoupment, capital gain or capital
loss arising from such transaction is deferred until such time as the amount
becomes quantifiable.
Where an asset is brought into use in the first year, but the amount can only
be quantified in a subsequent year, the wear and tear will be claimed in the
subsequent year.
29
DEEMED CAPITAL DISPOSAL OF SHARES
As from 1 October 2007, the proceeds on the sale of an equity share or
collective investment scheme unit will automatically be of a capital nature if
held continuously for at least three years except in the case of:
• a share in a non-resident company, subject to certain exclusions
• a share in a shareblock company
• a hybrid equity instrument.
Previously the taxpayer could elect that the proceeds on the sale of a listed
share held for at least five years be treated as capital.

LEARNERSHIP ALLOWANCES
Employers may claim learnership allowances in respect of registered
learnerships, over and above the normal remuneration deduction.
This allowance is granted in two parts which consists of a recurring annual
allowance and a completion allowance. An annual pro-rata allowance is
granted depending on the number of months falling within the relevant tax
year. The completion allowance is determined by multiplying the number of
completed 12 month periods of the learnership to the amounts below.
For learnerships entered into on or after 1 October 2016, the allowances are:
• NQF levels 1 to 6: R40 000 (disabled person: R60 000)
• NQF levels 7 to 10: R20 000 (disabled person: R50 000)
The level descriptions are:
• NQF levels 1 to 4: Up to grade 12 (National Certificate)
• NQF level 5: Higher Certificate
• NQF level 6: Diploma or Advanced Certificate
• NQF levels 7 to 10: Bachelor’s Degree to Doctorate.
Prior to 1 October 2016, the allowances were R30 000 (disabled person:
R50 000) regardless of the person’s NQF level.
The allowances cease to apply from 1 April 2027.

SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES

As from 9 February 2016, certain companies trading in a special economic
zone will qualify for:
• a lower company tax rate of 15%
• an enhanced new and unused building allowance at a rate of 10%
• an enhanced employment incentive for all employees, without an age
restriction, earning below R60 000 per annum.
In order to qualify the company must be formed and effectively managed in
South Africa and generate at least 90% of its income within the zone.
This incentive ceases to apply to any year of assessment commencing the
later of 1 January 2031 or ten years after the commencement of trading in the
special economic zone.

PRE-PRODUCTION INTEREST
Prior to 1 January 2012, interest and related finance charges incurred on any
borrowing for the acquisition, installation or construction of any machinery,
plant, building or improvements to a building or other assets, including land,
were deductible when the asset was brought into use in the production of
income. Such expenses are now deductible as pre-trading expenditure.
30
PRE-TRADING EXPENDITURE
Expenditure and losses incurred in connection with, but prior to the
commencement of trade, is allowed as a deduction, provided the expenditure
and losses, including section 24J interest, would have been deductible had
the trade commenced. Such expenditure and losses are ring-fenced and
can only be set-off against income from that trade. The balance is carried
forward and can be claimed in a subsequent year of assessment.

PRE-PAID EXPENDITURE
Expenditure paid should be apportioned to the extent that only expenditure
actually incurred in a year of assessment is deductible. The remainder of the
pre-paid expenditure will be deductible in subsequent years of assessment.
This does not apply if one of the following requirements are met:
• the goods, services or benefits are supplied or rendered within six months
after the end of the year of assessment
• the total pre-paid expenditure does not exceed R100 000 (2012 : R80 000)
• expenditure with specifically determined timing and accrual
• pre-paid expenditure payable in terms of a legislative obligation.

DOUBTFUL DEBT ALLOWANCE

For years of assessment commencing 1 January 2019, the allowance is:
For Taxpayers Applying IFRS 9
• 40% of the IFRS 9 loss allowance relating to impairment that is measured
at an amount equal to the lifetime expected credit loss
• 40% of amounts of bad debts that have been written off for accounting
purposes but do not meet the requirements for a tax deduction
• 25% of the difference between the IFRS 9 loss allowances relating to
impairment and the IFRS 9 loss allowance in respect of which 40% tax
allowance is determined to be allowed as a deduction.
For Taxpayers Not Applying IFRS 9
After taking into account the value of any security:
• 40% of the face value of debts that are at least 120 days past due date
• 25% of the face value of debts that are between 60 days and 120 days
past due date.
An annual ruling can be obtained from SARS, based on specific criteria,
which will increase the 40% to 50% for debts exceeding 150 days in arrear,
increasing by an additional 5% for every 30 days, but limited to 85% when
the debt is in arrear for 12 months or longer.
Prior to 1 January 2019, an allowance of 25% of the doubtful debt provision
was permitted.

VENTURE CAPITAL INVESTMENTS

An investment in a venture capital company was deductible as follows:
Natural Person/Trust Company
From 1 January 2012 to 20 July 2019 100% 100%
From 21 July 2019 to 30 June 2021 R2,5 million R5 million
Approved venture capital companies and the qualifying entities in which they
were permitted to invest were subject to certain requirements.
The investment must be held for more than five years to avoid a recoupment.
Investments made after 30 June 2021 do not qualify for the deduction.
31
RESIDENCE BASED TAXATION
As from 1 January 2001, residents are taxed on their worldwide income.
Resident means
• A natural person who is ordinarily resident in South Africa
• As from 1 March 2005, a natural person is deemed resident if physically
present in South Africa for at least 92 days in the current and each of the
preceding five tax years, and at least 916 days during the five preceding
tax years. These days do not need to be consecutive
• A company or trust that is incorporated, established, formed or which
has its place of effective management in South Africa.
Resident excludes
• A natural person, who was previously regarded as a deemed resident, if
physically absent from South Africa for a continuous period of at least
330 days from the date of departure
• A person who is deemed to be exclusively a resident of another country
for the purposes of the application of any double taxation agreement.
Exemptions
• As from 1 March 2020, foreign employment income not exceeding
R1,25 million (previously no limit) is exempt, provided the person spends
more than 183 days, of which at least 60 days are continuous, outside
South Africa in any 12 month period commencing or ending during that
tax year
• Foreign pension and social security payments, subject to conditions.
Ceasing of Tax Residency
A natural person ceases tax residency due to a change in ordinary residence,
deemed residence or due to the application of the tie-breaker rules of a
double taxation agreement. This results in a deemed disposal of most
worldwide assets which may give rise to Capital Gains Tax, and requires
various disclosures.
Foreign Dividends
Foreign dividends received from a non-resident company and dividends
received from a headquarter company are taxable, except if:
• the shareholder holds at least 10% of the equity and voting rights of the
distributing company, subject to certain exceptions
• the dividend is paid to a person by a foreign company listed on the
JSE and to the extent that it does not consist of a dividends in specie
• the dividend is paid to a resident company by a foreign company listed
on the JSE and consists of a dividends in specie
• the distributing company is a controlled foreign company (CFC) and
the dividends do not exceed amounts deemed to be the resident
shareholder’s income under the CFC rules
• foreign dividends declared by one company to another company resident
in the same country.
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2017, a partial
exemption applies to other taxable foreign dividends which are subject to
a formula whereby the maximum rate of taxation is 20% (previously 15%)
subject to a reduction in terms of a double taxation agreement.
A resident is entitled to a credit calculated in accordance with a formula, for
any withholding tax paid in respect of a foreign dividend that is included in
gross income, provided such dividend is not fully exempt.
As from 1 April 2012, no deduction is allowed for expenditure, including
interest, incurred in the production of foreign dividends.
32
Controlled Foreign Companies
A CFC is a non-resident company in which residents, other than a
headquarter company, directly or indirectly own or control more than 50% of
the participation or voting rights or is consolidated in terms of IFRS 10.
• A resident must include in his income:
Resident’s participation rights in the CFC
Net income of CFC x
Total participation rights in the CFC
• The net income of a CFC should be calculated according to South
African tax principles. If the calculation results in a loss, the deductions
are limited to income and the excess is carried forward.
Exemptions
• The net income, including capital gains, of the CFC that is derived from
an active bona fide foreign business establishment situated outside
South Africa, subject to certain exclusions
• Income of the CFC otherwise taxed in South Africa at normal rates
• Foreign dividends received by the CFC from another CFC to the extent
that the income from which the dividend is declared has already been
included in the resident’s taxable income under the CFC rules
• Net income attributable to interest, royalties or similar income payable
to the CFC by other foreign companies forming part of the same group
• The high tax exemption applies where the aggregate of foreign taxes
payable by the CFC, for years of assessment commencing on or after
1 January 2020, is at least 67.5% (previously 75%) of the amount of
South African tax that would have been imposed had the CFC been a
South African taxpayer.
Relief from Foreign Taxes
• Where a resident has to include in his taxable income any foreign
sourced income or capital gain, the proportionate amount of the net
income of a CFC, foreign dividends, or other attributable amounts, a
rebate in respect of any foreign taxes paid or payable in respect of such
amount to a foreign government is allowed
• The rebate is limited to the foreign tax payable and may not exceed:
Taxable foreign income
Total South African normal tax x
Total taxable income
• If the foreign tax paid exceeds the limit set out above, the excess may be
carried forward for a maximum of seven years, but is not refundable
• For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 January 2012 to
31 December 2015, foreign taxes withheld on income arising from
services rendered in South Africa could have been claimed as a rebate.
• Tax withheld in a foreign country in respect of South African sourced
income is recognised as a deduction against such income, not as a
rebate against South African tax payable on that income.
General
• A loss incurred in carrying on a business outside South Africa may not be
set-off against income in South Africa
• A foreign capital loss may be set off against a local capital gain
• The amount of foreign tax payable must be converted to rands at the
last day of the tax year by applying the average exchange rate
• Foreign income is converted to rands by applying the spot exchange
rate at the date the income accrues. Natural persons and non-trading
trusts may elect to apply the average exchange rate for that tax year
• Where foreign income may not be remitted because of restrictions
imposed by the source country, such income is included in the resident’s
gross income in the tax year during which that income may be remitted.
33
DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS
Double taxation arises where two countries have a taxing right on the same
amount. South Africa negotiated double taxation agreements with various
countries around the world.
The purpose of these agreements is to eliminate double taxation. The double
taxation agreements are available on www.sars.gov.za

TAXATION OF NON-RESIDENTS
Interest
Interest received by or accrued to a non-resident is exempt from normal tax,
unless the individual was physically present in South Africa for a period of
more than 183 days in aggregate or carried on business through a permanent
establishment in South Africa at any time during the prior 12 month period.
As from 1 March 2015, where this exemption is applicable, a final withholding
tax of 15% is imposed on interest paid to a non-resident, subject to a
reduction in the rate in terms of a double taxation agreement.
Dividends
As from 22 February 2017, Dividends Tax is payable at a rate of 20%
(previously 15%), subject to a reduction in the rate in terms of a double
taxation agreement. Prior to 1 April 2012, dividends were subject to
Secondary Tax on Companies.
Royalties
As from 1 January 2015, a final withholding tax of 15% (previously 12%) is
imposed on royalties paid to a non-resident, subject to a reduction in the rate
in terms of a double taxation agreement.
Residents require Government and SARB approval for royalty payments to
a non-resident.
Service Fees
There is no withholding tax on cross-border consultancy, management and
technical fees from a South African source.
Other Income
Non-residents are only taxed on income from a South African source.
Payment to Non-Resident Sportspersons and Entertainers
A withholding tax of 15% is imposed on non-resident sportspersons and
entertainers on income earned in South Africa.

WITHHOLDING TAX ON INTEREST

As from 1 March 2015, a final withholding tax of 15% is imposed on interest
paid to a non-resident from a South African source, subject to a reduction
in the rate in terms of a double taxation agreement, on the date it is paid or
becomes due and payable, except interest:
• payable by any sphere of the South African Government
• arising on any listed debt instrument
• arising on any debt owed by a bank, the DBSA, the IDC or the SARB
• payable by a headquarter company where transfer pricing does not apply
• accruing to a non-resident natural person who was physically present in
South Africa for a period exceeding 183 days in aggregate, during that
year, or carried on a business through a permanent establishment situated
in South Africa at any time during the prior 12 month period
• payable by a local stockbroker to a non-resident.
The person paying the interest has a withholding obligation, unless in
possession of a written declaration and undertaking confirming that the
recipient is either entitled to an exemption or to double taxation relief and that
the recipient will inform the person of any change in circumstances.

34
WITHHOLDING TAX ON ROYALTIES
As from 1 January 2015, a final withholding tax of 15% (previously 12%) is
imposed on royalties paid to a non-resident from a South African source,
subject to a reduction in the rate in terms of a double taxation agreement.
Royalties are exempt from the withholding tax if:
• the non-resident natural person was physically present in South Africa
for a period exceeding 183 days in aggregate during the 12 month
period preceding the date on which the royalty is paid
• the non-resident natural person, company or trust carried on business
through a permanent establishment situated in South Africa during the
12 month period preceding the date on which the royalty is paid
• the royalty is paid by a headquarter company and the intellectual
property is sub-licenced to one or more of the foreign companies in
which the headquarter company holds at least 10% of the equity and
voting rights.
The person paying the royalty has a withholding obligation, unless in
possession of a written declaration and undertaking confirming that the
recipient is either entitled to an exemption or to double taxation relief and
that the recipient will inform the person of any change in circumstances.

DEDUCTION ROYALTY TO NON-RESIDENTS

As from 1 January 2009, no deduction is allowed in respect of royalty
payments to non-residents if:
• the intellectual property was at any time wholly or partly owned by the
taxpayer or another South African resident, or
• the intellectual property was developed by the taxpayer or a connected
person who is a resident.
If the royalty is subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 10% then a deduction
of one-third of the royalty is allowed.
If the royalty is subject to a withholding tax at a rate of 15% then a deduction
of half of the royalty is allowed.

HEADQUARTER COMPANY
The headquarter company rules apply for years of assessment commencing
on or after 1 January 2011 and provide for several benefits, including:
• its subsidiaries are not treated as controlled foreign companies
• dividends are not subject to Dividends Tax
• no application of thin capitalisation or transfer pricing rules in the case of
back-to-back cross-border loans
• exemption from the withholding tax on interest in respect of back-to-back
loans.
As from 1 January 2011, a special regional investment fund rule is applicable.
Qualifying foreign investors will be regarded as passive investors with no
exposure to South African tax when using a South African portfolio manager.
A company may elect to be treated as a headquarter company on an annual
basis. This election results in the company ceasing to be South African tax
resident but liable for exit taxes such as Capital Gains Tax, Dividends Tax
and normal income tax.

35
 WITHHOLDING TAXES SUMMARY
DOUBLE TAXATION AGREEMENTS
Double taxation agreements provide for relief in respect of royalties, dividends and
interest withholding taxes.

Royalties % Dividends % Interest %

Non-Treaty Countries 15 20 15
Treaty Countries
Algeria 10 10/15 10
Australia 5 5/15 10
Austria 0 5/15 0
Belarus 5/10 5/15 5/10
Belgium 0 5/15 10
Botswana 10 10/15 10
Brazil 10/15 10/15 15
Bulgaria 5/10 5/15 5
Cameroon 10 10/15 10
Canada 6/10 5/15 10
Chile 5/10 5/15 5/15
Croatia 5 5/10 0
Cyprus 0 5/10 0
Czech Republic 10 5/15 0
Democratic Republic of Congo 10 5/15 10
Denmark 0 5/15 0
Egypt 15 15 12
Eswatini 10 10/15 10
Ethiopia 15 10 8
Finland 0 5/15 0
France 0 5/15 0
Germany 0 7,5/15 10
Ghana 10 5/15 5/10
Greece 5/7 5/15 8
Hong Kong 5 5/10 10
Hungary 0 5/15 0
India 10 10 10
Indonesia 10 10/15 10
Iran 10 10 5
Ireland 0 5/10 0
Israel 0/15 20 15
Italy 6 5/15 10
Japan 10 5/15 10
Kenya 10 10 10
Korea 10 5/15 10
Kuwait 10 0 0
Lesotho 10 10/15 10
Luxembourg 0 5/15 0
Malawi 0/15 20 15
Malaysia 5 5/10 10
Malta 10 5/10 10
Mauritius 5 5/10 10
Mexico 10 5/10 10
Mozambique 5 8/15 8
Namibia 10 5/15 10

36
 Royalties % Dividends % Interest %

Netherlands 0 5/10 0
New Zealand 10 5/15 10
Nigeria 7,5 7,5/10 7,5
Norway 0 5/15 0
Oman 8 5/10 0
Pakistan 10 10/15 10
Peoples Republic of China 7/10 5 10
Poland 10 5/15 10
Portugal 10 10/15 10
Qatar 5 0/5/10 10
Romania 15 15 15
Russian Federation 0 10/15 10
Rwanda 10 10/20 10
Saudi Arabia 10 5/10 5
Seychelles 0 5/10 0
Sierra Leone 15 15 15
Singapore 5 5/10 7,5
Slovak Republic 10 5/15 0
Spain 5 5/15 5
Sweden 0 5/15 0
Switzerland 0 5/15 5
Taiwan 10 5/15 10
Tanzania 10 10/20 10
Thailand 15 10/15 10/15
Tunisia 10 10 5/12
Turkey 10 10/15 10
Uganda 10 10/15 10
Ukraine 10 5/15 10
United Arab Emirates 10 5/10 10
United Kingdom 0 5/10/15 0
United States of America 0 5/15 0
Zambia 0/15 20 0/15
Zimbabwe 10 5/10 5
A number of double taxation agreements provide for alternative rates,
including zero, to be applied in specific circumstances.
The double taxation agreements are available on www.sars.gov.za

MULTILATERAL INSTRUMENT
On 30 September 2022 South Africa deposited its multilateral instrument
for ratification with the OECD. This effectively modifies the bilateral tax
treaties already concluded. More than 100 countries are using the multilateral
instrument to efficiently amend their tax treaty networks. The multilateral
instrument forms part of Action 15 of the OECD’s base erosion and profit
shifting initiative to combat treaty abuse.
The multilateral instrument does not replace the bilateral tax treaty but will be
applied in conjunction with the relevant treaty to modify the treaty application
where all of the following requirements are met:
• where both countries have elected for the same amendment to apply
• both countries have deposited their multilateral instrument for ratification
• a period of three calendar months has expired from the date of ratification.
South Africa’s multilateral instrument came into force on 1 January 2023.
37
 COMMON REPORTING STANDARD
The common reporting standard is a process which allows for financial
information to be obtained and automatically exchanged with other tax
jurisdictions on an annual basis. The financial institutions required to report
include banks, brokers, asset managers, private equity funds and long-term
insurers.
The information in respect of reportable accounts include the person’s
particulars such as name, address, tax reference number, place of birth
and account number, as well as financial information such as account
balances and income from interest, dividends, certain insurance products
and proceeds from the sale of financial assets.
Reportable accounts include accounts held by individuals, entities (including
trusts, partnerships and foundations) and passive entities.
Jurisdictions that have agreed to exchange information
Albania, Andorra, Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, Australia,
Austria, Azerbaijan, Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Bermuda,
Brazil, British Virgin Islands, Brunei Darussalam, Bulgaria, Canada, Cayman Islands,
Chile, China, Colombia, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Croatia, Curacao, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Ecuador, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France,
Germany, Ghana, Gibraltar, Greece, Greenland, Grenada, Guernsey, Hong Kong,
Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia , Ireland, Isle of Man, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan,
Jersey, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Macao SAR, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius,
Mexico, Moldova, Monaco, Montserrat, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria,
Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania,
Russia, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Seychelles, Singapore, Sint Maarten,
Slovak Republic, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St.
Vincent and the Grenadines, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Turks and Caicos Islands,
United Arab Emirates, Ukraine, United Kingdom, Uruguay and Vanuatu.

COUNTRY-BY-COUNTRY REPORTING
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 January 2016, the
ultimate parent company of a multinational enterprise (MNE) group that is a
tax resident in South Africa is required to file a country-by-country report to
SARS within 12 months of the year-end. The threshold for reporting to SARS
is a consolidated MNE group turnover of at least R10 billion in the fiscal
year prior to the year in which the report must be submitted. The first report
should have been filed from 28 February 2018.
Where the ultimate parent company is not tax resident in South Africa, the
South African tax resident company which forms part of the MNE group must
disclose the identity and tax residency of the reporting entity in the tax return.
Upon receipt of the report the revenue authority in that tax jurisdiction will
then automatically exchange such information.
The report will contain extensive information in respect of transactions
between the group entities and includes:
• revenue
• profit/loss before income tax
• income tax paid or accrued
• stated capital and accumulated earnings
• number of employees
• tangible assets, other than cash or cash equivalents.
The information obtained in the report will be utilised by SARS to assess
high-level transfer pricing risks. The report is due within 12 months of the
last day of the reporting fiscal year of the MNE group.
38
 TRANSFER PRICING
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 October 2016, entities which
enter into cross-border transactions with connected persons, and the value of
the transactions exceed or are reasonably expected to exceed R100 million, are
required to maintain transfer pricing policy documentation.
Transfer pricing policy documentation, as required by SARS, includes:
• a description of the ownership structure of the entities
• detailed particulars of each connected person with whom potentially affected
transactions have been entered into
• a summary of the entity’s business operation including the nature of its
business, specific business and external market conditions, and it’s business
strategy
• details of senior management, including an organogram indicating the
titles and location of persons
• major economic and legal issues affecting the profitability of the entity and/or
the industry in which the entity operates
• a description of any business restructuring or transfer of intangibles
• the entity’s market share within the industry and analysis of market competitor
information
• key value drivers
• industry policy, incentives or restrictions
• the role of the entity and the connected persons in the supply chain.
Where the value of a specific transaction exceeds R5 million, detailed records of
the transaction must be maintained, including:
• the nature and terms of the transaction
• copies of the relevant contracts or agreements
• relevant SARB applications or approvals
• functional and comparable analysis
• operational flows such as information, product and cash flow
• comprehensive details of financial assistance.
Where a connected person retains these documents in the ordinary course of
business, the entity will be deemed to comply with the requirement to retain such
documentation.
Where the volume of transactions are high, SARS may agree to alternative records
that the entity must retain in order to satisfy the arm’s length requirement.
The documents have to be submitted with the annual tax return.
As from 22 December 2023, taxpayers can submit an application for an Advanced
Pricing Agreement, to obtain certainty that their transactions are at arm’s length.

SECURITIES TRANSFER TAX

As from 1 July 2008, Securities Transfer Tax (STT) is payable at a rate of 0,25%
on the greater of the consideration, closing price or market value on the transfer,
cancellation or redemption of any listed or unlisted share, member’s interest in a
close corporation or cession of a right to receive distributions from a company or
close corporation.
• On listed securities, the STT is payable by the 14th day of the month
following the month during which the transfer occurred
• On unlisted securities, the STT is payable by the end of the second month
following the month during which the transfer occurred
• If not paid in full within the prescribed period, interest is imposed at the
prescribed rate and a 10% penalty is charged
• No STT is payable if the consideration, closing price or market value is
less than R40 000
• No STT is levied on the issue of shares.
39
 TRANSFER DUTY
On Immovable Property (on or after 1 March 2023)
Payable by natural persons and legal entities:
Property value Rates of tax
R 0 - R 1 100 000 Nil
R 1 100 001 - R 1 512 500 3% on the value above R 1 100 000
R 1 512 501 - R 2 117 500 R 12 375 + 6% on the value above R 1 512 500
R 2 117 501 - R 2 722 500 R 48 675 + 8% on the value above R 2 117 500
R 2 722 501 - R12 100 000 R 97 075 + 11% on the value above R 2 722 500
R12 100 001 + R1 128 600 + 13% on the value above R 12 100 000

• No Transfer Duty is payable if the transaction is subject to VAT

• If a registered vendor purchases property from a non-vendor, the notional
input tax credit is limited to the VAT fraction (15/115) (prior to 1 April 2018:
14/114) applied to the lower of the selling price or the open market value.
As from 10 January 2012, the notional input tax credit is no longer limited
to the Transfer Duty paid
• A notional input tax credit is only claimable to the extent the purchase price
has been paid and the property transferred
• Exemptions apply to certain corporate restructure transactions
• The acquisition of a contingent right in a trust that holds a residential
property or the shares in a company or the member’s interest in a close
corporation, which owns residential property comprising more than 50%
of its CGT assets, is subject to Transfer Duty at the applicable rate
• Liabilities of the entity are to be disregarded when calculating the fair
value of the contingent right in the trust, the shares in the company or
the member’s interest in the close corporation
• Residential property includes dwellings, holiday homes, apartments and
similar abodes, improved and unimproved, zoned for residential purposes.
It excludes a structure of five or more units, rented by five or more
unconnected persons. It excludes immovable property forming part
of the enterprise of a VAT vendor.

PRIME OVERDRAFT RATES

Rate Rate
Date of change % Date of change %
31 July 2012 8,50 15 April 2020 7,75
31 January 2014 9,00 22 May 2020 7,25
31 July 2014 9,25 24 July 2020 7,00
24 July 2015 9,50 19 November 2021 7,25
20 November 2015 9,75 28 January 2022 7,50
29 January 2016 10,25 24 March 2022 7,75
18 March 2016 10,50 19 May 2022 8,25
21 July 2017 10,25 21 July 2022 9,00
29 March 2018 10,00 22 September 2022 9,75
23 November 2018 10,25 24 November 2022 10,50
19 July 2019 10,00 27 January 2023 10,75
16 January 2020 9,75 31 March 2023 11,25
20 March 2020 8,75 26 May 2023 11,75
The above dates are applicable to Standard Bank. Banks do not always adjust
their rates on the same day.
40
BOND/INSTALMENT SALE REPAYMENTS
The following table reflects repayments on every R1 000 borrowed.
Example: A bond of R1 000 000 at 11,5% over a 20 year period
R1 000 000 ÷ R1 000 x 10,66 = R10 660,00 a month over the 20 year period.
Mortgage Bonds Short Term Financing
Rate 10 Yrs 20 Yrs 25 Yrs 30 Yrs 36 Months 48 Months 60 Months
07,0% 11,61 07,75 07,07 06,65 30,88 23,95 19,08
07,5% 11,87 08,06 07,39 06,99 31,11 24,18 20,04
08,0% 12,13 08,36 07,72 07,34 31,34 24,41 20,28
08,5% 12,40 08,68 08,05 07,69 31,57 24,65 20,52
09,0% 12,67 09,00 08,39 08,05 31,80 24,89 20,76
09,5% 12,94 09,32 08,74 08,41 32,03 25,12 21,00
10,0% 13,22 09,65 09,09 08,78 32,27 25,36 21,25
10,5% 13,49 09,98 09,44 09,15 32,50 25,60 21,49
11,0% 13,78 10,32 09,80 09,52 32,74 25,85 21,74
11,5% 14,06 10,66 10,16 09,90 32,98 26,09 21,99
12,0% 14,35 11,01 10,53 10.29 33,21 26,33 22,24
12,5% 14,64 11,36 10,90 10,67 33,45 26,58 22,50
13,0% 14,93 11,72 11,28 11,06 33,69 26,83 22,75
13,5% 15,23 12,07 11,66 11,45 33,94 27,08 23,01
14,0% 15,53 12,44 12,04 11,85 34,18 27,33 23,27
14,5% 15,83 12,80 12,42 12,25 34,42 27,58 23,53
15,0% 16,13 13,17 12,81 12,64 34,67 27,83 23,79
15,5% 16,44 13,54 13,20 13,05 34,91 28,08 24,05
16,0% 16,75 13,91 13,59 13,45 35,16 28,34 24,32
16,5% 17,60 14,29 13,98 13,85 35,40 28,60 24,58

PENALTIES AND INTEREST

Type Reason Basis of charge
Provisional 1st and 2nd 10% penalty plus interest charged daily from
tax payment late due date to date of payment
Provisional 3rd payment Interest charged daily from effective date to
tax late earlier of payment date or assessment date.
Effective date is six months after year-end,
except in the case of February year-ends,
where the effective date is 30 September
Provisional Overpayment Interest credited daily from effective date to
tax date of refund
Assessment Late payment Interest charged on each completed month
from first due date to date of payment
Value-Added Tax Late payment 10% penalty plus interest charged daily from
(VAT) due date to date of payment
Value-Added Tax Refund Interest credited monthly from 21 business
(VAT) days after receipt of return to date of payment.
Period is suspended when vendor fails to
provide information or update banking details
Employees Late payment 10% penalty plus interest charged daily from
tax (PAYE) due date to date of payment
Skills Development Late payment 10% penalty plus interest charged daily from
Levy (SDL) due date to date of payment
Unemployment Late payment 10% penalty plus interest charged daily from
Insurance Fund (UIF) due date to date of payment

41
 INTEREST RATES CHANGES
Prescribed rate - Late payment of assessed tax, provisional tax, VAT and
underpayment of provisional tax; refund of VAT after prescribed period, refund
on successful objection, appeal or conceded appeal
Date of change Rate %
1 November 2020 7,00
1 March 2022 7,25
1 May 2022 7,50
1 July 2022 7,75
1 September 2022 8,25
1 November 2022 9,00
1 January 2023 9,75
1 March 2023 10,50
1 May 2023 10,75
1 July 2023 11,25
1 September 2023 11,75
All payments are first set-off against penalties, then interest and finally tax.
Prescribed rate - Refund of overpayment of provisional tax
Date of change Rate %
1 November 2020 3,00
1 March 2022 3,25
1 May 2022 3,50
1 July 2022 3,75
1 September 2022 4,25
1 November 2022 5,00
1 January 2023 5,75
1 March 2023 6,50
1 May 2023 6,75
1 July 2023 7,25
1 September 2023 7,75
Interest on overpayment of provisional tax is only payable if taxable income
exceeds R50 000 (individuals and trusts), R20 000 (companies and close
corporations) or the refund exceeds R10 000, regardless of taxable income.
Official rate - Fringe benefits, loans to shareholders, loans to trusts and to
companies held by trusts
Date of change Rate %
1 May 2020 5,25
1 June 2020 4,75
1 August 2020 4,50
1 December 2021 4,75
1 February 2022 5,00
1 April 2022 5,25
1 June 2022 5,75
1 August 2022 6,50
1 October 2022 7,25
1 December 2022 8,00
1 Febuary 2023 8,25
1 April 2023 8,75
1 June 2023 9,25
As from 1 March 2011, the official rate is equal to the South African repurchase rate
plus 100 basis points.

SKILLS DEVELOPMENT LEVY

As from 1 April 2001, the Skills Development Levy is payable by employers at a
rate of 1% (previously 0,5%) of remuneration.
As from 1 August 2005, employers paying annual remuneration of less than
R500 000 are exempt from this levy.
Directors remuneration, on the same basis as for PAYE, will be subject to the Skills
Development Levy.
42
TAXATION OF FARMING INCOME
Farming income is subject to the provisions of the First Schedule to the
Income Tax Act.
Summary of the First Schedule’s Main Paragraphs
2–5&9 Valuation of livestock and produce 14 – 16 Plantation farming
6–7 Election of standard values 17 Sugar cane destroyed by
8 Ring-fencing of livestock acquisitions fire
11 Donations and in specie dividends 19 Rating formula for farmers
12 Capital development expenditure (who are natural persons)
13 Forced sales and drought relief 20 Expropriation of farming
provisions land
Rating Formula Applicable to Farmers
Because a farmer’s income fluctuates from year to year, a farmer who is a
natural person may elect to be taxed in accordance with a rating formula.
The formula is based on the average taxable farming income in the current
and preceding four years. Should the farmer elect to make use of the formula,
it is binding in future years and the farmer is not permitted to make use of the
provisions relating to government livestock reduction schemes, rating formula
for plantation farmers and provisions relating to sugar cane farmers.
For a farmer commencing farming operations the average taxable income
from farming in the first year of assessment ending on or after 1 January
2008 will be two-thirds of the taxable income for that period.
Capital Development Expenditure
The following items of capital expenditure, incurred during a year of
assessment, are deductible against farming income:
• expenditure which is not restricted to taxable income from farming:
- eradication of noxious weeds and invasive alien vegetation and
prevention of soil erosion
• expenditure which is restricted to taxable income from farming:
- dipping tanks, building of roads and bridges for farming operations
- dams, irrigation schemes, boreholes, pumping plants and fences
- additions, erection of, extensions and improvements to farm buildings
not used for domestic purposes
- costs of establishing the area for the planting of trees, shrubs and
perennial plants
- carrying of electric power from main power lines to farm machinery
and equipment.
The excess expenditure over taxable income from farming is carried forward
to the next year of assessment.
Machinery, implements, utensils and articles for farming purposes are written
off over three years on a 50/30/20 basis. This does not apply to motor
vehicles used to convey passengers, caravans, aircraft (excluding crop-
spraying aircraft) or office furniture and equipment. Normal wear and tear
may be claimed on these items.
Non-Farming Income
Income from non-farming sources should be shown separately.
The most common examples of non-farming income include:
• income derived from carrying on a trade other than farming
• rental income from farmland
• interest received
• annuities.
43
EXCHANGE CONTROL REGULATIONS
Foreign Capital Allowance
Tax compliant individuals, 18 years and older, can invest up to a limit of
R10 million (prior to 1 April 2015 : R4 million) per calendar year abroad,
subject to obtaining a tax compliance status (TCS) PIN.
Income accruing thereon may also be retained abroad.
Applications in excess of R10 million are considered on a case by case basis.
Single Discretionary Allowance
Individuals 18 years and older are permitted to transfer up to a limit of
R1 million (2010 : R750 000) per calendar year (without the requirement to
obtain a tax clearance certificate) which can be used to cover donations to
missionaries, maintenance, gifts (except gold and jewellery), loans, travel,
study, alimony and child support, wedding expenses and foreign investment.
Proof of these transactions should be retained.
Applications in excess of R1 million are considered on a case by case basis.
Individuals, younger than 18 years, are limited to a travel allowance of
R200 000 (2010 : R160 000) per calendar year.
Foreign currency for travel purposes may only be obtained within 60 days
prior to departure.
Unused foreign currency must be resold within 30 days to an authorised
dealer except where the next business trip is within 90 days.
Directors Fees
Subject to certain conditions and documentation, no limit is applicable to
directors fees paid to non-residents.
Guarantees by Residents for Foreign Liabilities
Individuals may raise loans abroad to finance the acquisition of foreign
assets without recourse to South Africa. Under no circumstances may local
guarantees or suretyships be issued or South African assets be encumbered.
Ceasing of Tax Residency
As from 1 March 2021, the concept of exchange control emigration is no
longer applicable and has been aligned to the ceasing of tax residency.
An emigrant is permitted a foreign capital allowance from assets disclosed
as at the date of ceasing of residency of R10 million (2015: R4 million) per
calendar year subject to obtaining a TCS PIN.
Household and personal effects may be exported within an overall insured
value of R1 million (prior to 18 January 2022: R2 million) per family unit in the
same calendar year that the individual ceases to be a resident.
Income or capital distributions from an inter vivos trusts may be transferred
abroad and will be deducted from the foreign capital allowance.
Remittable Income to Emigrants
Certain forms of income earned by an emigrant on his remaining South
African assets are freely remittable abroad, after providing for tax.
Krugerrands and Cash
In addition to the single discretionary allowance residents may:
• export Krugerrands up to an amount of R30 000 as gifts to
non-residents subject to the completion of the prescribed SARS form.
• take up to R25 000 per person in South African currency for visits outside
the common monetary area.
Residents Temporarily Abroad
Remuneration earned whilst physically working abroad can be retained
offshore. Residents temporarily abroad may use the single discretionary and
foreign capital allowances without returning to South Africa. Income from
pension and retirement annuity funds may be transferred abroad.

44
Inheritances
Non-residents are entitled to transfer their inheritance from resident estates
abroad, subject to certain documentary requirements. Former South African
residents must have completed emigration formalities to qualify.
Residents are not required to declare inheritances from bona fide foreign
estates that accrued after 17 March 1998 and may retain the capital and
income generated from such assets abroad.
Foreign assets inherited by a resident from the estate of a South African
resident and can be retained abroad provided the original owner of such
assets has complied with the regulations and will not be placed at the
disposal of other South African residents.
Payments by Credit or Debit Cards
Residents can make permissible foreign exchange payments for small
transactions up to a limit of R50 000 per transaction using their credit or
debit card, subject to the single discretionary allowance limit.
Foreign Bank Accounts
Individuals may utilise a foreign bank account for travel expenses, foreign
investment, legitimate foreign earned income and foreign inheritances.
Foreign Investments in South Africa
Non-residents may freely invest in South Africa provided that such
transactions are concluded at arm’s length. The proceeds on disposal of
such assets to a non-resident must be repatriated to South Africa.
The transfer of proceeds on disposal to a resident requires prior approval
from SARB. Interest and dividends are freely remittable. Loans by
non-residents to South African residents are subject to specific criteria.
Outbound Investments by Companies
Certain commercial banks may approve investments up to R5 billion
(Prior to 23 February 2022 : R1 billion) per calendar year. Approval from
SARB is required for foreign direct investments exceeding this limit.
Dividends declared by the offshore subsidiary may be retained abroad.
Net proceeds on the sale of a foreign investment must be repatriated.
Restrictions on Local Financial Assistance
Local financial assistance subject to the 1:1 ratio is available to non-
residents if the borrowing is required for the acquisition of residential
property in South Africa.
Forward Cover
South African companies may cover forward up to 75% of budgeted import
commitments or export accruals in respect of the following financial year,
subject to certain conditions.
Loop Structures
As from 1 January 2021, the restriction of loop structures was lifted and
replaced with the requirement to report the loop investment to an authorised
dealer together with an independent auditor’s written confirmation that the
transaction was concluded at arm’s length.
For loop transactions between connected parties where more that 40% of
the equity is in a non-resident company held by SA residents, the authorised
dealer will refer the transaction to the SARB for approval.
Existing unauthorised loop structures (created prior to 1 January 2021 or
where the 40% threshold was exceeded) must be regularised with SARB.
Withdrawal of Lump Sums from Retirement Funds
As from 1 March 2021, lump sum withdrawals can be made prior to
retirement age where an individual remains non-resident for an uninterrupted
period of three years. Prior to such date, pre-retirement lump sum
withdrawals were only permitted upon exchange control emigration.
45
VALUE-ADDED TAX ( VAT )
The system provides for three types of supplies:
• Standard-rated supplies – supplies of goods or services, at a rate of:
1/04/2018 7/04/1993 30/09/1991
15% 14% 10%
• Exempt supplies – supplies of certain goods or services not subject to
VAT. Persons making only exempt supplies are not entitled to input credits
• Zero-rated supplies – supplies of certain goods or services subject to
VAT at zero per cent. Vendors making zero-rated supplies are entitled to
input credits. Zero-rated supplies include certain basic food items, export
sales and services (subject to specific requirements) and the supply of
a going concern. Supplies from South Africa to a customs controlled area
or a special economic zone will be treated as exports.
Where a vendor makes mixed supplies of standard or zero-rated supplies
together with exempt supplies the input credits are apportioned. Input credits
on direct and indirect expenses relating to exempt supplies cannot be claimed.
Notional input tax can be claimed as a “change in use” adjustment, on capital
assets owned as at the date of registration as a vendor.
A tax invoice exceeding R5 000 (2013 : R3 000) must be dated, have an
individual serialised number and reflect both the seller’s and purchaser’s
trade name, postal or physical address, VAT registration number, description
and quantity of goods, VAT amount and display the words “tax invoice”, “VAT
invoice” or “invoice”.
Input credits may be claimed within five years of the date of the tax invoice.
Input credits may in general not be claimed in respect of motor vehicles
(including double-cabs) and entertainment.
All fee-based financial services are subject to VAT with the exception of:
• premiums payable in respect of life policies and contributions to pension,
provident, retirement annuity and medical aid funds
• buying or selling of derivatives or granting of options.
Registration Requirements
A vendor is required to register for VAT if taxable supplies (including the supply
of electronic services) in any 12 month period exceeds or is likely to exceed
R1 million. Registration is not required where this threshold is exceeded as a
result of abnormal circumstances of a temporary nature.
Where turnover is less than R1 million in a 12 month period, but exceeds
R50 000, a vendor can register voluntarily.
In the case of commercial rental establishments, the voluntary registration
threshold is R120 000 (prior to 1 April 2016 : R60 000).
For years of assessment commencing on or after 1 March 2012, a registered
micro-business can register voluntarily.
Where turnover is less than R30 million in a 12 month period, VAT returns are
rendered every two months. Where turnover exceeds R30 million in a
12 month period a monthly VAT return is required.
Farmers, with a turnover of less than R1,5 million in a 12 month period, render
VAT returns every six months.
Normally a vendor accounts for VAT on an invoice basis. Where turnover in a
12 month period is likely to be less than R2,5 million, the vendor can apply to
be placed on a payment basis if the vendor is a natural person or an
unincorporated body of persons whose members are natural persons.

46
VAT CLAW-BACK FOR DEVELOPERS
Where a property developer is unable to sell residential property and temporarily
leases the property, a change of use adjustment must be made to account for
the output tax. The deemed output is based on the open market value of the
property when it is leased for the first time. A temporary concession was granted
for the period 10 January 2012 to 31 December 2017 for the units temporarily
leased for a maximum period of 36 months per unit.
Where a change of use adjustment was made between 10 September 2020 and
31 March 2022, the subsequent sale of the property is subject to Transfer Duty.
As from 1 April 2022, the change of use adjustment is based on the adjusted
cost (cost of construction, extension or improvement) of the property provided
it is temporarily leased for a period not exceeding 12 months. Where the lease
period exceeds 12 months at the outset the change in use adjustment will be
based on the open market value.
Where the property is sold or brought back into the “VAT net” by the end of the
12 month period, output tax is payable on the sale consideration or open market
value respectively, with an input tax deduction allowed for the deemed output
tax previously paid in terms of the change of use adjustment.

VAT RELIEF INTER-GROUP

As from 10 January 2012, group debt older than 12 months is not subject to the
VAT charge back provision and the group creditor is not entitled to claim a VAT
input deduction for a bad debt written off.

ASSESSED LOSSES RING-FENCED

Individuals
As from 1 March 2004, losses from secondary or “suspect” trades are ring-fenced
and are not available for set-off against income from any other trade.
It will only apply to an individual whose taxable income, before setting off any
assessed loss or balance of assessed loss, is equal to or exceeds the level at
which the maximum rate of tax is applicable.
For the restrictions to apply the person must have incurred an assessed loss
from the secondary trade in at least three years of assessment during any five
year period, or have carried on one of the following “suspect” trades:
• Sporting activities
• Dealing in collectables
• The rental of accommodation, vehicles, aircraft or boats, unless at least
80% of the asset is used by persons who are not relatives of such person
for at least half of the year of assessment
• Animal showing
• Farming or animal breeding, otherwise than on a full-time basis
• Performing or creative arts
• Gambling or betting
• Acquisition or disposal of cryptocurrency.
The taxpayer will be able to circumvent these provisions if it can proved that
there is a reasonable prospect of deriving taxable income within a reasonable
period and where the taxpayer complies with other tests, unless losses have
been incurred in at least six out of ten years.
Companies
For years of assessment ending on or after 31 March 2023, companies are
limited to utilise their assessed loss to the greater of R1 million or 80% of their
taxable income.

47
RECREATIONAL CLUBS
A recreational club is a non-profit organisation which provides social and
recreational amenities or facilities for its members.
The annual trading income exemption is the greater of 5% of total
membership fees and subscriptions or R120 000 (2010 : R100 000).
Income in excess of this exemption is subject to tax at the corporate rate.
An approved recreational club is exempt from provisional tax.
Recreational clubs are subject to CGT with certain rollover relief applying.

BODY CORPORATES
Levies accrued to sectional title body corporates or share block companies
are exempt from income tax. In addition to this exemption all other receipts
and accruals are exempt up to a maximum of R50 000 per annum.
Income in excess of this exemption is subject to tax at the corporate rate.
These entities are exempt from provisional tax.

PUBLIC BENEFIT ORGANISATIONS

An approved public benefit organisation (PBO) carries out certain public
benefit activities in a non-profit manner substantially in South Africa.
The annual trading income exemption is the greater of 5% of total receipts
and accruals or R200 000 (2010 : R150 000). Income in excess of this
exemption is subject to tax at the corporate rate. A PBO is exempt from
provisional tax. A PBO is exempt from CGT except for assets used in a
trading activity. An audit certificate is required confirming the donations
received were used solely for the approved public benefit activities.

DEDUCTIONS DONATIONS
Donations to certain approved PBO’s qualify for a tax deduction:
Companies and Trusts - limited to 10% (2007 : 5%) of taxable income before
the deduction of donations.
Individuals - limited to 10% (2007 : 5%) of taxable income, excluding
retirement lump sum payments and severance benefits, and before the
deduction of donations.
As from 1 March 2014, donations in excess of the 10% threshold may be
carried forward to the next tax year.
Employees may request PAYE reductions where regular donations are made
by way of salary deductions not exceeding 5% of net remuneration.
Donations to the Solidarity Fund from 1 April 2020 to 30 September 2020
qualified for an additional 10% deduction.

THIRD-PARTY REPORTING
For periods commencing on or after 1 March 2018, mandatory third-party
reporting to SARS applies to various institutions, including banks, medical
schemes, and trust accounts managed by attorneys or estate agents.
Bi-annual submission periods are as follows:
• 1 March to 31 August by 31 October of each year
• 1 March to end of February by 31 May of each year.
As from 1 March 2023, PBO’s for section 18A certificates and resident trusts
for distributions must make their first submission as follows:
• 1 March 2023 to 29 February 2024 - PBO’s on 31 May 2024
• 1 March 2023 to 29 February 2024 - resident trusts by 30 September 2024

48
REPORTABLE ARRANGEMENTS
The participant in or the promoter of a reportable arrangement is obliged to
report the arrangement to SARS within 45 business days of the date on which
such arrangement was entered into. If the arrangement is not reported an
administrative penalty is imposed.
These arrangements include:
• financing transactions whereby the calculation of interest, finance costs
or similar fees are wholly or partly dependent on the tax treatment of that
arrangement and provision has been made for the variation of such
finance fees, by potentially more than R5 million.
• any arrangement which would have qualified as a hybrid equity
instrument (except in the case of listed instruments) if the prescribed
period of three years was replaced with 10 years.
• a share buy-back transaction on or after 3 February 2016 with one or
more shareholders for an aggregate amount exceeding R10 million
and the company issued or is required to issue shares within 12 months
of entering into the share buy-back
• payments made by a resident, on or after 16 March 2015, to a foreign
trust where that person has or acquires a beneficial interest in that trust
and the total contributions made before and after that date, or the value
of interest exceeds R10 million, subject to certain exceptions
• the acquisition of a direct or indirect controlling interest in a company
on or after 3 February 2016, which has or is reasonably expected to have
an assessed loss exceeding R50 million
• an arrangement between a resident and a foreign insurer where the
aggregate amount payable to the resident on or after 16 March 2016
exceeds R5 million and is determined mainly by reference to the value of
particular assets or categories of assets that are held by or on behalf of
the foreign insurer or by another person
• the rendering of consultancy, construction, technical and managerial
services to a resident or a permanent establishment in South Africa in
terms of which a non-resident was or is anticipated to be physically
present in South Africa for the purposes of rendering such services
and the expenditure in respect of those services incurred or to be
incurred on or after 3 February 2016, exceeds R10 million and does
not qualify as remuneration.
In certain circumstances there is no reporting requirement where the
aggregate tax benefit does not exceed R5 million or where the tax
benefit which is derived is not the main or one of the main benefits of the
arrangement.

TAX CLEARANCE
A taxpayer’s tax clearance can be confirmed by obtaining a tax compliance
status PIN, provided that the taxpayer does not have any tax debt
outstanding (except if the debt has been suspended pending an objection or
appeal or is subject to an approved instalment payment plan or is less than
R100) or returns outstanding (except if arrangements are in place to submit
those returns).
SARS may revoke a taxpayer’s compliance status if the tax clearance was
issued in error or obtained on the basis of fraud or misrepresentation. SARS
must give a taxpayer at least ten business days notice before revoking the
compliance status.
The compliance status changes when the taxpayer becomes non-compliant.
As from 2 November 2019, printed certificates previously issued are invalid.
49
VOLUNTARY DISCLOSURE
As from 1 October 2012, a permanent Voluntary Disclosure Programme (VDP)
is available to assist taxpayers to regularise their tax affairs.
The relief applies to penalties (excluding penalties for late submission),
understatement penalties and criminal prosecution, but does not include
foreign exchange contraventions and interest on late payments.

UNDERSTATEMENT PENALTIES
Assessments issued on or after 19 January 2017
Behaviour Standard Obstructive Voluntary Voluntary
case or repeat disclosure disclosure
case after audit before audit
notification notification
Substantial 10% 20% 5% 0%
understatement
Reasonable care 25% 50% 15% 0%
not taken in
completing return
No reasonable 50% 75% 25% 0%
grounds for tax
position
Impermissible 75% 100% 35% 0%
avoidance
arrangements

Gross negligence 100% 125% 50% 5%

Intentional tax 150% 200% 75% 10%
evasion
Where the taxpayer can prove that the understatement results from a bona
fide inadvertent error, no understatement penalty will be imposed.
In the case of a substantial understatement (tax shortfall exceeds R1 million)
SARS may waive the penalty if the taxpayer is in possession of an opinion
provided by an independent registered tax practitioner before the return was
due and the practitioner had been given all the material facts and concluded
that the taxpayer was more than likely correct in the tax treatment.

DISPUTE RESOLUTION
Where there is uncertainty as to the basis of an assessment, a request for
reasons can be submitted within 30 business days from the date of the
issue of the assessment. Where there is a dispute with the basis of the
assessment, an objection must be submitted within 80 business days (prior
to 10 March 2023: 30 business days) from the date of assessment or from
the date when a response to the request for reasons is received.
Where an objection is disallowed the appeal must be submitted within 30
business days from the date the objection is disallowed. The prescribed form
and supporting documents must accompany an objection or appeal. If an
objection or appeal is submitted late, adequate grounds must be provided to
condone the lateness. Where there is a tax debt in dispute, a suspension of
payment should be requested at all stages of the dispute process.
50
 ADMINISTRATIVE PENALTIES
Failure to submit certain returns or disclose information will give rise to the
following fixed amount penalties:
Assessed loss or taxable income Penalty
for preceding year
Assessed loss R 250
R 0 – R 250 000 R 250
R 250 001 – R 500 000 R 500
R 500 001 – R 1 000 000 R 1 000
R 1 000 001 – R 5 000 000 R 2 000
R 5 000 001 – R10 000 000 R 4 000
R10 000 001 – R50 000 000 R 8 000
Above R50 000 000 R 16 000
• The penalty will automatically be imposed monthly until the taxpayer
remedies the non-compliance
• The penalty is payable if the taxpayer is:
- a natural person who has one or more (prior to 1 December 2021 at
least two) year’s tax returns outstanding
- a company which has returns outstanding from the 2009 tax year and
failed to submit the returns within 21 days of a specific final demand
• Late submission of the PAYE reconciliation attracts a penalty of 10% of
the PAYE deducted for the tax year
• The failure to disclose a reportable arrangement will result in a monthly
penalty, limited to 12 months, of R50 000 for a participant and R100 000
for a promoter, which may be increased, depending on the tax benefit
• Non-compliance that will attract administrative penalties, once an effective
date has been gazetted, include the failure to:
- meet registration requirements such as failing to register or not
registering timeously or not supplying supporting documents
- inform SARS of a change of address, banking details or the details of
the representative taxpayer
- submit a return timeously or failure to sign the return
- retain records for the prescribed period and in the prescribed format
- provide information requested or co-operate during a field audit.

HOME OFFICE DEDUCTION

The requirements for the deduction of home office costs are onerous and
must be based on the ratio of the actual floor area of the office to the actual
floor area of the home.
The deduction of a allowable expenditure will only be allowed where the
home office is regularly and solely used for the purpose of the taxpayer’s
trade and has been specifically equipped for such purpose.
Where the taxpayer derives income mainly from commission, the duties must
be mainly performed outside the employer’s office.
Where the taxpayer is an employee, the duties must be performed at the
home office for more than 50% of the time.
The claiming of the deduction will impact the primary residence exemption
for Capital Gains Tax on the disposal of the property.
51
TRUST DISTRIBUTIONS LOCAL TRUST
Distributions from trusts are taxed in terms of the conduit principle where
the nature of income is retained and taxed in the hands of the beneficiaries,
subject to certain deeming provisions.
Deeming provisions
• Where the income or capital gain of the trust is attributable to any
donation, settlement or other similar disposition (including the sale of an
asset to a trust by way of an interest free loan) the income or a portion
thereof may be deemed to accrue to the donor, rather than the
beneficiaries or the trust, subject to certain conditions
• A capital gain distributed to an exempt person, such as a public benefit
organisation or a non-resident beneficiary, is taxed in the trust.
Trust losses
A loss incurred by a trust cannot be distributed to beneficiaries. The loss is
carried forward as an assessed loss in the trust to the next tax year.
Distributions from a South African trust to a non-resident beneficiary
As from 1 March 2024, income distributed to a non-resident beneficiary is
taxed in the trust. Prior to this the beneficiary was taxed.
As from 1 March 2019, a capital gain distributed to a non-resident
beneficiary is taxed in the trust. Prior to this the beneficiary was taxed.
Where the income is attributable to a donation by a resident donor, it is
deemed to accrue to the donor and is taxed in the donor’s hands.
Trust to trust distribution of a capital gain
A capital gain distributed from one trust to another trust retains its nature
and is taxed in the second trust. This distributed capital gain cannot then
be further distributed to beneficiaries of the second trust unless the second
trust had a vested interest in the asset of the first trust prior to the disposal.

TRUST DISTRIBUTIONS FOREIGN TRUST

Income distributions retain their nature and are taxed accordingly in the
hands of the South African resident beneficiary.
Capital distributions are taxed in the hands of the South African resident
beneficiary where all of the following are applicable:
• that person was a beneficiary of the trust in the year in which the income
was earned
• the amount had not already been taxed in South Africa
• the amount would have constituted income of the trust if it had been a
South African resident trust.
Prior to 1 March 2019, where the capital distribution was in respect of
accumulated foreign dividends and the trust held more than 10% of the
equity shares and/or voting rights in the foreign company, the full distribution
is exempt from tax in the hands of the resident beneficiary.
This is also applicable to capital distributions of accumulated foreign capital
gains on the sale of shares in that foreign company.
As from 1 March 2019, where the capital distribution was in respect of
accumulated foreign dividends and the trust held more than 50% of the
equity shares and/or voting rights in the foreign company, the exemption is
limited and the dividend is taxed at an effective rate of 20%.
This is also applicable to capital distributions of accumulated foreign capital
gains on the sale of shares in that foreign company which is taxable at the
effective capital gains tax rate applicable to that beneficiary.
52
DONATIONS TAX
Donations Tax is payable at a rate of 20% on the value of any property
disposed of gratuitously by a resident (natural person, corporate entity or
trust). As from 1 March 2018, where a donation or the cumulative donations
exceed R30 million, the excess is taxed at a rate of 25%. Donations
made prior to 1 March 2018 and exempt donations are excluded in the
determination of the R30 million threshold. The tax is payable by the end of
the month following the month in which the donation takes effect.
Exemptions from Donations Tax include:
• Donations by natural persons up to R100 000 (2006 : R50 000) per year
• Donations by corporate entities not considered to be public companies
up to R10 000 per year
• Donations between spouses
• Bona fide maintenance payments
• Donations to PBO’s and qualifying traditional councils and communities
• Donations where the donee will not benefit until the death of the donor
• Donations made by companies which are recognised as public
companies for tax purposes
• Donations cancelled within six months of the effective date
• Property disposed of under and in pursuance of any trust
• Donations between companies forming part of the same group
• Donation of property or a right in property situated outside South Africa
if acquired by the donor:
- before becoming resident in South Africa for the first time
- by inheritance or donation from a non-resident.

ESTATE DUTY
Rates of Estate Duty
• Persons deceased:
- prior to 1 October 2001: 25%
- on or after 1 October 2001: 20%
- on or after 1 March 2018: 20% - first R30 million
: 25% - excess above R30 million.
Exemptions from Estate Duty include:
• Persons deceased prior to 1 March 2006, the first R1,5 million
• Persons deceased on or after 1 March 2006, the first R2,5 million
• Persons deceased on or after 1 March 2007, the first R3,5 million
• Any bequest to a surviving spouse or a PBO
• As from 1 January 2010, the unutilised portion of the exemption of
the first deceased spouse may be carried forward to the estate of the
surviving spouse.

EXECUTOR’S REMUNERATION
Subject to ratification by the Master, an executor is entitled to either of the
following remuneration:
• the remuneration stipulated in the will
• 3,5% on the value of gross assets and 6% on income accrued and
collected from date of death.
Executor’s remuneration is subject to VAT if the executor is registered
as a vendor.
53
IRP5 CODES
Normal Income Codes
3601 Income
3602 Income - non-taxable
3603 Pension
3605 Annual Payment
3606 Commission
3607 Overtime
3608 Arbitration Award
3610 Annuity from a Retirement Annuity Fund
3611 Purchased Annuity
3613 Restraint of Trade
3614 Other Retirement Lump Sums
3616 Independent Contractors
3618 Annuity from a provident or a provident preservation fund
3619 Labour Brokers (IT) - with exemption certificate
3620 Resident non-executive directors fees
3621 Non-resident non-executive directors fees
3622 Qualifying Long Service Cash Award (excluding PAYE)
Allowance Codes
3701 Travel Allowance
3702 Reimbursive Travel Allowance (IT)
3703 Reimbursive Travel Allowance - non-taxable
3704 Subsistence Allowance - local travel (IT)
3707 Share Options Exercised (Section 8A)
3708 Public Office Allowance
3713 Other Allowances
3714 Other Allowance - non-taxable
3715 Subsistence Allowance - Foreign Travel (IT)
3717 Broad-Based Employee Share Plan (Section 8B)
3718 Employee Equity Instruments (Section 8C)
3722 Reimbursive Travel Allowance (PAYE)
Fringe Benefit Codes
3801 General Fringe Benefits
3802 Right of Use of Motor Vehicle
3805 Free or Cheap Accommodation
3806 Free or Cheap Services
3808 Payment of Employees Debt
3809 Taxable Bursaries - Non disabled person - Basic Education
3810 Company Contribution to Medical Aid
3813 Cost related to Medical Services paid by Company
3815 Non-Taxable Bursaries - Non disabled person - Basic Education
3816 Right of Use of Motor Vehicle acquired by operating lease
3817 Pension Fund Contributions paid by employer for the employee
3820 Taxable Bursaries - Non disabled person - Further Education
3821 Non-taxable Bursaries - Non disabled person - Further Education
3822 Non-taxable Fringe Benefits on acquisition of immovable property
3825 Provident Fund Contributions paid by employer for the employee
3828 Retirement Annuity Contributions paid by employer
3829 Bursaries and Scholarships
3830 Non-Taxable Bursaries Disabled person - Basic Education
3831 Taxable Bursaries Disabled person - Further Education
3832 Non-Taxable Bursaries Disabled person - Further Education
3833 Taxable benefits-Bargaining Council employer contribution
3834 Non-taxable loan to purchase immovable property
Foreign Employment Income
For employees with foreign employment income the value of 50 must be added to
each relevant IRP5 code.
Example: Code 3601 will become 3651 for Foreign Income.
54
Lump Sum Codes
3901 Gratuities and Severance Benefits - retirement or retrenchment
3906 Special Remuneration (e.g. proto-teams)
3907 Other Lump Sums (e.g. backdated salaries extended over
previous tax year, non-approved funds)
3908 Surplus Apportionments and Exempt Policy Proceeds on or after
1 January 2006
3909 Unclaimed Benefits paid by fund
3915 Pension, Provident or Retirement Annuity Fund Lump Sum
Benefits paid on or after 1 October 2007
3920 Lump Sum Withdrawal Benefits from Retirement Funds after
28 February 2009
3921 Living Annuity and Section 15C Surplus Apportionments accruing
after 28 February 2009
3922 Compensation in respect of death during employment
3923 Transfer of unclaimed benefits
3924 Transfer on retirement
Deduction Codes
4001 Pension Fund Contributions paid and deemed paid by employee
4003 Provident Fund Contributions paid and deemed paid by employee
4005 Medical Aid Contributions paid and deemed paid by employee
4006 Total Retirement Annuity Fund Contributions paid and deemed
paid by employee
4024 Medical Services Costs Deemed paid for immediate family
4030 Donations paid by the employer to a PBO
4472 Employer’s Pension Fund Contributions
4473 Employer’s Provident Fund Contributions
4474 Employer’s Medical Aid Contributions
4475 Employer’s Retirement Annuity Fund Contributions
4493 Employer’s Medical Aid Contributions i.r.o. retired employees
4497 Total Deductions
4582 Remuneration inclusion used in section 11F deduction
4583 Remuneration for foreign services inclusion used for section 11F
4584 Employer’s Bargaining Council Contributions
4585 Employer’s Pension Fund Contributions - Retired Employee
4586 Employer’s Provident Fund Contributions - Retired Employee
4587 Exempt foreign employment income taken into account by the employer
for PAYE purposes
Employees Tax Deduction and Reason Codes
4102
PAYE
4115
Tax on Retirement Lump Sum and Severance Benefits
4116
Medical Scheme Fees Tax Credit
4118
The sum of the Employment Tax Incentive
4120
Additional Medical Expense Tax Credit - 65 years and older
4141
UIF Employee and Employer Contribution
4142
SDL Contribution
4149
Total PAYE, SDL and UIF
4150
01 - Invalid from March 2002
02 - Earn Less than the Tax Threshold
03 - Independent Contractor
04 - Non-Taxable Earnings (including nil directive and income
protection policy from 1 March 2015)
05 - Exempt Foreign Employment Income
06 - Directors Remuneration - income determined in the
following tax year
07 - Labour Broker with IRP30
08 - No Tax Due to Medical Aid Tax Credit allowed
09 - No Withholding of tax on shares possible

55
 RETENTION OF DOCUMENTS/RECORDS
RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES
Retention periods commence from the date of the last entry in the particular record

Retention
Companies period
Memorandum and Articles of Association/Incorporation Indefinite
Certificate of Incorporation/Registration Certificate Indefinite
Certificate of Change of Name Indefinite
Certificate to Commence Business Indefinite
Share/Securities Register, Minute Book, CM25 and CM26 Indefinite
Rules Indefinite
Annual Financial Statements 7 years
Books of Account and supporting schedules 7 years
Ancillary books of account 7 years
Record of past and present directors 7 years
Fixed Asset Registers 7 years
Proxy Forms 3 years
Close Corporations
Founding Statement (CK1) Indefinite
Amended Founding Statement (CK2) Indefinite
Minute Book Indefinite
Annual Financial Statements 15 years
Books of Account 15 years
Accounting records including supporting schedules 15 years
Fixed Asset Registers 15 years
When a company or close corporation reproduces its records on
microfilm, the original may be destroyed after a period of three years
The microfilm copies must be retained indefinitely
Other Suggested Periods of Retention
(Where relevant statutory or legal requirements have been taken into account)
Records of trust monies Indefinite
Tax returns and assessments (after date of submission) 5 years
Staff personnel records (after employment ceased) 3 years
Salary and wage registers 5 years
Paid cheques and bills of exchange 6 years
Invoices – sales and purchases 5 years
Bank statements and vouchers 5 years
Stock sheets 5 years
Documentary proof of zero rated supplies 5 years
Year-end working papers 5 years
VAT records 5 years
Other vouchers and general correspondence 5 years
The above list is not comprehensive
56
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14 Papegaai Street, Stellenbosch Alberton, Johannesburg, 1449 International tax
Central, Stellenbosch, 7600 +27 (0)10 595 9610 Transfer pricing
+27( 0)21 914 8880 info.vga@pkf.co.za Indirect tax
info.stb@pkf.co.za
Nelspruit
PKF Constantia Valley, Cape Town Corporate Finance and Structuring
75 Main Rd, Diep River PKF VGA Advisory Services
6 Michelle Street, Nelspruit Mergers, acquisitions and disposals
Cape Town, 7800 Financial and tax due diligence
+27 (0)21 713 8400 Mpumalanga, 1200
+27 (0)82 452 9395 Listings
info.cvcpt@pkf.co.za Valuations
billy.dejager@pkf.co.za
Regulatory support
Durban Management buy-outs
Port Elizabeth
PKF Durban - Umhlanga Corporate restructuring
2nd Floor, 12 on Palm Boulevard, PKF Port Elizabeth New business formations
Gateway, 4319 27 Newton St, Newton Park
+27 (0)31 573 5000 Gqeberha, 6055
+27 (0)41 398 5600 Corporate Governance
info.dbn@pkf.co.za
info.pe@pkf.co.za Compliance appraisal and manuals
PKF Durban - Durban South Corporate governance review
48 Beechgate Crescent Pretoria
Southgate Business Park
PKF Pretoria - Tshwane Wealth Management
Moss Kolnik Drive, Umbogintwini
15 Pony St Silver Lakes, Tijgervallei Estate planning and administration
+27 (0)31 573 5000
Office Park, Pretoria, 0081 Wills and trusts
info.dbn@pkf.co.za
+27 12 809 7000
info.pretoria@pkf.co.za
George Advisory
PKF George Forensic accounting and fraud investigations
Suite 102, 72 York Street Management consulting services
George, 6529 Exchange control
+27 (0)44 874 2320 BEE consulting and training
info1@pkfgeorge.co.za This booklet is available on pkf.co.za IT support
Recruitment
Liquidations and business rescue
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separate and independent legal entity. PKF South Africa Inc. coordinates activities of PKF South
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PKF International Limited accept any responsibility or liability for the actions or inactions of any
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Your vision is our ambition. Tax Guide 2024/2025

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