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A Comparison of Development Theories

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mark laurence de loyola
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53 views15 pages

A Comparison of Development Theories

Uploaded by

mark laurence de loyola
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A COMPARISON OF

DEVELOPMENT
THEORIES
Presented by: Mark Laurence De Loyola
CONFLICT THEORY
Conflict theory is a general term covering a number of sociological approaches, which
appose functionalism and which share the idea that the basic feature of all societies was
the struggle between different groups for access to limited resources.
Conflict theories assume that all societies have structural power divisions and resource
inequalities that lead to groups having conflicting interests (Wells, 1979).

EVOLUTION OF CONFLICT THEORY


Conflict can also manifest when groups do not necessarily have
incompatible goals but feel hostility toward each other.
UNDERSTANDING CONFLICT THEORY
FUNCTIONALIST APPROACHES TO CONFLICT THEORY
Functionalist theories, particularly those of structural functionalism, which dominated the
US in the 1940s and 1950s, tend to see conflict as momentous and exceptional (i.e.,
unusual). When conflict is momentous, it is likely to result in major upheavals and
potentially momentous change.

Functionalism, in sum, is a theory based on the premise that every aspect of society — such
as institutions, roles, and norms — serves some purpose to society and that all of these
systems work together with internal consistency (Wells, 1979).
MARXIST APPROACH TO CONFLICT THEORY

Marx’s version of conflict theory focused on


the conflict between two primary classes For Marxists, the
within capitalist society: the ruling capitalist appearance of consensus is
class (or bourgeoisie), who own the means of
an illusion; it conceals the
production, and the working class (or
proletariat), whose alienated labor the
reality of one class
bourgeoisie exploit to produce a profit. imposing its will on the
rest of society.
CONFLICT AS CONFLICT, HOSTILITY, AND
MUNDANE CRITICAL SOCIOLOGY AND RATIONALITY/IRRATIONALITY
THE NORMALIZATION OF
CONFLICT

When groups tend to hold


One way that sociologists
more identities in conflict
with another group, the propose to reduce conflict
conflict is more Critical sociologists, such is through rational
widespread and more as feminist sociologists, decision-making.
intense. see conflict as both
endemic and mundane.
CAUSES OF CONFLICT
Generally, sociologists agree that conflict occurs
due to groups having incompatible goals. However,
these incompatible goals generally arise from
several factors: including contested resources,
incompatible roles, and incompatible values.
THE INTERNATIONAL-DEPENDENCE
REVOLUTION
International-dependence models view developing
countries as beset by institutional, political, and
economic rigidities, both domestic and international,
and caught up in a dependence and dominance
relationship with rich countries.
DEPENDENCE DOMINANCE
the reliance of developing in international affairs, a
countries on developed-country situation in which the
economic policies to developed countries have much
stimulate their own economic greater power than the less
growth. Dependence can also developed countries in
mean that developing countries decisions affecting important
adopt international economic issues,
developed countries education such as prices of agriculture
systems, technology, economic commodities and raw materials
and political systems attitudes, in world markets
etc.
NEOCLASSICAL DEPENDENCE MODEL
a model whose main proposition is that underdevelopment exists in developing
countries because of continuing exploitive economic, political, and cultural
policies of former colonial rules toward less developed countries.

COMPRADOR GROUPS
in dependence theory, local elites who act as fronts as foreign investors

THE FALSE-PARADIGM MODEL


the proposition that developing countries have failed to development strategies (usually given
to them by Western economists) have been based on an incorrect model of development, one
that, for example, overstressed capital accumulation or market liberalization without giving
due consideration to needed social and institutional change.

DUALISM
the coexistence of two situations or phenomena (one desirable and the other not) that are
mutually exclusive to different groups of society – for example, extreme poverty and affluence,
modern and traditional economic sectors, growth and stagnation, etc.
NEOCLASSICAL COUNTERREVOLUTION
or neoliberal. In this approach, the importance of free markets, open economies,
and the privatization of unproductive public enterprises was emphasized. Aside
from that, it also emphasized how the inability to develop an economy was not the
result of exploitative or capitalistic forces. Instead, it was primarily the result of
excessive government involvement and economic regulation.
IT IS DIVIDED INTO THREE COMPONENT APPROACHES:
FREE-MARKET ANALYSIS
Free-market analysis asserts that markets alone
are cost effective and efficient because markets PUBLIC-CHOICE THEORY OR THE NEW POLITICAL
provide us the best cues for investments in new events; ECONOMY APPROACH
labor markets respond appropriately to these
Public-choice theory, commonly known as the
new industries; manufacturers know best what to
new political economy approach, argues that
produce and how to produce efficiently; and product
and factor prices accurately reflect scarcity values of (almost) nothing the government does is fair. This is
goods and resources now and in the future. because public-choice theory assumes that the
government or politicians, and other citizens
THE MARKET-FRIENDLY APPROACH behave entirely from a self-interested
This approach acknowledges that there are standpoint, utilizing government power and
numerous defects in the product and factor authority for their own selfish objectives.
markets of developing countries and that
governments play a crucial role in enabling the
operation of markets through "nonselective"
NEW GROWTH THEORY
New Growth Theory is an economic theory that seeks to explain
the long-term growth of economies through the creation and
accumulation of knowledge and innovation.

Some key features of New Growth Theory include:


KNOWLEDGE AS A KEY INCREASING RETURNS TO SCALE
FACTOR OF PRODUCTION POSITIVE EXTERNALITIES:
The theory suggests that
New Growth Theory argues
The theory emphasizes knowledge and technology
that the creation and
the importance of are subject to increasing
accumulation of
knowledge as a key knowledge generates returns to scale, meaning
input in the production positive externalities that that the more they are
process, alongside benefit the used and accumulated,
traditional factors wider economy, such as the greater their
such as capital and increased productivity and productivity and impact
innovation.
labor. on the economy.
GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION
New Growth Theory argues that government intervention can play a role in
promoting knowledge creation and accumulation, through policies such as subsidies
for research and development, intellectual property protection, and education and
training programs

Some criticisms of New Growth Theory include the challenge of measuring knowledge and
the difficulty of capturing its full value in economic models. Additionally, some argue that
the theory places too much emphasis on innovation and technological progress at the
expense of other factors, such as social and environmental considerations. Despite these
critiques, New Growth Theory has had a significant impact on economic policy and thinking,
particularly in the areas of innovation and technology policy.
THANK YOU.

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