Cambridge International AS & A Level

HISTORY 9489/22
Paper 2 Outline Study May/June 2024

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the enclosed answer booklet.

* 8 3 6 8 4 2 4 7 9 6 *

You will need: Answer booklet (enclosed)

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer two questions from one section only.
Section A: European option
Section B: American option
Section C: International option
● Follow the instructions on the front cover of the answer booklet. If you need additional answer paper,
ask the invigilator for a continuation booklet.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].

This document has 4 pages.

DC (DE) 326637/1
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Answer two questions from one section only.

Section A: European option

Modern Europe, 1750–1921

1 France, 1774–1814

(a) Explain why Turgot’s policies faced opposition. [10]

(b) ‘By avoiding radical policies, the Directory was able to survive for four years.’ How far do you
agree? [20]

2 Liberalism and nationalism in Germany, 1815–71

(a) Explain why the Prussian Union Plan of 1849 was proposed. [10]

(b) ‘France was the cause of the Franco–Prussian War, 1870–71.’ How far do you agree? [20]

3 The Russian Revolution, 1894–1921

(a) Explain why Tsar Nicholas II continued the policy of Russification. [10]

(b) ‘The Bolsheviks were still in power by 1921 because of their use of terror.’ How far do you
agree? [20]

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Section B: American option

The history of the USA, 1820–1941

4 The origins of the Civil War, 1820–61

(a) Explain why the issue of States’ Rights caused problems in the 1850s. [10]

(b) ‘The Republicans won the 1860 election because of the Lincoln-Douglas debates.’ How far
do you agree? [20]

5 Civil War and Reconstruction, 1861–77

(a) Explain why military strategies changed during the Civil War. [10]

(b) To what extent had the White South accepted the policies of Reconstruction by 1877? [20]

6 The Gilded Age and Progressive Era, 1870s to 1920

(a) Explain why Progressives campaigned for national prohibition in the early twentieth century.
[10]

(b) ‘The growth of trusts and corporations caused the economic development of the late
nineteenth century.’ How far do you agree? [20]

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Section C: International option

International history, 1870–1945

7 Empire and the emergence of world powers, 1870–1919

(a) Explain why Britain developed closer diplomatic relations with France after 1898. [10]

(b) To what extent was New Imperialism based on theories of racial superiority? [20]

8 The League of Nations and international relations in the 1930s

(a) Explain why the League of Nations failed to end the conflict that broke out in Manchuria in
1931. [10]

(b) ‘The British policy of appeasement was responsible for the outbreak of war in 1939.’ To what
extent do you agree? [20]

9 China and Japan, 1912–45

(a) Explain why Japan believed it was treated as an inferior power in international negotiations
during the period 1919–22. [10]

(b) How far does the war against Japan explain the failure of the Kuomintang to limit support for
the Communists after 1937? [20]

Permission to reproduce items where third-party owned material protected by copyright is included has been sought and cleared where possible. Every
reasonable effort has been made by the publisher (UCLES) to trace copyright holders, but if any items requiring clearance have unwittingly been included, the
publisher will be pleased to make amends at the earliest possible opportunity.

To avoid the issue of disclosure of answer-related information to candidates, all copyright acknowledgements are reproduced online in the Cambridge
Assessment International Education Copyright Acknowledgements Booklet. This is produced for each series of examinations and is freely available to download
at www.cambridgeinternational.org after the live examination series.

Cambridge Assessment International Education is part of Cambridge Assessment. Cambridge Assessment is the brand name of the University of Cambridge
Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES), which is a department of the University of Cambridge.

© UCLES 2024 9489/22/M/J/24