TBS – SCHOOL OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE

DEGREE PROGRAMMES

ONLINE TEST 1 (MARKING SCHEME)

AUGUST 2021 SEMESTER

MODULE NAME : ADVANCED CALCULUS

MODULE CODE : MTH60604
EXAM DURATION: 2 HOURS
This paper consists of SIX (6) printed pages, inclusive of this page.

Candidate Number Table Number k

Tutorial Group k

Instruction to Candidates:
1. This is a closed book examination, no book or reference notes are permitted.
2. Questions are to be answered individually. No discussion is allowed.
3. This examination consists of 5 questions. Students are required to answer all questions.
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each question.
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Section Marks

Answer ALL FIVE (5) questions in the answer booklet. 50 Marks

50 Marks

DO NOT TURN THIS PAGE UNTIL INSTRUCTED TO DO SO.

THIS PAPER MUST NOT BE REMOVED FROM THE EXAMINATION HALL.
TO BE RETURNED AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION.

Page 1 of 6
QUESTION 1 [10 Marks]

Use the suitable test to determine whether the following series converges or diverges. State
the test that you apply accordingly.
∞
(i) 1
�
𝑛𝑛3 + 𝑛𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛=2

By using Limit Comparison Test:

Since 𝑛𝑛3 grow much faster than 𝑛𝑛2 cos 𝑛𝑛, so 𝑛𝑛3 is the dominant term.
1 1
Take 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = 3 2
and 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = 3 ⇒ convergenence of 𝑝𝑝 − series.
𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛
0.5
3 3
𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 1
𝐿𝐿 = lim = lim 3 2
= lim cos 𝑛𝑛 = lim cos 𝑛𝑛 = 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 + 𝑛𝑛 cos 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛→∞ 3
𝑛𝑛 �1 + 𝑛𝑛 � 𝑛𝑛→∞ 1 + 𝑛𝑛

1
Since 0 < 𝐿𝐿 < ∞, thus the series converges. 0.5

(2 marks)
∞
(ii) 1
�
𝑛𝑛(ln 𝑛𝑛)2
𝑛𝑛=2

By using Integral Test:

1
Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = ,
𝑥𝑥(ln 𝑥𝑥)2
then 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) ≥ 0 for 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 2 and 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) is continuous and decreasing on [2, ∞].
∞ 𝑛𝑛 1
1 1
� 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥(ln 𝑥𝑥) 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑥(ln 𝑥𝑥)2
2 2
1 1
Use substitution: 𝑢𝑢 = ln 𝑥𝑥 , 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥
𝑛𝑛
1 1 𝑛𝑛 1 1 1
= lim � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = lim �− � = lim �− + �= 1.5
𝑛𝑛→∞ (ln 𝑥𝑥) 2 𝑛𝑛→∞ ln 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑛𝑛→∞ ln 𝑛𝑛 ln 2 ln 2
2

Thus, the series converges. 0.5

(4 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 2 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
 ∞
(iii) 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛
�
(2𝑛𝑛)!
𝑛𝑛=1

By using Ratio Test

(𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛+1

(2𝑛𝑛 + 2)! 1
lim � �
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛
(2𝑛𝑛)!

(𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛+1 (2𝑛𝑛)! (𝑛𝑛 + 1)𝑒𝑒

= lim � ∙ � = lim � � 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ (2𝑛𝑛 + 2)! 𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑒 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛(2𝑛𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛𝑛 + 2)

𝑒𝑒
= lim � �=0<1 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 2𝑛𝑛(2𝑛𝑛 + 1)

Thus, the series converges. 1

(4 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 3 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
QUESTION 2 [10 Marks]

(a) Find the series or power series representation for 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) centered at 0 by differentiating
or integrating the power series for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

(i) 1
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 using binomial series of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
1
Substitute −𝑥𝑥 2 for 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑝𝑝 = − 2 in the binomial series.
1 1
1 1 �− 2� �− 2 − 1�
2 (−𝑥𝑥 2 )2
= 1 + �− � (−𝑥𝑥 ) +
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2 2 2!
1 1 1
�− 2� �− − 1� �− − 2�
+ 2 2 (−𝑥𝑥 2 )3 + ⋯ 1
3!

𝑥𝑥 2 3 4 5 1
=1+ + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 6 + ⋯
2 8 16
1
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = sin−1 𝑥𝑥 = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
√1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑥𝑥 2 3 4 5 6 𝑥𝑥 3 3 5 7 1
= � 1 + + 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 + ⋯ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 + + 𝑥𝑥 5 + 𝑥𝑥 + ⋯
2 8 16 6 40 112
(3 marks)

(ii) 1
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥𝑥) using 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) =
1 + 𝑥𝑥
∞
1
𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 2 − ⋯ = �(−1)𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘 1
1 + 𝑥𝑥
𝑘𝑘=0

1
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ln(1 + 𝑥𝑥) = � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
1 + 𝑥𝑥
∞
2
𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 3 (−1)𝑘𝑘 𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘+1
= � 1 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − ⋯ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 𝑥𝑥 − + − ⋯ = � 1
2 3 𝑘𝑘 + 1
𝑘𝑘=0
(2 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 4 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
(b) Use Taylor series to evaluate:

(i) 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥
lim
𝑥𝑥→0 sin 𝑥𝑥

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑥𝑥
𝑒𝑒 − 𝑒𝑒 −𝑥𝑥 �1 + 𝑥𝑥 + + ⋯ � − �1 − 𝑥𝑥 + … �
2! 2!
lim = lim 3 5 1
𝑥𝑥→0 sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥
𝑥𝑥 − + − ⋯
3! 5!

𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 4
2𝑥𝑥 + 2 � 3! � + 2 � � + ⋯ 2 + 3 + 2 �60� + ⋯
5!
= lim = lim =2 2
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 4
𝑥𝑥 − + − ⋯ 1 − 6 + 120 − ⋯
3! 5!
(3 marks)

(ii) cos 𝑥𝑥 − 1
lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 4
�1 − �
cos 𝑥𝑥 − 1 2! + 4! − ⋯ − 1 1
lim = lim
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 4
− 2! + 4! − ⋯ 1 𝑥𝑥 2 1
= lim = lim − + − ⋯ = − 1
𝑥𝑥→0 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥→0 2 4! 2
(2 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 5 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
QUESTION 3 [10 Marks]

(a) 1
sin 𝑥𝑥 1
Use Taylor series to approximate � 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 with an error less than .
0 𝑥𝑥 2,000,000

𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥 7 𝑥𝑥 9
sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 − 3! + 5! − 7! + 9! − ⋯ = 1 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 − ⋯
2 4 6 8
= 0.5
𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 3! 5! 7! 9!
1 1
sin 𝑥𝑥 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑥𝑥 4 𝑥𝑥 6 𝑥𝑥 8
� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = � 1 − + − + − ⋯ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 0.5
0 𝑥𝑥 0 3! 5! 7! 9!

1
𝑥𝑥 3 𝑥𝑥 5 𝑥𝑥 7 𝑥𝑥 9
= �𝑥𝑥 − + − + −⋯�
3 ∙ 3! 5 ∙ 5! 7 ∙ 7! 9 ∙ 9! 0
13 15 17 19
= �1 − + − + −⋯� 1
3 ∙ 3! 5 ∙ 5! 7 ∙ 7! 9 ∙ 9!

1 1 1 1
=1− + − + −⋯ 1
18 600 35,280 3,265,920
= 1 − 0.0555 + 1.667 × 10−3 − 2.834 × 10−5 + 3.062 × 10−7 − ⋯

1 1
𝑎𝑎4 = = 3.062 × 10−7 gives us the first term to be < 1
3,265,920 2,000,000
= 5 × 10−7
1
sin 𝑥𝑥 1 1 1
∴� 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 = 1 − + − = 0.946082766
0 𝑥𝑥 18 600 35,280 1

(5 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 6 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
 ∞
(b) 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
Find the radius and interval of convergence for �
𝑛𝑛2 + 1
𝑛𝑛=1

By using Ratio Test

𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛+1
[(𝑛𝑛 + 1)2 + 1] 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 ∙ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛2 + 1
lim � � = lim � ∙ � 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛2 + 2𝑛𝑛 + 2 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
𝑛𝑛2 + 1

1
𝑛𝑛2 + 1 1+ 2
= lim |𝑥𝑥| � 2 � = |𝑥𝑥| lim � 𝑛𝑛 � = |𝑥𝑥| 1
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛 + 2𝑛𝑛 + 2 𝑛𝑛→∞ 2 2
1 + 𝑛𝑛 + 2
𝑛𝑛

For absolute convergence, |𝑥𝑥| < 1 ⇒ −1 < 𝑥𝑥 < 1

∞ ∞
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 (−1)𝑛𝑛
When 𝑥𝑥 = −1, � 2 =� 2 : Convergent alternating series 1
𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑛𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛=1
1
�The terms are nonincreasing and lim = 0�
𝑛𝑛→∞ 𝑛𝑛2 +1

∞ ∞
𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛 1
When 𝑥𝑥 = 1, � 2 =� 2 : Convergent series 1
𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝑛 + 1
𝑛𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛=1
1 1 1
�By comparison with the convergent 𝑝𝑝 − series � 2 � → 0 ≤ 2 ≤ 2
𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 + 1 𝑛𝑛

Radius, 𝑅𝑅 = 1 and the power series converges for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 1

(5 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 7 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
QUESTION 4 [10 Marks]

Determine whether the following series converges absolutely, conditionally or not at all.
∞
(−1)𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑛𝑛
�
𝑛𝑛=1
√𝑛𝑛

Step 1:
∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑛𝑛
�|𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 | = � � �=�
𝑛𝑛=1
√𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛=1
√𝑛𝑛
By Comparison Test:
ln 𝑛𝑛 1
ln 𝑛𝑛 > 1 for 𝑛𝑛 = 3,4, … ⇒ > for 𝑛𝑛 = 3,4, … 1
√𝑛𝑛 √𝑛𝑛
1
Let 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = , then 0 < 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 < 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 for 𝑛𝑛 = 3,4, … 1
√𝑛𝑛
∞ ∞ ∞
1 1 1
Since � 𝑏𝑏𝑛𝑛 = � = � 1⁄2 is a 𝑝𝑝 − series with 𝑝𝑝 = < 1 ⇒ Diverges 1
√𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛 2
𝑛𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛=1 𝑛𝑛=1

Hence, �|𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 | diverges. 1

Step 2:
∞ ∞
(−1)𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑛𝑛 ln 𝑘𝑘
� 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 = � = �(−1)𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 ⇒ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 =
𝑛𝑛=1
√𝑛𝑛 𝑛𝑛=1
√𝑘𝑘
By Alternating Series Test:
∞

�(−1)𝑛𝑛 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 converges provided that:

𝑛𝑛=1
ln 𝑥𝑥
a) Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = , then 𝑓𝑓(𝑘𝑘) = 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 for 𝑘𝑘 = 1,2, …
√𝑥𝑥
1 1
𝑥𝑥 1⁄2 �𝑥𝑥� − ln 𝑥𝑥 �2 𝑥𝑥 −1⁄2 � 2 − ln 𝑥𝑥
𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) = = < 0 for 𝑥𝑥 ≥ 8 1.5
(𝑥𝑥 1⁄2 )2 2𝑥𝑥 3⁄2
1
Thus, 0 < 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘+1 ≤ 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 for 𝑘𝑘 ≥ 8
1
ln 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘 1 2
b) lim 𝑎𝑎𝑘𝑘 = lim = lim = lim 2√𝑘𝑘 = lim =0 1.5
𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑘𝑘→∞ √𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘→∞ 1 𝑘𝑘→∞ 𝑘𝑘 𝑘𝑘→∞ √𝑘𝑘
2√𝑘𝑘
Hence, � 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 converges. 1

Since �|𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 | diverges and � 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 converges ⇒ � 𝑎𝑎𝑛𝑛 converges conditionally. 1

Advanced Calculus
Page 8 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
QUESTION 5 [10 Marks]

(a) Find the Taylor series for 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 of degree 𝑛𝑛 = 3 centered at 𝑎𝑎 = 1. Use
Taylor’s Remainder Theorem to estimate the accuracy of the approximation when
0.5 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1.5.

𝑛𝑛 𝑓𝑓 (𝑛𝑛) (𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓 (𝑛𝑛) (1)

0 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 1 ln 1 = 0
1 1 0+1
ln 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 � �
𝑥𝑥
2 1 1
𝑥𝑥
3 1 −1
− 2
𝑥𝑥
4 2 2
𝑥𝑥 3 2

Taylor polynomial:
1 1
𝑝𝑝3 (𝑥𝑥) = 0 + (𝑥𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥𝑥 − 1)2 − (𝑥𝑥 − 1)3 1
2! 3!

Remainder:
(4)
𝑓𝑓 (𝑥𝑥) 2
|𝑅𝑅3 (𝑥𝑥)| = � (𝑥𝑥 − 1)4 � = � 3 (𝑥𝑥 − 1)4 � on [0.5, 1.5] 1
4! 𝑥𝑥 4!

2 2
The maximum value of � 3
� occurs at 𝑥𝑥 = 0.5 ⇒ 𝑀𝑀 = = 16 1
𝑥𝑥 0.53

Thus, the upper bound on the error for using 𝑝𝑝3 (𝑥𝑥) to approximate 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 ln 𝑥𝑥 on
[0.5, 1.5] is
2 1
|𝑅𝑅3 (𝑥𝑥)| ≤ � 3 (0.5 − 1)4 � = 1
0.5 4! 24

(6 marks)

Advanced Calculus
Page 9 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108
(b) Express the decimal 0.07575 ���� = 0.075757575 … as a geometric series and write its
sum as the ratio of two integers.

���� = 0.075 + 0.00075 + 0.0000075 + ⋯

0.07575

75 75 1 75 1 1 75 1 𝑛𝑛
= + � �+ � �� �+⋯+ � � +⋯ 1
1000 1000 100 1000 100 100 1000 100
∞ ∞
75 1 𝑛𝑛 3 1 𝑛𝑛
=� � � =� � � 1
1000 100 40 100
𝑛𝑛=0 𝑛𝑛=0

The sum is Infinite Geometric Series:

∞ 3
3 1 𝑛𝑛 40 5
� � � = = 1
40 100 1
𝑛𝑛=0 1 − 100 66

5
���� =
Hence 0.07575 1
66
(4 marks)

END OF QUESTION PAPER

Advanced Calculus
Page 10 of 10 MTH60604
Hazizah Mohd Ijam
TEST 1 202108