Unit 5-Case Study

Case Study:

Definition:

“A case study is a research strategy and an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon
within its real-life context. Case studies are based on an in-depth investigation of a single
individual, group or event to explore the causes of underlying principles”.

One of the most promising IoT use cases is creating smarter, more efficient cities. Public
energy grids can be optimized to balance workloads, predict energy surges, and distribute
energy more equitably to customers. Traffic lights could be synced using IoT to adapt to
traffic conditions in real-time.
IoT is the next step in the evolution of the internet and is being used in about everything
you can think of.

IoT Applications:

IoT applications promise to bring immense value into our lives. With newer wireless
networks, superior sensors and revolutionary computing capabilities, the Internet of
 Things could be the next frontier in the race for its share of the wallet. IoT applications are
expected to equip billions of everyday objects with connectivity and intelligence. It is
already being deployed extensively, few applications of IoT:

Wearables
Smart Home Applications
Smart Buildings
Smart Infrastructure
Securities
Health Care
Smart Cities
Agriculture
Industrial Automation

IoT Applications:Smart Home, Smart Buildings and Infrastructure

IoT home automation is the ability to control domestic appliances by electronically

controlled, internet-connected systems. It may include setting complex heating and lighting
systems in advance and setting alarms and home security controls, all connected by a central
hub and remote-controlled by a mobile app.
 Figure .Smart home platform.

The rise of Wi-Fi’s role in home automation has primarily come about due to the networked
nature of deployed electronics where electronic devices (TVs and AV receivers, mobile
devices, etc.) have started becoming part of the home IP network and due the increasing
rate of adoption of mobile computing devices (smart phones, tablets, etc.), see above Figure.

The networking aspects are bringing online streaming services or network playback, while
becoming a mean to control of the device functionality over the network. At the same time
mobile devices ensure that consumers have access to a portable ‘controller’ for the electronics
connected to the network. Both types of devices can be used as gateways for IoT applications.
In this context many companies are considering building platforms that integrate the
building automation with entertainment, healthcare monitoring, energy monitoring and
wireless sensor monitoring in the home and building environments.

IoT applications using sensors to collect information about the operating conditions
combined with cloud hosted analytics software that analyzes disparate data points will help
facility managers become far more proactive about managing buildings at peak efficiency.

Issues of building ownership (i.e., building owner, manager, or occupants) challenge

integration with questions such as who pays initial system cost and who collects the benefits
over time. A lack of collaboration between the subsectors of the building industry slows new
technology adoption and can vent new buildings from achieving energy, economic and
environmental performance targets.
Integration of cyber physical systems both within the building and with external entities,
such as the electrical grid, will require stakeholder cooperation to achieve true
interoperability. As in all sectors, maintaining security will be a critical challenge to
 overcome.

Within this field of research the exploitation of the potential of wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) to facilitate intelligent energy management in buildings, which increases occupant
comfort while reducing energy demand, is highly relevant.

In addition to the obvious economic and environmental gains from the introduction of such
intelligent energy management in buildings other positive effects will be achieved. Not least
of which is the simplification of building control; as placing monitoring, information
feedback equipment and control capabilities in a single location will make a buildings’ energy
management system easier to handle for the building owners, building managers,
maintenance crews and other users of the building. Using the Internet together with energy
management systems also offers an opportunity to access a buildings’ energy information and
control systems from a laptop or a Smartphone placed anywhere in the world. This has a huge
potential for providing the managers, owners and inhabitants of buildings with energy
consumption feedback and the ability to act on that information.
In the context of the future Internet of Things, Intelligent Building Management Systems can
be considered part of a much larger information system. This system is used by facilities
managers in buildings to manage energy use and energy procurement and to maintain
buildings systems. It is based on the infrastructure of the existing Intranets and the Internet,
and therefore utilizes the same standards as other IT devices. Within this context reductions in
the cost and reliability of WSNs are transforming building automation, by making the
maintenance of energy efficient healthy, productive work spaces in buildings increasingly
cost effective.

IoT Application in industries:

IoT in industry is a rapidly developing area. Numerous IoT research and application projects
have been done by universities or in joint industry- university consortia in recent years.

Internet of things (IoT) has become part of your daily life. The “things connected to the
internet” idea is continuously evolving in content, areas of applications, visions and
technology. New real life and industrial projects have been done and joint future oriented
industry and government initiatives such as Industry 4.0 in Germany, have been started
[1].Since Industrial production is one of the world’s biggest economic factors one of the
major objectives of these initiatives is to bring the paradigms of the IoT to the factories
enabling them to cope with the challenges raised by popular megatrends.

The foremost megatrends relevant for factories are globalization, progressing technological
evolution, the dynamization of product life cycles, the aging work force and the shortage of
resources. Central effects are the acceleration of innovation cycles and the increasing
customer demand for individualized mass produces with highest quality expectations. Within
the context of industrial production IoT projects and applications are developing in
manufacturing, supply chain, supervision and servicing. A major question in all projects is
about the value, the benefit such application can bring to the user, to the owner or to society.

The value question is extremely pertinent in the industry: in the manufacturing industry entire
factory related processes, but also in industrial applications where it comes to ensure
operation of industrial installations and provide supervision, and improved life service. It is
the value which such applications bring which will determine their adoption, acceptance and
wide use. However, this value is very difficult to quantify and prove, and it depends on
multiple aspects which are strongly application area dependent.

IoT applications form the value creation for industry and brings together expert opinions
from academia, research and industry. The industrial application of IoT is multi- facetted and
each of the subsections in this paper will highlight an aspect related to industrial application,
discuss or show a case or the evolution and potential of a specific technology from industry
application point of view. The paper is having a holistic manner to industrial challenges and
requirements. Also it will refer to factory concepts and applications supported by IoT,
including processes and flows taking a view on related technologies and their evolution.

IoT applications benefit and value creation in an industrial environment may have its origin
in different aspects, depending on the application type. There is no value but “values” each
contributing to the total benefit such as:

Value from visibility identification, location tracking

 Value form IoT-supported safety in hard industrial environments
Value from right information providing or collecting
Value form improved industrial operation and flows in industry
Value from reduced production losses
Value from reduced energy consumption
Value from new type of processes made possible by IoT applications
Value form new type of maintenance and lifetime approaches
Value enabled by smart objects, connected aspects
Value from sustainability.

Fig. 5.2 View on very important and important perceived IoT technologies expected to bring

value in applications.

The status and estimated potential of IoT applications is presented in Figure 5.3 considering
three major areas: supply chain, future industry/future factory and over lifetime applications
and activities such as logistics, manufacturing and service/maintenance. A strong potential
and additional application is expected in industry operation and industry lifetime applications
including lifetime service.

Figure. Status and estimated potential of IoT applications.

IoT application requirements and capabilities:

The expectations toward IoT applications in industry are high. The capabilities they have to
offer are depending strongly on the industrial area and the concrete application. For example
the environment where IoT application may be used may range from clean room condition
and normal ambient temperatures to heavy and dirty environment, locations with high
temperatures, areas withexplosion risk, areas with metallic surroundings, and corrosive
environment on sea or underground.

A list of a set of industry related capabilities and requirements is presented below, without
claiming completeness. The list items are related to the IoT hardware, software and to
serviceability and management aspects. Comments have been added to all items to make the
requirement more specific. The IoT application capabilities for industrial application should
meet requirements such as:
IoT Application of sec
Security:

IoT devices are connected to your desktop or laptop. Lack of security increases the
risk of your personal information leaking while the data is collected and
transmitted to the IoT device.

IoT devices are connected with a consumer network. This network is also connected
with other systems. So if the IoT device contains any security vulnerabilities, it can
be harmful to the consumer’s network. This vulnerability can attack other systems
and damage them.

Sometimes unauthorized people might exploit the security vulnerabilities to create

risks to physical safety.

Privacy Risks:

In IoT, devices are interconnected with various hardware and software, so there are
obvious chances of sensitive information leaking through unauthorized manipulation.

All the devices are transmitting the user’s personal information such as name,
address, date of birth, health card information, credit card detail and much more
without encryption.

Though there are security and privacy concerns with IoT, it adds values to our lives by
allowing us to manage our daily routine tasks remotely and automatically, and more
importantly, it is a game- changer for industries.
IoT Application of home appliances:

Internet of Things is a technology that can connect to the internet without the influence of
people and send information collected to users through this internet network to which they
are connected. Devices in this dynamic are very common today. Many homes, companies and
even public organizations benefit from this technology. Used in smart home IoT home
appliances is also one of them.

A house must have smart devices to be smart. These smart devices are the building blocks
of today’s technology. So why are these devices and apps smart? First, these devices have
their own Internet. With this internet tool, users can receive information from the device.
With this internet connection, you can get a lot of information from your smart device. This
information which receives from smart devices makes safety for your living area.

Smart devices work with technological devices while making you and your home a more
secure space. The biggest hero of these technological devices is microprocessors.
microprocessors act as the brain for your smart device. There are sensors that allow your
smart devices to be classified according to their characteristics and detect the danger or
differences in your home.

There are many sensors classified by type. Motion sensors, light sensors, image detection,
and processing sensors are one of them. For example, if the position of your belongings
changes without your knowledge, there are motion sensors that can detect this position
change. The motion sensor detects the position change and sends you information about this.
Home Appliance in Internet of Things:

Smart home systems are integrated and enable you to play an active role in every part of your
home by surrounding your home. When you’re not at home, but your mind stays at home, it’s
behind you. With smart home systems, you can intervene in your home as if you are at home
and perform the necessary controls. In addition to these protection systems, smart home
appliances have been making human life easier since the day it was developed.

Smart Washing Machine:

It is very important to save time in daily life. We live in a period where we have to keep up.
That’s where technology comes in. You can access the developed smart washing machine on
your smart phone. You can monitor and control the process at the same time. This smart
washing machine can also dry your laundry with the control application.

Smart Refrigerator with Internet of Things:

Internet in this kitchen which makes life easier for you and your family in the kitchen. With
this internet connection, you can transmit a lot of information to your shopping list in the
weather. You can also view the inside of your refrigerator with its camera technology.

Shortest Way to Dry Hair:

This time it has infrared technology. With this technology, the device is created wirelessly.
Wireless shape so you can dry your hair without connecting the machine

Smart Doorbell:

The most important thing in smart home applications is known to be secure and protected
home. With this smart doorbell designed for security, you can recognize people who come to
your home with high quality. The night also has infrared technology added to the smart bell.
This will also send the screen to you when it gets dark.

Smart Camera for Safe Home:

Control of your home is in your hands from every part. This smart camera sends records from
every part of your home to your smart phone with the Internet of Things technology.
Research on smart camera technology will continue for those who want a safe life.
Industry 4.0 concepts

Industry 4.0 refers to a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that

focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and
real-time data. Industry 4.0, also sometimes referred to as IIoT
(Industrial Internet of Things) or smart manufacturing which provides
physical production and operations with smart digital technology,
machine learning and big data to create a more holistic and better
connected ecosystem for companies that focus on manufacturing and
supply chain management.

While every company and organization operating today is different, they

all face a common challenge—the need for connectedness and access to
real-time insights across processes, partners, products, and people.
That’s where Industry 4.0 comes into play. Industry 4.0 is not just
about investing in new technology and tools to improve manufacturing
efficiency but it’s about revolutionizing the way the entire business
operates and grows.

Industry 4.0 refers to the use of automation and data exchange in

manufacturing. According to the Boston Consulting Group there are nine
principal technologies that make up Industry 4.0: Autonomous Robots,
Simulation, Horizontal and Vertical System Integration, the Industrial
Internet of Things, Cybersecurity, The Cloud, Additive Manufacturing,
Data and Analytics, and Augmented Reality. These technologies are used
to create a “smart factory” where machines, systems, and humans
communicate with each other in order to coordinate and monitor progress
along the assembly line. Networked devices provide sensor data and are
digitally controlled. The net effect is the ability to rapidly design,
modify, create, and customize things in the real world, while lowering
costs and reacting to changes in consumer preferences, demand, the
supply chain and technology.

The goal is to enable autonomous decision-making processes, monitor

assets and processes in real-time, and enable equally real-time connected
value creation networks through early involvement of stakeholders, and
vertical and horizontal integration.

Figure: Nine Technologies of Industry 4.0

 Today some companies have invested in a few of these technologies;
predominantly the traditional pillars of the third platform such as cloud
and Big Data / Analytics and increasingly in the Industrial Internet of
Things from an integrated perspective and thus overlapping with
several of these “technologies” or maybe better: sets of technologies and
connected benefits.

Evolution of Industry 4.0

There are four distinct industrial revolutions that the world either has
experienced or continues to experience today.

1. The First Industrial Revolution

The first industrial revolution happened between the late 1700s and early
1800s. During this period of time, manufacturing evolved from focusing
on manual labor performed by people and aided by work animals to a
more optimized form of labor performed by people through the use of
water and steam-powered engines and other types of machine tools.

2. The Second Industrial Revolution

In the early part of the 20th century, the world entered a second
industrial revolution with the introduction of steel and use of electricity
in factories. The introduction of electricity enabled manufacturers to
increase efficiency and helped make factory machinery more mobile. It
was during this phase that mass production concepts like the assembly
line were introduced as a way to boost productivity.

3. Third Industrial Revolution

Starting in the late 1950s, a third industrial revolution slowly began to

emerge, as manufacturers began incorporating more electronic and
eventually computer technology into their factories. During this period,
manufacturers began experiencing a shift that put less emphasis on
analog and mechanical technology and more on digital technology and
automation software.
 4. Fourth Industrial Revolution[Industry 4.0]

Fourth industrial revolution has emerged known as Industry 4.0.

Industry 4.0 takes the emphasis on digital technology from recent
decades to a whole new level with the help of interconnectivity through
the Internet of Things (IoT), access to real-time data, and the
introduction of cyber-physical systems. Industry 4.0 offers a more
comprehensive, interlinked and holistic approach to manufacturing. It
connects physical with digital, and allows for better collaboration and
access across departments, partners, vendors, product, and people. An
industry 4.0 empowers business owners to control and understand every
aspect of their operation, and allows them to leverage instant data to
boost productivity, improve processes, and drive growth.

Industry 4.0 is often used interchangeably with the notion of

the fourth industrialrevolution. It is characterized among others by

1) even more automation than in the third industrial revolution

2) the bridging of the physical and digital world through cyber-physical

systems, enabled by Industrial IoT

3) a shift from a central industrial control system to one where smart

products define the production steps

4) closed-loop data models and control systems and

5) Personalization/customization of products.

Benefits of Industry 4.0

Industry 4.0 spans the entire product life cycle and supply chain, design,
sales, inventory, scheduling, quality, engineering, and customer and field
service. Everyone shares informed, up-to-date, relevant views of
production and business processes and much richer and more timely
analytics.
The essential goal of Industry 4.0 is to make manufacturing and related
industries such as logistics faster, more efficient and more customer-
centric, while at the same time going beyond automation and
optimization and detect new business opportunities and models.
 Most of the benefits of Industry 4.0 are obviously similar to the benefits
of the digital transformation of manufacturing, the usage of the IoT in
manufacturing, operational and business process optimization,
information-powered ecosystems of value, digital transformation overall,
the Industrial Internet and many other topics on our website. Few of the
key benefits of Industry 4.0 are.

1. Enhanced productivity through optimization and automation

2. Real-time data for a real-time supply chain in a real-time economy

3. Higher business continuity through advanced maintenance and monitoring

possibilities

4. Better quality products: real-time monitoring, IoT-enabled

quality improvement and cobots

5. Better working conditions and sustainability

6. Personalization and customization for the ‘new’ consumer

7. Improved agility

8. The development of innovative capabilities and new revenue models

IoT use cases in agriculture (with examples)

There are many types of IoT sensors for agriculture as well as IoT applications in agriculture in
general:

1. Monitoring of climate conditions

Probably the most popular smart agriculture gadgets are weather stations, combining various
smart farming sensors. Located across the field, they collect various data from the environment
and send it to the cloud. The provided measurements can be used to map the climate conditions,
choose the appropriate crops, and take the required measures to improve their capacity (i.e.
precision farming).
2. Greenhouse automation

Typically, farmers use manual intervention to control the greenhouse environment. The use of
IoT sensors enables them to get accurate real-time information on greenhouse conditions such as
lighting, temperature, soil condition, and humidity.

In addition to sourcing environmental data, weather stations can automatically adjust the
conditions to match the given parameters. Specifically, greenhouse automation systems use a
similar principle.

3. Crop management

One more type of IoT product in agriculture and another element of precision farming are crop
management devices. Just like weather stations, they should be placed in the field to collect data
specific to crop farming; from temperature and precipitation to leaf water potential and overall
crop health.

Thus, you can monitor your crop growth and any anomalies to effectively prevent any diseases
or infestations that can harm your yield. Arable and Semios can serve as good representations of
how this use case can be applied in real life.

4. Cattle monitoring and management

Just like crop monitoring, there are IoT agriculture sensors that can be attached to the animals on
a farm to monitor their health and log performance. Livestock tracking and monitoring help
collect data on stock health, well-being, and physical location.

For example, such sensors can identify sick animals so that farmers can separate them from the
herd and avoid contamination. Using drones for real-time cattle tracking also helps farmers
reduce staffing expenses. This works similarly to IoT devices for petcare.

For example, SCR by Allflex and Cowlar use smart agriculture sensors (collar tags) to deliver
temperature, health, activity, and nutrition insights on each individual cow as well as collective
information about the herd.

5. Precision farming

Also known as precision agriculture, precision farming is all about efficiency and making
accurate data-driven decisions. It’s also one of the most widespread and effective applications of
IoT in agriculture.

By using IoT sensors, farmers can collect a vast array of metrics on every facet of the field
microclimate and ecosystem: lighting, temperature, soil condition, humidity, CO2 levels, and
pest infections. This data enables farmers to estimate optimal amounts of water, fertilizers, and
pesticides that their crops need, reduce expenses, and raise better and healthier crops.

For example, CropX builds IoT soil sensors that measure soil moisture, temperature, and electric
conductivity enabling farmers to approach each crop’s unique needs individually. Combined
with geospatial data, this technology helps create precise soil maps for each field. Mothive offers
similar services, helping farmers reduce waste, improve yields, and increase farm sustainability.

6. Agricultural drones

Perhaps one of the most promising agritech advancements is the use of agricultural drones in
smart farming. Also known as UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles), drones are better equipped
than airplanes and satellites to collect agricultural data. Apart from surveillance capabilities,
drones can also perform a vast number of tasks that previously required human labor: planting
crops, fighting pests and infections, agriculture spraying, crop monitoring, etc.
DroneSeed, for example, builds drones for planting trees in deforested areas. The use of such
drones is 6 times more effective than human labor. A Sense Fly agriculture drone eBee SQ uses
multispectral image analyses to estimate the health of crops and comes at an affordable price.
7. Predictive analytics for smart farming

Precision agriculture and predictive data analytics go hand in hand. While IoT and smart sensor
technology are a goldmine for highly relevant real-time data, the use of data analytics helps
farmers make sense of it and come up with important predictions: crop harvesting time, the risks
of diseases and infestations, yield volume, etc. Data analytics tools help make farming, which is
inherently highly dependent on weather conditions, more manageable, and predictable.

For example, the Crop Performance platform helps farmers access the volume and quality of
yields in advance, as well as their vulnerability to unfavorable weather conditions, such as floods
and drought. It also enables farmers to optimize the supply of water and nutrients for each crop
and even select yield traits to improve quality.

8. End-to-end farm management systems

A more complex approach to IoT products in agriculture can be represented by the so-called
farm productivity management systems. They usually include a number of agriculture IoT
devices and sensors, installed on the premises as well as a powerful dashboard with analytical
capabilities and in-built accounting/reporting features.

This offers remote farm monitoring capabilities and allows you to streamline most of the
business operations. Similar solutions are represented by FarmLogs and Cropio.

9. Robots and autonomous machines

Robotic innovations also offer a promising future in the field of autonomous machines for
agricultural purposes. Some farmers already use automated harvesters, tractors, and other
machines and vehicles that can operate without a human controlling it. Such robots can complete
repetitive, challenging, and labor-intensive tasks.

For instance, modern agrobots include automated tractors that can work on assigned routes, send
notifications, start work at planned hours, etc. Such tractors are driverless and cut farmers’ labor
costs. Bear Flag Robotics is one company that works on such technology at the moment.

Environmental Monitoring Via IoT

One relevant application of IoT is countering environmental concerns. Environmental
monitoring has been an extensive endeavor with the rise of urbanization. Households, offices,
and commercial establishments are keen on keeping lesser environmental damage.

The damage is one that detriments sustainable development. Improving our ways through
environmental monitoring is a key to improving and sustaining function for all. The IoT
technology can help pick the slack and develop our environmental objectives to fruition.

IoT through sensor technology is a primary way to initiate environmental monitoring. Air quality
devices can detect pollutants in different spaces. As it detects contaminants, it gathers data and
relays it to a cloud platform. Scientists, technicians, and managers now have concrete
information to guide their action steps.
Because environmental variables are hard to measure, the past monitoring technologies cannot
exactly deduce sound monitoring. Smart environmental monitoring capitalizes on IoT
technologies supplemented by management strategies. To define how smart a comprehensive
guide is, here are some categories of helpful insights.

WIRELESS TUNNEL AIR QUALITY SENSOR

Air Quality Monitoring

Major health issues are directly attributed to bad air quality. As part of environmental
monitoring, good air quality is a must. IoT sensors to identify air particulates can help in many
ways. Data on air contaminants will be helpful in refreshing air in closed spaces. AKCP’s
wireless air quality sensor can detect air particles, metal oxide gasses (MOx), temperature, and
humidity rolled into a single sensor. These sensors are convenient during indoor air quality
assessments among other workspaces.

 Toxic Gas Detection

Our surroundings are polluted with different contaminants. One of the most relevant issues of
environmental monitoring is eliminating toxic gases. These harmful gasses are detrimental to
people’s health. Considering its effects, reducing its proliferation is a must-do action step. As
toxic gases are primarily found in the air, monitoring goes hand in hand with air quality
management measures. The likes of AKCP’s wireless air quality sensor detects metal oxide
gases. And some of these are:

 Acetone (ingredients in paints and glue)

 Toluene (found in furniture)
 Ethanol (composition of perfume and cleaning fluids
 Hydrogen sulfide (found in decaying food)
 Benzene (existing in cigarette smoke)

The wireless sensors detect toxic gas through the VOC index. The VOC index is a logarithmic
scale that measures the range of typical indoor gas composition. From a range of 0 to 500, values
are captured by the sensors. A regular room environment is read at 100. Any value beyond 100
indicates bad air quality. The higher the concentration, the higher the metal oxide gases within
the room in the last 24 hours. As such, striving to lower the value under 100 is more logical to
improve air quality.

 Energy Monitoring

POWER MONITORING SENSOR

Cost efficiency is a particular subject of interest among business organizations. Many managers
are investing in cost-saving strategies to negate higher energy consumption. Planning cost-
saving measure entails a thorough understanding of energy consumptions patterns. It also needs
checking the business operation areas where is energy is consumed or worst wasted. AKCP
power monitoring sensor gives vital information to conduct remote power monitoring. It helps to
eliminate manual power audits. It also gives out notifications in cases of potential problems.
Power meter readings can provide better power usage effectiveness (PUE) calculations to
analyze power usage efficiency.

Custom data center IoT devices and sensing probes for a specific function, as well as a cloud
server where data can be quickly accessed, analyzed, and managed, are all part of a solid system.
Do you want to enhance your current DCIM or upgrade or install a new one? Contact us to learn
more about the AKCPro Server and AKCP Wireless monitoring solutions, which contain all
of the aforementioned components plus cloud services. We’d be happy to discuss how we can
use this cutting-edge data center automation technology to help you make your data center more
lucrative.

Transport applications case study

IoT in Transportation is already a big business. Allied Market Research reported that the market
was valued at $135 billion USD in 2016 and was expected to grow to $328 billion USD by 2023.

IoT devices are deployed in a number of areas within the transportation sector, notably in traffic
congestion systems, telematics systems within vehicles, tools and ticketing, and security to name
but a few.

IoT for transportation is the networking of objects via embedded sensors, actuators and other
devices that gather and transmit data about real-world activities. The use of IoT enabled
technology is changing the way that the transportation sector operates. We wish to take a closer
look at some of the areas within the transportation sector that are utilising IoT to transform how
transportation systems gather and make use of data.

Benefits of IoT for Transportation

Some wider benefits that apply to the use of IoT technology within the transportation sector
include:

1. Enhance Customer Experience

IoT technologies help to provide customers with more accurate, up-to-date, real-time data to
better plan journeys and improve communication.

2. Improved Safety

The ability to track things such as train speeds, aircraft part conditions, roadway temperatures
and the number of vehicles at an intersection using IoT enabled technology can all help to
improve the safety of our transit systems worldwide.

3. Operational Performance

Transport Agencies adopting IoT technologies are already starting to see benefits in terms of
operational performance. Cities can better monitor critical infrastructures and develop efficient
processes to minimise operating costs and improve system capacity.

4. Environmental Improvements

By better monitoring congestion, IoT enabled systems can react quickly to evolving traffic
patterns and return real-time data to help people to plan their journeys better. Reducing
congestion and energy usage have a positive impact on the environment.

Five applications of IoT technology in transportation

These benefits of IoT technology in transportation can be applied through a number of

applications within the sector. Here are five of the most common applications:

Traffic Management

Roading is by far the biggest segment within transportation when it comes to the adoption of IoT
technologies and this is expected to grow as we head towards 2023. Within cities, data can be
collected from CCTV feeds which transmit vehicle-related data to traffic management
centres. Applications using IoT technology include:

 Smart parking
 Traffic lights
  Smart accident assistance

Toll and Ticketing

Conventional toll systems are becoming rapidly outdated. With the increase in vehicles on the
roads, queues at toll booths have become a common sight, not to mention the manpower needed
to operate toll booths on busy highways. Whilst automated tolls, using a RFID tag, have
improved the flow of traffic, further improvements have been made possible by the use of IoT
technology.

Many of today’s modern vehicles are equipped with IoT connectivity. A vehicle can be detected
up to a kilometre away from a tolling station, correctly identified and the barrier lifted for the
vehicle to pass through. Alternatively, for older vehicles, a registered smartphone could serve the
same purpose, taking automatic payment from the digital wallet linked on the phone.

Connected Cars

As mentioned above, cars today rely on connectivity and a key part of that is many new cars are
now equipped with internet connectivity, sensors and actuators, all monitoring a wide range of
applications from brakes and engine to the control of tyre pressure and exhaust gas composition.

In the future, connected cars will use the in-vehicles networks, radar and cameras to help detect
and communicate with one other, prevent collisions and to help promote smooth traffic flow.

Vehicle Tracking Systems

Vehicle tracking systems are typically used within the freight segment to help companies
manage their fleets effectively. They also help to monitor driver behaviour and can collect data
which informs on idling time and driving style. Examples of IoT-powered functionality include:

 Trip scheduling
 Fleet tracking
 Driving times and driver rest break scheduling
 Alerts for speeding, harsh cornering, acceleration or braking
 Monitoring of vehicle load
 Distance travelled and fuel consumption

Public Transport Management

One key area in which NEC has been operating is smart transportation, with a focus on the
public transport segment. IoT technologies are already in wide use in this segment and our
solutions, including integrated ticketing and automated fare collection, passenger information
systems, passenger information display systems and advanced vehicle Logistics solutions, all
utilising IoT technology to help solve social and economic issues such as traffic congestion in
public transport.
IoT technology for connected public transport systems provides the following benefits:

 Real-time vehicle tracking – this helps public transport agencies better communicate
with customers and provide accurate arrival times through both mobile devices and
passenger information displays at transit stops and stations
 Data analysis and real-time management – the technology allows transit agencies to
monitor progress in real-time and make adjustments for unpredicted incidents such as
accidents, roadworks, emergencies etc., helping to re-route and make journeys more
efficient
 Personalised travel information – transit agencies can track and monitor commuter
behaviour and travel patterns and deliver personalised information direct to their smart
phone on key changes such as delays, station closures or re-routing