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A Brief Guide To Figured Bass

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47 views2 pages

A Brief Guide To Figured Bass

Uploaded by

Estellerama
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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A

 Brief  Guide  to  Figured  Bass


 
Origin  and  intent  
‘Figured  bass’  or  ‘thoroughbass’  (it  has  various  names  in  various  languages)  is  a  
traditional  European  shorthand  notation  for  harmonizing  over  a  bass:  it  dates  from  the  
sixteenth  century  and  the  performance-­‐  practice  of  basso  continuo;  it  predates  triad-­‐
and-­‐inversion  terminology  (the  Roman-­‐numeral  labelling  system),  and  was  the  normal  
way  that  musicians  over  many  centuries  learned  to  harmonize.  Originally,  it  was  
primarily  a  notation  for  extempore  performance  (so  that  players  improvise  harmony  in  
performance  without  having  to  write  it  down),  but  is  also  very  useful  for  harmonic  
analysis  and  other  technical  work.  
 
It’s  a  simple  system—it  merely  describes  intervals  above  the  bass  
All  figured  bass  notation  does  is  refer  to  intervals  above  the  bass,  according  to  the  
current  key  signature.  The  figurings  can  describe  any  combination  of  notes  in  music  of  
many  kinds  and  from  many  periods  (but  is  restricted  to  the  12-­‐note  chromatic  scale:  it  
cannot  describe  sounds  that  involve  quarter-­‐tones  or  other  unusual  divisions  of  the  
octave).    

Figured  bass  is  not  key-­specific  


Unlike  the  Roman  numeral  system  (where  each  label  makes  sense  only  when  it  is  
related  to  a  particular  key),  figured  bass  notation  does  not  depend  on  tonality.  It  always  
helps  you  to  know  what  the  key  is,  of  course,  but  figured  bass  can  nonetheless  describe  
harmony  accurately  even  when  you  don’t  know  the  key  or  while  the  music  is  in  the  
process  of  changing  key.    

Figured  bass  can  describe  harmony  that  Roman  labels  can’t  easily  manage  
This  is  the  main  reason  why  it  is  essential  to  understand  both  the  Roman  labelling  
system  and  figured  bass.  Discussion  of  harmonic  sounds  often  involves  using  both  
systems  simultaneously,  for  the  precision  this  gives:  sometimes  you  will  see  this  in  
books  and  other  literature  on  music  topics.    

Flexibility  in  voicing  or  part-­writing:  intervals  within  an  octave  or  beyond  an  
octave  
Figured  bass  notation  normally  summarizes  intervals  above  the  bass  using  the  numbers  
2–8,  thus  within  an  octave  of  the  bass  note,  although  ‘9’  is  also  common.  In  performance,  
however,  it’s  up  to  the  players  to  decide  how  to  voice  the  harmonization  and  at  which  
octaves.  E.g.  a  ‘6’  could  be  played  (or  written)  as  a  sixth  above  the  bass  note  or  equally  as  
a  13th  (an  octave  and  a  sixth)  or  even  further  away  from  the  bass.    

To  start  with,  it  helps  to  know  some  equivalent  terminology:  


• Root-­‐position  triadic  chords  =  5/3  (i.e.  a  written  fifth  and  third  above  the  bass).  
• First-­‐inversion  triadic  chords  =  6/3  (sixth  and  third  above  the  bass).  
• Second-­‐inversion  triadic  chords  =  6/4.  
• Seventh  chords  (i.e.  triads  with  an  added  seventh  over  the  root)  =  7/5/3.  
 
Consonance  and  dissonance  
A  handy  rule  of  thumb  to  learn  is  that  5/3  and  6/3  chords  are  mostly  regarded  as  
consonant  chords  (the  exception  is  a  5/3  built  on  the  leading  note,  which  has  a  
diminished  fifth).  Most  other  combinations  of  figures  (including  6/4)  are  regarded  as  
dissonant  chords  in  most  tonal  music.  Thus  the  presence  of  dissonance  is  easily  
recognized  from  common  figurings  such  as  these:    
 
4 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 9
2 2 4 4 4 5 4 5 4 5
3 3 2 3 2 3
Figured-­bass  notation  uses  numbers  in  descending  columns  
The  figurings  are  positioned  under  the  bass,  or  sometimes  above  it  (it  doesn’t  matter  
which).  The  figures  are  given  in  columns,  always  in  descending  order:  

6 4
4 NOT 3
3 6

In  figured  bass,  some  intervals  are  typically  understood  to  apply,  not  specified  in  
the  figures  
• Because  5/3  (or  root-­‐position)  chords  are  so  common,  figured  bass  often  does  
not  state  5/3:  it  simply  leaves  the  chord  blank  or  unlabelled.  
• Because  a  third  above  the  bass  is  very  common,  it  is  typically  assumed  or  
understood  to  be  required  in  most  contexts.  Thus  figured  bass  tends  to  state  ‘3’  
only  when  it  might  not  otherwise  be  understood.  6/3  chords  are  typically  
labelled  as  simply  ‘6’.  Likewise,  6/5/3  chords  are  normally  figured  as  6/5:  the  ‘3’  
is  assumed  but  the  ‘5’  is  necessary  in  this  case  otherwise  the  chord  would  be  
understood  to  be  a  plain  6/3.  
• A  fifth  is  often  understood  rather  than  stated.  E.g.  ‘7’  by  itself  could  mean  either  
7/5/3  or  7/3  (the  choice  depends  on  the  context  and  the  part-­‐writing  around  it).  
A  ‘4’  by  itself  means  5/4.  
• Other  intervals  (2,  4,  6,  7,  9)  are  never  merely  assumed:  figured  bass  specifies  
them.
These  two  harmonic  progressions  are  understood  to  be  identical:  

 
 
Figured  bass  uses  accidentals  
Since  the  figures  indicate  intervals  above  the  bass  according  to  the  key  signature  that  
applies  at  the  time,  figured-­‐bass  notation  requires  accidentals  to  be  used  when  
necessary:  
• In  figured-­‐bass  notation  sharps  have  traditionally  been  indicated  in  a  variety  of  
ways:  with  a  sharp  sign  before  or  after  the  figure,  or  with  a  plus  sign,  or  with  a  
slash  mark  through  the  figure.  Likewise,  flat  signs  can  appear  before  or  after  a  
figure,  or  even  positioned  in  a  way  that  bisects  the  figure.  The  normal  modern  
convention  is  to  place  the  accidental  before  the  figure.  
• Traditionally,  in  times  before  natural  signs  were  common,  a  sharp  might  simply  
mean  increasing  the  interval  by  a  semitone  (e.g.  causing  a  B-­‐flat  to  be  raised  to  
B-­‐natural),  whereas  a  flat  might  mean  reducing  the  interval  by  a  semitone  (e.g.  
causing  G-­‐sharp  to  be  lowered  to  G-­‐natural).  The  modern  convention  is  to  use  
natural  signs  where  they  would  normally  apply.  
• An  accidental  by  itself  refers  to  the  third  above  the  bass:  it  is  often  not  necessary  
to  specify  ‘3’.  
The  two  progressions,  below,  are  identical.  The  first  gives  the  figured  
bass  in  full;  the  second  is  the  usual  abbreviated  form:  

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