A Brief Guide To Figured Bass
A Brief Guide To Figured Bass
Figured
bass
can
describe
harmony
that
Roman
labels
can’t
easily
manage
This
is
the
main
reason
why
it
is
essential
to
understand
both
the
Roman
labelling
system
and
figured
bass.
Discussion
of
harmonic
sounds
often
involves
using
both
systems
simultaneously,
for
the
precision
this
gives:
sometimes
you
will
see
this
in
books
and
other
literature
on
music
topics.
Flexibility
in
voicing
or
part-writing:
intervals
within
an
octave
or
beyond
an
octave
Figured
bass
notation
normally
summarizes
intervals
above
the
bass
using
the
numbers
2–8,
thus
within
an
octave
of
the
bass
note,
although
‘9’
is
also
common.
In
performance,
however,
it’s
up
to
the
players
to
decide
how
to
voice
the
harmonization
and
at
which
octaves.
E.g.
a
‘6’
could
be
played
(or
written)
as
a
sixth
above
the
bass
note
or
equally
as
a
13th
(an
octave
and
a
sixth)
or
even
further
away
from
the
bass.
6 4
4 NOT 3
3 6
In
figured
bass,
some
intervals
are
typically
understood
to
apply,
not
specified
in
the
figures
• Because
5/3
(or
root-‐position)
chords
are
so
common,
figured
bass
often
does
not
state
5/3:
it
simply
leaves
the
chord
blank
or
unlabelled.
• Because
a
third
above
the
bass
is
very
common,
it
is
typically
assumed
or
understood
to
be
required
in
most
contexts.
Thus
figured
bass
tends
to
state
‘3’
only
when
it
might
not
otherwise
be
understood.
6/3
chords
are
typically
labelled
as
simply
‘6’.
Likewise,
6/5/3
chords
are
normally
figured
as
6/5:
the
‘3’
is
assumed
but
the
‘5’
is
necessary
in
this
case
otherwise
the
chord
would
be
understood
to
be
a
plain
6/3.
• A
fifth
is
often
understood
rather
than
stated.
E.g.
‘7’
by
itself
could
mean
either
7/5/3
or
7/3
(the
choice
depends
on
the
context
and
the
part-‐writing
around
it).
A
‘4’
by
itself
means
5/4.
• Other
intervals
(2,
4,
6,
7,
9)
are
never
merely
assumed:
figured
bass
specifies
them.
These
two
harmonic
progressions
are
understood
to
be
identical:
Figured
bass
uses
accidentals
Since
the
figures
indicate
intervals
above
the
bass
according
to
the
key
signature
that
applies
at
the
time,
figured-‐bass
notation
requires
accidentals
to
be
used
when
necessary:
• In
figured-‐bass
notation
sharps
have
traditionally
been
indicated
in
a
variety
of
ways:
with
a
sharp
sign
before
or
after
the
figure,
or
with
a
plus
sign,
or
with
a
slash
mark
through
the
figure.
Likewise,
flat
signs
can
appear
before
or
after
a
figure,
or
even
positioned
in
a
way
that
bisects
the
figure.
The
normal
modern
convention
is
to
place
the
accidental
before
the
figure.
• Traditionally,
in
times
before
natural
signs
were
common,
a
sharp
might
simply
mean
increasing
the
interval
by
a
semitone
(e.g.
causing
a
B-‐flat
to
be
raised
to
B-‐natural),
whereas
a
flat
might
mean
reducing
the
interval
by
a
semitone
(e.g.
causing
G-‐sharp
to
be
lowered
to
G-‐natural).
The
modern
convention
is
to
use
natural
signs
where
they
would
normally
apply.
• An
accidental
by
itself
refers
to
the
third
above
the
bass:
it
is
often
not
necessary
to
specify
‘3’.
The
two
progressions,
below,
are
identical.
The
first
gives
the
figured
bass
in
full;
the
second
is
the
usual
abbreviated
form: