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STAMFORD UNIVERSITY BANGLADESH

Civil Engineering Department

Course Code: CEN451

Course Title: Transportation
Engineering III- Traffic Engineering
Course Teacher: Tahmina Rahman
Chowdhury

Group Member:
1. CEN07310819
2. CEN07310822
3. CEN07310824
Impact of Non-Motorized Transport on Road Traffic Condition4.
and Society
CEN07310825
5. CEN07310823
6. CEN07310833
7. CEN07310834
1)
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Introduction:
Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) refers to any form of transportation that does not
rely on an engine or motor for propulsion. This category encompasses various
modes of travel that are powered by human or animal effort, making them
environmentally friendly and sustainable.
Non-motorized transport (NMT), which includes walking, cycling, and other forms
of human-powered transportation, has a profound impact on road traffic
conditions. One of the most significant benefits is the reduction in traffic
congestion. Unlike motorized vehicles, NMT users take up significantly less space
on the roads, which leads to less crowding and smoother traffic flow, particularly
in densely populated urban areas. This reduction in congestion not only decreases
travel time for all road users but also lessens the stress and frustration associated
with traffic jams.

Objectives of the proposed study are as follows:

 Investigate the overall road traffic situation of non-motorized transport in

metropolitan Dhaka.

 Examine the effect of non-motorized transports (NMTs) on road traffic

performance in metropolitan Dhaka. Road traffic performance parameters
generally include travel time, delay, travel cost, accessibility, mobility,
speed, safety etc. However, this study attempts to examine three of this
performance parameters i.e. mobility, speed and safety.

 Recommend effective ways to improve the existing traffic situation in

metropolitan Dhaka with special attention to NMTs.
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Study Area
The study mainly focuses on non-motorized transport Mouchak to
Moghbazar and adjacent areas.

Figure: Study Area of Non-motorized transport

Types of NMT

Walking
Bicycle
Handcart
Rickshaw
Van
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Transport status studies

Non-Motorized Transport (Walk, bicycle and cycle rickshaw) constitute 30-60
percent of total person trips in Asian Mega Cities. Contribution of NMTs in nine
Mega Cities are as follow:

 Tokyo: walk and bicycle 25 percent

 Bangkok: walk 16 percent and other NMT 8 percent
 Jakarta: walk 13.percent, other NMT 12 percent
 Delhi: walk and cycle 44 percent, other NMT 6 percent
 Lahore: walk 12 percent, other NMT S percent
 Singapore: walk 12 percent, other NMT 4 percent
 Mexico City: walk 23 percent t
 Manila: walk 14 percent
 Hong Kong: walk 13 percent

Public Perception and Demand for NMT

Defining public perception and demand for NMT is critical for understanding
its prospects in Dhaka city and identification of policies. Given the lack of
relevant information, the study has undertaken a survey to better understand
attitudes and demand for NMT, including pedestrian mobility and cycling, among
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representatives of the general public in Dhaka city. The survey was designed to
understand the frequency and purpose of NMT trips by city residents, as well as
their willingness to undertake NMT trips and perceptions of the main obstacles
preventing people from such trips. It was also instrumental for understanding
various attitudes and patterns toward NMT among different groups of society,
including female, male, and people of different ages.

The sociological study was conducted based on the quota sampling method
among 900 respondents who proportionately represented all city districts,
including the villages and settlements of Dhaka. The sampling considered
respondents’ age and gender. It was conducted in households among the
respondents of 12–24 years, 25–44 years, and 45+ years age groups, with one
representative from each family. The number of female and male respondents was
equal. Approximately 22 percent of the respondents were high school and
university students, 19 percent worked in private companies/institutions, 16
percent worked in public organizations/institutions, 16 percent were housewives,
12 percent were pensioners and/or disabled, 10 percent were unemployed, and 5
percent were involved in freelancing activities.

The survey has confirmed the importance of walking in the daily life of city
residents. According to survey results, 95 percent of respondents undertake at least
several short pedestrian trips during the week and about 70 percent do it on a daily
basis. Frequency of such trips is not significantly different between the people of
different ages, being slightly higher for younger groups. This demonstrates the
importance of walking for all age categories. People are walking for various
reasons and it was not easy for them to quickly single out any particular reason.
However, shopping, leisure and health, commuting to work/schools and back,
taking children to schools/tutors, work-related walking were among the most
popular answers.

Challenges and solution of Non-motorized transport on Road Traffic

Conditions:
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By addressing these challenges through targeted solutions, cities can significantly

enhance the impact of non-motorized transport on road traffic conditions, leading
to safer, more efficient, and more sustainable urban environments. Such as…

Infrastructure Deficiency: Many urban areas lack dedicated lanes and pathways
for non-motorized transport (NMT), such as sidewalks, bike lanes, and pedestrian
crossings. This forces NMT users to share space with motorized vehicles, leading
to safety concerns and inefficient traffic flow.

Safety Concerns: NMT users are more vulnerable to accidents and injuries due to
the lack of protective barriers and the higher speed differential between them and
motorized traffic. This discourages many potential users from opting for NMT.

Urbanization and Motorization: Rapid urbanization leading to increased use of

motorized vehicles, reducing the space and priority for NMT.

Urbanization
 Increased Population Density: Urbanization leads to higher population
densities, putting pressure on existing NMT infrastructure such as sidewalks
and cycling paths.
 Land Use Changes: Rapid urban development often prioritizes motorized
transport infrastructure over NMT, reducing available space for pedestrians
and cyclists.
 Economic Activity: Economic growth in urban areas increases the demand
for efficient transportation, often leading to a preference for motorized
options over NMT.
Motorization
 Traffic Congestion: Increased use of motor vehicles leads to congestion,
making NMT less safe and less efficient.
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 Pollution: Higher motor vehicle usage results in increased air and noise
pollution, negatively affecting the health and comfort of NMT users.
 Safety Risks: Lack of dedicated lanes and increased traffic pose significant
safety risks for pedestrians and cyclists.

Weather and Topography: Adverse weather conditions and challenging

topography can deter the use of NMT. Heavy rain, extreme temperatures, and hilly
terrain make walking and cycling less appealing and practical.

Cultural and Social Perceptions: In some societies, there is a cultural preference

for motorized transport, and NMT is seen as a less prestigious or practical option.
This perception can hinder the adoption of NMT.

Intermodal Integration: Poor integration of NMT with other forms of public

transport can make it inconvenient for users who need to combine different modes
of travel. Lack of secure bike parking and inadequate connections to transit hubs
are common issues.

Solutions in Detail:

Infrastructure Investments: Governments and city planners should prioritize the

development of NMT infrastructure. This includes creating extensive networks of
protected bike lanes, pedestrian-friendly streets, and dedicated NMT corridors that
connect key areas within the city.

Safety Enhancements: Implementing comprehensive safety measures can

significantly reduce the risks associated with NMT. This involves improving street
lighting, installing clear signage, enforcing traffic laws, and conducting regular
maintenance of NMT pathways to ensure they are safe and accessible.
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Weather-Resilient Design: Cities can adopt designs that mitigate the impact of
weather and topography on NMT. For example, constructing covered walkways
and bike lanes can protect users from rain and extreme sun, while e-bike programs
can help users navigate hilly terrains.

Public Awareness and Education: Continuous efforts to educate the public about
the benefits and safety of NMT can change cultural perceptions. Community
events, workshops, and partnerships with schools and workplaces can promote a
positive image of NMT.

Policy and Incentives: Governments can implement policies that encourage NMT
use, such as tax incentives for bike purchases, subsidies for bike-sharing programs,
and initiatives that reward companies for promoting NMT among employees.

Policy and Regulation

Urban Planning Integration: Incorporate NMT in urban development plans and
zoning regulations.
Traffic Calming Measures: Implement speed bumps, pedestrian crossings, and
traffic signals to enhance safety.

Incentives and Support

Subsidies and Grants: Provide financial incentives for bicycle purchases and
infrastructure projects.
Employer Support: Encourage businesses to support NMT through facilities like
bike racks and showers.
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Non-Motorized Transport on Road benefits to Society

Health Benefits
 Physical Activity Promotion: NMT encourages regular physical activity,
reducing the risk of obesity, heart disease, and other health issues.
 Mental Health: Regular exercise through NMT contributes to improved
mood, reduced stress levels, and overall mental well-being.
 Accessibility: NMT provides affordable transportation options, particularly
beneficial for low-income individuals and communities with limited access
to motorized transport.
Economic Benefits
 Infrastructure Cost Savings: NMT requires less infrastructure investment
compared to motorized transport, leading to cost savings for governments
and taxpayers.
 Healthcare Cost Reduction: Increased physical activity resulting from NMT
usage leads to reduced healthcare expenditures associated with sedentary
lifestyles and related diseases.
 Tourism and Local Businesses: Bike-friendly cities attract tourists and
support local businesses, boosting economic activity and creating
employment opportunities.
Environmental Benefits
 Emissions Reduction: NMT produces zero emissions, contributing to
improved air quality and reduced pollution levels, particularly in urban
areas.
 Conservation of Resources: Less reliance on motorized transport reduces the
consumption of fossil fuels and natural resources, promoting environmental
sustainability.
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 Climate Change Mitigation: NMT plays a crucial role in mitigating climate

change by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting eco-friendly
modes of transportation.

Social Benefits
 Community Engagement: NMT fosters social interactions and community
cohesion, creating vibrant public spaces and enhancing the quality of urban
life.
 Equity and Inclusivity: NMT provides accessible transportation options for
individuals of all ages, abilities, and socio-economic backgrounds,
promoting social equity and inclusion.
 Safety and Security: NMT contributes to safer streets by reducing traffic
congestion, lowering accident rates, and improving road safety for
pedestrians and cyclists.

Impact of Non-Motorized Transport on Road Traffic Conditions

Impact of non-motorized transport on road traffic conditions is multifaceted,
offering tangible benefits in terms of congestion reduction, environmental health,
and road safety.

Reduced Traffic Congestion

Detail: NMT users occupy less road space compared to motorized vehicles,
leading to decreased traffic congestion.
Example: In cities with high NMT usage, such as Amsterdam, fewer cars on
the road result in smoother traffic flow.
Impact: Less time spent in traffic jams and reduced frustration for all road
users.

Improved Traffic Flow

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Detail: NMT allows for more efficient use of road space, especially in
densely populated urban areas.
Example: Dedicated bike lanes and pedestrian paths separate NMT from
motorized traffic, reducing potential conflicts and enhancing overall traffic
movement.
Impact: Smoother and more predictable traffic patterns, reducing delays and
increasing road capacity.

Reduced Emissions and Pollution

Detail: Fewer motorized vehicles on the road lead to lower emissions of
greenhouse gases and pollutants.
Example: Increased cycling and walking in cities like Copenhagen have
contributed to significant improvements in air quality.
Impact: Improved public health outcomes and a reduction in environmental
degradation.

Lowered Environmental Impact

Emission Reduction: Increased use of NMT leads to lower emissions,

improving air quality and reducing urban pollution.

Improved Public Health

Physical Activity: Encouraging walking and cycling promotes physical

health, reducing public health burdens.
Enhanced Road Safety
Detail: NMT often results in safer streets due to lower vehicle speeds and
reduced traffic volumes.
Example: Cities with high levels of NMT, such as Portland, Oregon, report
lower accident rates involving pedestrians and cyclists.
Impact: Fewer traffic accidents and fatalities, creating a safer environment
for all road users.

Infrastructure Adaptations
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Detail: Integrating NMT requires adjustments in urban planning, such as the

creation of bike lanes, pedestrian crossings, and traffic-calming measures.
Example: Bogotá, Colombia, has implemented extensive bike lane networks
and pedestrian zones, improving traffic conditions.
Impact: Infrastructure that supports NMT can lead to more efficient and
safer road use for both non-motorized and motorized transport.

Economic Benefits

Cost Savings: Reduces the economic costs associated with traffic

congestion, such as fuel consumption and time loss.

Walking survey of city residents

According to survey results, 95 percent of

respondents undertake at least several short pedestrian trips during the week
and about 70 percent do it daily.
Frequency of such trips is not significantly different between the people of
different ages, being slightly higher for younger groups. This demonstrates
the importance of walking for all age categories
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Cycling survey of Dhaka city

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The survey found that cycling is currently not a popular means of

transportation. Only 7–8 percent of respondents use the bicycle at least
once a week. Out of these people 70 percent are youngsters. About 95
percent of those who used bicycles did this for leisure and health reasons
and less than 5 percent for commuting or shopping. In absolute terms, only
about 3 people out of 900 use bicycles for other reasons than leisure and
health on a weekly basis. Finally, almost 73 percent of people never rode a
bicycle.

Transportation survey of Dhaka city

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Transportati on survey of Dhaka City

Other
2%
Walk
Truck Car 20%
5% 15%

Bus
7%

Rickshaw
CNG 29%
Bike
3% 17%

Bicycle
2%

Walk Rickshaw Bicycle Bike CNG

Bus Truck Car Other

Here we can see a pie chart illustrating Transportation survey of Dhaka city.
This chart is divided into 9 states where maximum 29% occupied by
Rickshaw and minimum state occupied by Bicycle user which is 2%
This chart shows walk occupied 20% and car occupied 15%. Here we can
also see motorized vehicle like CNG, Bus, Truck share 3%,7% and 5% of the
pie chart.
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NMT User’s Problem

The following pie chart showing problem of NMT users This chart is divided
into 9 properties where the survey says 19% problem is arise by No lane
dividation which occupied maximum part of this chart and bikes are
identified as problem which is 4%. This chart also identifies abnormal
pedestrian movements, Hawkers, two lane, police whom gradually share
13%,16%,15% and 12% of the chart. Here we can also see smaller part
shared by Traffic, auto rickshaw and CNG which is 6%,9% and 6%

Facilities for NMT user

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The following pie chart shows Demand for facilities of NMT users.
This chart is divided into 5 properties where the survey says 26% people
demand for lane dividation which is maximum part of this chart and 17%
people demand systemic way of pedestrian movements which cover lowest
state of the chart.
This chart also shows NMT user demand for increase road space, one-way,
Roadside management facilities which share 21%,16% and 20% of the pie
chart.

Model of Modern Roadway

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Here we Show a model of modern roadway management for NMT and MT

user. We Separated a lane for NMT User which is red color marked and
others 3 lane is for Bus, truck, and car. Footpath stays along the road. We
have also proposed a hawker’s zone which is along the footpath but fully
separate from road. We also proposed a parking zone along the road, that’s
why cars aren’t parking in road or any other places.

Conclusion

Non-Motorized Transport (NMT) is essential for sustainable urban

development in Bangladesh. It offers significant benefits, including reduced
traffic congestion, lower emissions, and improved public health. However,
challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, safety concerns, and the
pressures of urbanization and motorization hinder its effectiveness. Strategic
investments in NMT infrastructure, supportive policies, and public
awareness campaigns are crucial for enhancing NMT's role in the
transportation ecosystem. A committed approach to integrating NMT into
urban planning will lead to a more efficient, healthy, and environmentally
friendly transportation system.
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References
 World Bank Report on NMT in South Asia
 Dhaka Urban Transport Network Development
 Bangladesh NMT Policies and Infrastructure