11

Department of Education
National Capital Region
S CHOOLS DIVIS ION OFFICE
MARIK INA CITY

BUSINESS MATHEMATICS
Quarter 1: Module 6
• Mark-up vs Margin
• Gross Margin Applied in Sales
• Trade Discounts

Writer: Maritess S. Zara

Cover Illustrator: Joel J. Estudillo

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 What I Need to Know

This module is designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the topic Buying and Selling. The scope of this lesson is to differentiate
mark-up from the margin, to describe how gross margin is used in sales, and to
compute single trade discount and discount series.

Gross margin is essential in every business because it is stated in the annual

income statement of every company. It controls the cash flow of every business
because it tells the available amount of money for other expenses incurred such as
administrative costs, marketing expenditures, and financing costs. This also gives
an overview of the company’s necessities to re-evaluate their pricing structures.

Moreover, in business, we
always think of different
marketing strategies to attract
customers. Customers always
consider the price of commodities
and the discounts they will
receive from the seller.

Now you will learn more

about the markup and gross profit in buying and selling business and the best
discounts you will receive or give, after going through this module.

This module is divided into three (3) lessons, namely:

Lesson 1. Mark-up vs. Margin

Lesson 2. Gross margin applied in sales
Lesson 3. Single Trade Discount and Discount Series

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. differentiate mark-up from the margin,

2. compute the mark-up and margin from a given situation,
3. show how gross margin is used in sales,
4. compute the gross margin from a given situation and
5. compute single trade discounts and discount series for a given situation.

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What I Know
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the right answer.

A. It is the amount of profit that a seller makes after deducting the cost of goods
sold.
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

B. The amount of money left over after a company deducts its cost of merchandise
or services sold from its net sales.
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

C. It gives an accurate overview of the profit of the company.

A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

D. It is computed based on the percentage of the cost of goods sold.

A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

E. The trend of the graph of the percentage of markup and margin shows that the
graph of:
A. the mark-up is higher than the margin.
B. margin is higher than the mark-up.
C. the mark-up is equal to the margin.
D. mark-up and margin cannot be compared.

F. Find the percentage of mark-up applied by the gift shop owner if he purchases
the decorative pillow at Php 180 and sells it for Php 290.
A. 37.93% C. 51.11%
B. 47.93% D. 61.11%

G. The selling price of a Mathematics textbook is Php 400. What is the cost of
the textbook if the seller used a 30% mark-up? (round-off to whole number).
A. Php 280 C. Php 405
B. Php 308 D. Php 520

8. Anna pays the wholesaler Php 900 for an oven toaster and then sells it to the
buyer for Php 1200. What is the margin rate?
A. 25% C. 42%

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 B. 33.33% D. 50%

9. The cell phone shop owner applied a 30% mark-up rate on the cost of the cell
phone which is Php 13,300. Find the selling price and the mark-up.
A. Php 9310 & 3990 C. Php 17290 & 3990
B. Php 10230 & 3070 D. Php 18439 & 5139

10. What is the markup and margin rate of the sack of rice that costs Php1700
and selling price of Php 2210?
A. 23.08% & 30% C. 25% & 33.33%
B. 30% & 23.08% D. 33.33% & 25%

Lesson 1 MARKUP vs. MARGIN

What’s In
Complete the table below: (Round-off your answer to whole number)

Table 1

Selling 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 − 𝒖𝒑 𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 − 𝒖𝒑

Cost Mark-up 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
Price 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆

Php 40 50 Php 10 _________% _________%

50 70 20 _________% _________%

60 90 30 _________% _________%

70 110 40 _________% _________%

100 170 70 _________% _________%

Guide questions:

1. What is the trend of the data in column 4 and column 5?

2. How will you compare the trend of data in column 4 and column 5?

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s New
Plot the following points and sketch the graph in the cartesian plane below:

I. Use black ink for graph 1(refer to columns 3 and 4 of Table 1).
Mark-up 10 20 30 40 70

𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 − 𝒖𝒑
𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕

II.Use any other color of ink for graph 2 (refer to columns 3 and 5 of Table 1).
Mark-up 10 20 30 40 70

𝒎𝒂𝒓𝒌 − 𝒖𝒑
𝒙𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒔𝒆𝒍𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒑𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒆

Guide questions:

1. What is the trend of graph 1 and graph 2?

2. How will you compare the trend in graphs 1 and 2?

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 What Is It
In the previous lesson, we defined MARK-UP as the difference between the
selling price and the cost price sometimes referred to as MARGIN or GROSS
PROFIT.

You will probably ask if there is a difference between mark-up and margin.
So, let’s discuss it one by one.

Mark-up and margin on products are closely associated with one another.
They both involve the cost and selling price of commodities. That is why
sometimes, they are used or considered as one. But how are they different from
one another?

The major difference is that MARGIN is calculated based on a percentage

of sales, while MARK-UP is calculated based on a percentage of costs of the
products sold.

Markup is the amount that a seller adds to the price of a commodity before
selling it to a customer. We compute mark-up price using the formula:

MARK-UP = SELLING PRICE – COST PRICE

MU = S – C

When we compute the percentage of mark-up based on cost, the cost is

𝐌𝐚𝐫𝐤𝐮𝐩
taken as 100%: 𝐌𝐔𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐭 =
𝐂𝐨𝐬𝐭 𝐏𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐞

Example 1: Given: Selling price = Php 500 Cost = Php 400 MU = Php 100
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Markup as % of cost =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃ℎ𝑝 100 1
= = 𝑜𝑟 0.25 𝑜𝑟 25%
𝑃ℎ𝑝 400 4
Percentage of Mark-up based on cost is 25%

To get the percentage of the selling price, we use cost as the base:
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
Selling price as % of cost =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑃ℎ𝑝 500
= = 1.25 𝑜𝑟 125%
𝑃ℎ𝑝 400
Amount Percentage
Selling price Php 500 125%
Cost 400 100%
Mark-up 100 25%

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Example 2: The calculator in the bookstore has a markup of Php 150 with a
cost price of Php 300. What is the selling price of the item and the mark-up
percentage based on cost?

Solution: Selling price = Cost + Mark-up

= 300 + 150 Php 450

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘−𝑢𝑝 150
Mark-up as percent of cost = = = 0.5 𝑜𝑟 50%
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 300

The selling price is Php 450 and the mark-up percentage or rate is 50%.

Gross margin is the amount of money left over after a company deducts
its cost of merchandise or services sold from its net sales. It represents the gross
profit a company makes after a sale, minus the cost it incurred in producing a
product or service (including administrative costs, sales and marketing
expenses, financing cost, overhead costs, and the likes).

The higher the margin, the higher the profit for the business. Margin also
plays an important role in supply and demand forecasting, budgeting, inventory
of stocks, accounting, and other core business functions.

To express the cost and the markup in percent, the selling price is used
as the base: (MARK-UP based on SELLING PRICE or MARGIN). In this case, the
selling price is taken as 100%.

Example 3: Given: Selling price = Php 500 Cost = Php 400 MU = Php 100
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Cost as % of selling price =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑃ℎ𝑝 400
= = 0.80 𝑜𝑟 80%
𝑃ℎ𝑝 500

The ratio or percentage of margin can be computed by dividing the mark-

up by the selling price.

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Markup as % of selling price(margin) =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑃ℎ𝑝 100 1
= = 𝑜𝑟 0.20 𝑜𝑟 20%
𝑃ℎ𝑝 500 5

Selling price = 100% Cost = 80% MU = 20%

Amount Percentage
Selling Price Php 500 100%
Cost 400 80%
Mark-up 100 20%

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Now. let's compare the percentage of mark-up and margin-based on the
examples above:

Mark-up (rate Margin (rate

based on cost) based on selling
price
Selling Price Php 500 125% 100%
Cost 400 100% 80%
Mark-up 100 25% 20%

We can conclude that percentage of the mark-up is higher when computed

based on cost.

These findings can also be shown in

the graph we plotted at the beginning of the
lesson. Through the graph, we can easily
conclude that the percentage of the mark-up
is higher than the margin although they
applied the same markup amount. That is
also one of the reasons companies used
margin percentage instead of mark-up to
show a lower percentage of profit. Gross
margin also gives a more accurate overview
of the profit of the company, while mark-up
gives an overview of what the customer is
paying.

Example 4: A large milk tea sells for Php150 with a markup price of Php 60.
What is the cost of the milk tea and mark-up percentage based on selling price
or margin?

Solution: Cost of milk tea = selling price – mark-up

= Php 150 – 60 = Php 90

𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Markup as % of selling price =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒

𝑃ℎ𝑝 60 2
= = 𝑜𝑟 0.40 𝑜𝑟 40%
𝑃ℎ𝑝 150 5

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 What’s More
In each situation, determine whether it portrays mark-up or margin.
MARK-UP OR MARGIN?
1. It is computed based on the percentage of sales.
2. It is computed based on the percentage of the cost of goods sold.
3. It gives an overview of what the customer is paying.
4. It gives a more accurate overview of the profit of the company.
5. It is usually applied by the company owner to show a smaller
percentage of profit.
6. The amount that a seller adds to the price of a commodity before
selling it to a customer
7. The amount of money left after a company deducts its cost of
merchandise or services sold from its net sales.
8. It is essential in every business because it is reflected in the
annual income statement of every company
9. Kaye pays her wholesaler of canned pineapple juice for Php65
each. She applied a 30% profit and sell it for Php84.50 each.
What did she apply to find the selling price?
10. A 20% percentage rate is applied by the store owner in selling
the mineral water for Php 15 which he bought for Php 12.

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements with the correct words/phrases.

1. The amount of money left over after a company deducts its cost of
merchandise or services sold from its net sales is called______________

2. Margin is calculated based on a percentage of ______________________.

3. The amount that a seller adds to the price of commodities before selling it to
a customer is called ___________________________________________.

4. Markup is calculated based on a percentage of your cost of goods sold.

___________________________________________________________________.

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5. The percentage of ______________ is always higher than the percentage of
__________________ although they applied the same markup amount.

What I Can Do
Performance Task: (10 points)

Let us assume that you are planning to sell a product in your neighborhood.
Choose the best product you want to sell, then identify or compute the following:
a. The cost of the chosen product ___________________________________
b. The amount of profit or mark-up you want to apply _______________
c. The selling price of the product ___________________________________
d. The percentage of mark-up based on cost (mark-up) ______________
e. The percentage of mark-up based on selling price (margin)
_________________________________________________________________

Rubric for the output:

Needs
Excellent Very Good Fair
Criteria Good (3) improvement
(5) (3) (2)
(1)
Realistic Realistic Not Not realistic
Realistic/ Very realistic
and but not realistic and not
Original and original
original original but original original
All Committed 4
Correct Committed Committed Committed
computations or more
computation 1 mistake 2 mistakes 3 mistakes
are correct mistakes

Assessment
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer from
the given choices.
1. It is computed based on the percentage of the cost of goods sold.
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

2. It is the amount of gain that a seller makes on sales after deducting the cost
of goods sold.
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

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3. It gives an accurate overview of the profit of the company.
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

4. The trend of the graph of the percentage of markup and margin shows that
the graph of:
A. margin is higher than the mark-up.
B. the mark-up is equal to the margin.
C. the mark-up is higher than the margin.
D. mark-up and margin cannot be compared.

5. A 25% percentage rate is applied by the store owner in selling a bottle of soft
drink for Php 60 which he bought for Php 45. This is an example of:
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

6. A regular pizza sells for Php 250 with a markup price of Php 90. If the
percentage rate of profit is 56.25%, what did the owner apply?
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

7. The computer shop owner applied a 25% mark-up rate on the cost of the
computer printer which is Php 4,300. Find the selling price and the mark-up.
A. Php 5075 & 775 C. Php 5275 & 975
B. Php 5175 & 875 D. Php 5375 & 1075

8. Find the percentage of margin applied by the bookstore owner if Allan

purchases a textbook for Php 330 and sells it for Php 500.
A. 34% C. 51.51%
B. 47.93% D. 66%

9. Anna pays the wholesaler Php 200 for a calculator and then sells it to a buyer
for Php 350. What is the margin rate?
A. 33.33% C. 57.14%
B. 42.86% D. 75%

10. What is the selling price of a jacket that costs Php 400 if the markup rate is
30%?
A. Php 500 C. Php 540
B. Php 520 D. Php 560

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 Additional Activities
Complete the table below. Round-off your answer to 2 decimal places.

Mark-up Rate Margin Rate

Selling Price Cost Mark-up
(%) (%)
Php 350 Php 250 Php 100 40% 28.57%
1. Php 900 Php 200
2. 699 199

3. 1500 1200
4. 11200 9700
5. 700 30%
6. 150 35%
7. 2300 1800
8. 23400 19200
9. 7500 25%
10. 5900 15%

What I Know
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer from
the given choices.

1. The following are other expenses deducted from the selling price to get gross
margin EXCEPT:
A. Administrative cost C. Financing cost
B. Cost of goods D. Marketing cost

2. Margin rate can be computed by dividing the mark-up with the__________.

A. Cost of goods C. Profit
B. Operating expenses D. Selling price

3. What is the margin rate of selling a ball pen if each cost Php 5 and is sold for
Php 8?
A. 37.5% C. 60%
B. 50% D. 62.5%

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4. A soap manufacturer sells their products directly to the supermarket for Php45
each. Due to other financial charges applied, the supermarket owner used a
40% margin. How much is the selling price of each soap?
A. Php 65 C. 75
B. Php 70 D. 80

5. The store purchases their notebooks directly from their supplier for Php 18.
The store also incurred 10% expenses based on selling price. If the store sold
100 pieces of notebooks for Php 25 each, how much profit did they gain?
A. Php 400 C. Php 480
B. Php 450 D. Php 520

6. What is the rate of margin applied in problem number 5?

A. 18% C. 28%
B. 25% D. 39%

7. The appliance store owner sells each electric stove for Php 1100. Aside from
the cost of stove, they also incurred 15% marketing expenses based on selling
cost in promoting their items. The owner gained Php 400 for each stove. How
much is the cost as well as the other expenses incurred in selling each stove?
A. Php 520 & 170 C. Php 530 & 170
B. Php 525 & 175 D. Php 535 & 165

8. What is the margin rate applied by the store owner based on problem 7?
A. 25.36% C. 36.36%
B. 30.63% D. 48.63%

9. Aling Dory, a variety store owner, is calculating her gross margin for the month.
The total expenses incurred cost her Php 5000. If the total sales of the store is
Php 25000 and the total cost of her merchandise is Php14000, what is the
applied margin rate?
A. 20% C. 36%
B. 24% D. 43%

10. If Aling Dory wants to gain Php 7000, what margin rate should she apply?
A. 26.92% C. 53.85%
B. 28% D. 50%

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Lesson 2 GROSS MARGIN APPLIED IN SALES

What’s In
Keith and her friends went to Riverbanks’ Tiangge to buy different products that
they would like to sell to their classmates. Can you compute the following?

1. If the bracelet’s selling price is Php 30 with Php 5 markup,

what is the cost of the item?

2. If the selling price of a small bag is Php 120 and Keith

applied a 20% margin, what is the cost price?

3. Keith bought a wallet for Php 90 and she wants to sell it

for Php Php 120. What is her margin rate?

4. If a pack of stickers has a total selling price of Php 200 for

20 pieces, and they applied a 25%margin, what is the cost
of sticker per piece?

5. What is the applied margin rate if the pencil case costs

Php50, and is sold for Php 80?

What’s New

The performance task of BPP

students is to bake and sell their products.
Before that, they need to do costing and
compute for the reasonable selling price of
their product. After calculating the cost
and other operating expenses, they got a
total of Php 350 for 50 pieces of fried
siopao.

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Guide questions:
1. If they sell the siopao for Php 10 each, what is the markup rate based on
cost?
2. What is the markup rate based on selling price of the fried siopao?

What Is It
We previously learned that mark-up and margin are closely related to
each other. The major difference is that MARGIN is calculated based on a
percentage of sales(revenue), while MARK-UP is calculated based on a
percentage of your cost (direct cost and indirect cost per unit) of products sold.

In this lesson, we will be able to describe how gross margin is used in

sales and compute the gross margin from the given situation.

Gross margin is commonly used by most of the company firms because

it gives a more accurate and reliable data. Unlike markup that focuses only on
the cost and operating expenses of every item, gross margin also deducts other
expenses like administrative costs, sales and marketing costs, overhead
expenses, and other financing costs.

Gross margin is also included in every annual financial statement of a

company. It gives an overview of the status of their operation which serves as
a guide for reevaluation of their pricing structure.

Again, to compute for the percentage of gross margin:

𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡
Cost as % of selling price =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Markup as % of selling price or Margin =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
Gross Margin is the amount of profit that a retailer makes on a sale after
accounting for the Cost of Goods Sold.

Example 1: Liza makes a native bag that costs Php 400. After finishing 15
pieces, she sells it for Php 750.00. What are the markup amount and the
margin rate in selling native bag?
Solution: Markup = selling price – cost
750 – 400 = Php 350 markup amount
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
Margin rate =
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
350
= 0.4667 or 46.67% margin rate
750

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Example 2: The appliance store sold a dining set at a selling price of
Php21,000 with a 30% margin. What is the cost of the item sold? What is the
amount of margin? What is the margin rate?
Solution: Selling price = mark-up(margin) + cost
21000 = .30(21000) + Cost
21000 - 6300 = C
Php 14700 Cost of dining set
Margin = S – C = 21,000 – 14,700 = Php 6300
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
To check: Margin rate or Mark-up based on selling price =
𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
6300
= = 0.30 𝑜𝑟 30%
21000

Example 3: Jam accepts made to order cakes. It costs her Php 1800 and she
charges 10% of the selling price for the operating expenses she incurred in
baking the cake. If she wants a 30% markup rate, what is the selling price of
the cake? What is the rate of margin?
Solution: Selling price = cost + operating expenses + markup
S = 1800 + 0.1S + 0.3(1800)
S – 0.1S = 1800 + 540
0.9S = 2340
S = Php 2600 (Selling price of cake)
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝 540
Margin rate = = = 0.2077 𝑜𝑟 20.77%
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 2600

What’s More

Solve the following problems.

1. Mira sells ice candy in their neighborhood. She decided to make a 50%
margin (based on selling price) from the total selling price of Php 250 for
50 pieces.
a) What is the total cost of selling ice candy?
b) What is her gross profit after selling all her ice candies?

2. Sandra bought shirts for Php 80.00 each. She sells it for Php 120 each.
Find the rate of margin.

3. The appliance store sells wall fans for Php 1,800 each using a 20% margin.
What is the cost of each wall fan?

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 4. The cost price of bags in Divisoria Mall is Php 400 each, with 15%
additional operating expenses based on cost. If the seller wants to gain
Php 250 for each bag,
a) How much will she sell the bag?
b) What rate of margin should be used?

5. The drug store charges a 25% margin based on selling price on all their
medicines. If Tess bought 20 pieces of antibiotics for Php 400,
a) How much is the cost of each antibiotic?
b) How much profit did the drug store owner gained from Tess?

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements with appropriate words/phrases.

1. The amount of profit that a retailer makes on a sale after accounting for
the cost of goods sold is called ______________________________
2. To compute for the percentage of gross margin:
_ _
Cost as % of selling price =
Markup as % of selling price or Margin =
For 3-4, aside from the cost of goods, gross margin also deducts other
expenses from the selling price to get the gross margin. Give at least
three.
3. ____________________________________________________________________
4. ____________________________________________________________________
5. _______________________________________________________________

What I Can Do

Performance Task: (10 points)

Let us assume that you are planning to open your own variety store with at
least 10 items to sell. Enumerate the 10 items you want to sell in your store
with corresponding costs including 10% other expenses based on cost. Then,
indicate your desired profit, selling price, and the percentage of margin for
each item. The first item is provided for you as an example.

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 Product or
Cost Other Expenses Selling Cost Margin Rate
Merchandise
1. Sugar-1kilo Php 40 Php 5 Php 65 Php 30.77%
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Rubric for the output:

Needs
Excellent Very Good Fair
Criteria Good (3) improvement
(5) (3) (2)
(1)
Realistic Not realistic
Realistic/ Very realistic Realistic Not realistic
but not and not
Original and original and original but original
original original

All Committed 4
Correct Committed Committed Committed
computations or more
computation 1 mistake 2 mistakes 3 mistake
are correct mistakes

Assessment
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the right answer.

1. Margin rate can be computed by dividing the mark-up with the ____________.
A. Cost of goods C. Profit
B. Operating expenses D. Selling price

2. The following are other expenses deducted from the selling price to get gross
margin EXCEPT:
A. Administrative cost C. Financing cost
B. Cost of goods D. Overhead cost

City of Good Character 17

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
3. A shoe factory directly supplies shoes to Marikina Shoe Gallery at a cost of
Php 700 each. If the shoe gallery applied a 30% margin, how much is the
selling cost of the shoes?
A. Php 900 C. Php 1000
B. Php 950 D. Php 1050

4. What is the margin rate of selling mangoes if each costs Php60, and is sold for
Php90?
A. 25% C. 50%
B. 33.33% D. 66.67%

5. Ms. Reyes, the snack bar owner, is computing her gross profit for the month
of July. Aside from the total cost of Php 19000, she incurred other operating
expenses amounting to Php 5000. If she gained a gross margin of Php10000,
how much is her total sales?
A. Php 24000 C. Php 34000
B. Php 29000 D. Php 39000
6. What margin rate did Ms. Reyes apply?
A. 29.41% C. 41.67%
B. 34.48% D. 44.12%

7. Mr. Tan directly buys his shirts from the factory for Php 90 each. If he was
able to sell 50 pieces of the shirt using a 30% margin (based on selling price),
how much profit did he gain?
A. Php 1918.5 C. Php 1938.5
B. Php 1928.5 D. Php 1948.5

8. What is the selling price of each shirt based on problem number 7?

A. Php 115 C. Php 120.57
B. Php 117 D. Php 128.57

9. The computer shop owner sells each laptop for Php 21000. Aside from the
cost of the laptop, they also incurred 15% marketing expenses based on selling
cost in promoting their items. The owner gained Php 3000 for each laptop.
How much is the cost as well as the other expenses incurred in selling each
laptop?
A. Php 14000 & 4000 C. Php 15550 & 2450
B. Php 14850 & 3150 D. Php 16000 & 2000

10. What is the margin rate applied by the store owner based on problem 9?
A. 14.28% C. 36.36%
B. 20.20% D. 39.25%

City of Good Character 18

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Additional Activities
Answer the following questions (2 points each). Don’t forget to show your
solutions.

Mr. Arman, the canteen manager is calculating the weekly income of their
canteen. He computed the following:
Cost of raw materials for cooked foods Php 5000
Other administrative/operating expenses:
Cook/vendor salary 1000
Electricity/water bill 500
LPG 500

1. What is the total operating expense of Mr. Arman for that week?

2. What is the total cost and expenses for cooked food in 1 week? If Mr. Arman
applied a 30% markup based on selling price or margin, how much will be
the expected profit of the canteen for that week?

3. If Mr. Arman wants a fixed gross margin of Php 5000, what margin rate will
he use?

4. If you are the canteen manager, what margin rate will you apply and how
much profit will you gain from doing so?

What I Know
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the right answer.

A. The following are some of the reasons/situations merchandise owners or

sellers give trade discounts to buyers EXCEPT:
A. Bulk orders C. Installment payment
B. Cash payment D. Loyal customers

B. Tess used the discount card given by the department store to their regular
customers. She purchased a blouse worth Php 525, a shirt for Php 350 and
a bag for Php 800. How much will she pay if a 5% trade discount is given
to her?
A. Php 1590.25 C. Php 1592.25
B. Php 1591.25 D. Php 1593.25

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DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 C. Find the trade discount rate being given by the seller to the cash payer of
electric fan if its selling price is reduced to Php 1785 after deducting a
discount of 315 on its original selling price.
A. 15% C. 18%
B. 17.65% D. 19.65%

D. The price of a calculator was reduced from Php 550 to Php 475 after
applying a trade discount to the wholesaler. Find the discount rate given to
the wholesaler of calculator.
A. 11.64% C. 15.79%
B. 13.64% D. 17.79%

E. The selling price of my favorite magazine in the bookstore is Php 200 per
piece. But the publisher of the magazines gives a discount of 20% for a
yearly subscription. How much will I pay for the magazine if I subscribe
for 1 year?
A. Php 1600 C. Php 1810
B. Php 1705 D. Php 1920

For number 6 to 8, refer to the situation below:

During a midnight sale in a department store, Liza bought a school bag for
Php 800. If the store offers a trade discount series of 10/8/5,

F. How much discount will she receive in buying that bag?

A. Php 150.72 C. Php 170.72
B. Php 160.00 D. Php 184.00

G. How much will Liza pay for the bag?

A. Php 616 C. Php 640
B. Php 629.28 D. Php 649.28

H. What is the equivalent single trade discount of the discount series of

10/8/5?
A. 21.34% C. 23%
B. 22.34% D. 24%

I. Your mother promised you to buy a laptop for your online studies. If the
seller allows two successive discounts of 15% and 10%, how much will your
mother pay for the laptop amounting to Php 21000?
A. Php 15750 C. Php 17100

City of Good Character 20

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 B. Php 16065 D. Php 17750

J. Another unit of laptop with a selling price of Php 20100 is given a trade
discount rate of 25%. How much is the discounted price of the said laptop?
A. Php 15750 C. Php 17100
B. Php 16065 D. Php 17750

SINGLE TRADE DISCOUNT

Lesson 3 AND DISCOUNT SERIES

What’s In

Find the percentage, base, and rate!

1. What is 50% of 200?

2. 40% of a class with 50 students are girls. How

many students are girls?

3. How many are boys?

4. What is 70% of 300?

5. 200 is 50% of what number?

6. If 100 represents 25% of my savings, how much

savings do I have?

7. 150 is 30% of what number?

8. 120 is what percent of 150?

9. 25 is what part of 200?

10. How many percent of 500 is 100?

City of Good Character 21

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s New
Annie and Andrea are shopping at the
Riverbanks Mall during a midnight
sale. They bought different dresses
amounting to Php 500 each but
received different discounts. Annie
got 35% discount while Andrea was
given a series of discounts of 20%,
10% and 7%.

Guide questions:

1. Who do you think received a bigger discount?

2. How will you compute the given discounts given to both Annie and Andrea?

What Is It
In the previous lessons, you learned the process of finding the markup and
margin, as well as the discounts we received whenever a markdown was given. But
do you know that there are different discounts being applied by the seller or store
owner? This lesson will help you be aware in choosing the best discounts the
seller offers.

One of the reasons businessmen give discounts is to attract customers to

buy. This process is what we called trade discount. Trade discount is a certain
percentage or amount a manufacturer is willing to deduct from the retail price of
a product or commodities for buyers or retailers. This discount is also given to
wholesalers (volume discount), distributors, valued customers or regular
customers (incentive or loyalty discount), or even for a cash payment (cash
discount). It could be a single trade discount or series of discounts.

Single trade discounts are commonly known as “one-off” discounts that a

business offers to customers or buyers when their purchases meet a specific
condition that would trigger that discount. In computing the single trade
discount, we follow the formula: P = BR, where P is the Percentage (or trade
discount), B is the base (Selling Price) and R is the rate (Discount Rate).
Trade Discount = Selling Price x Discount Rate

City of Good Character 22

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
Example 1: Elsa, a restaurant owner purchased 10 kilos of meat from her favorite
meat vendor. Since she is a regular customer, the vendor gave her 12% discount
for the meat with the selling price of Php 250. How much trade discount will Elsa
receive? How much will she pay for 10 kilos of meat?
Solution: Total selling price = 250 x 10 kilos = Php 2500
Trade Discount = Selling Price x Discount Rate
= Php 2500 x 0.12
= Php 300 the discount Elsa will receive
Discounted price = Php 2500 – 300
= Php 2200 is the discounted amount Elsa will pay

Example 2: A PE uniform with the original price of Php 500 was sold at Php 420
for 50 and above orders. What was the discount rate given to bulk orders?
Solution: Trade Discount = selling price – discounted price
= Php 500 – 420
= Php 80

Trade Discount
Discount Rate =
Selling Price
80
= = 0.16 𝑜𝑟 16%
500

Example 3: Emily is a distributor of Avon products. She sells her products in an

installment basis. However, for cash buyers, she is giving a 10% discount. If
Anne pays Php 250 for a makeup in a cash basis, how much is the original selling
price of the item she bought?
Solution: Selling price = trade discount + discounted price
S = TD + DP
S = 0.1S + 250
250
0.9S = 250 ,S= = Php 277.78 Original selling price
0.9

In some cases, aside from the discount given by the store owner or seller to
the customer, they also give additional discount or discounts. Let us say, the first
discount given is 15/10/5. This is what we call discount series; however this is
not equal to 15% + 10% + 5% or 30% discount.

Example 4: The bag factory owner, Mr. Rivera, conducts an inventory sale to the
wholesaler of his bags. He gave discounts of 15/10/5 for a minimum of 50 bags.
Compute the series of discounts given by the factory owner if the selling price of
bags is Php 900 each.
Solution. First trade discount: Php 900 x 0.15
= Php 135
Initial discounted price = Php 765
Second trade discount = Php 765 x 0.10

City of Good Character 23

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 = Php 76.5
Second discounted price = Php 688.5
Third trade discount = Php 688.5 x 0.05
= Php 34.43
Third discounted price = Php 654.08

Other solution: initial discounted price = (100% - 15%)

= 0.85 x 900
Initial discounted price = Php 765
Second trade discount = 0.9 x 765
Second discounted price = Php 688.5
Third trade discount = 0.95 x 688.50
Third discounted price = Php 654.08

Example 5: Based on problem number 4, what is the total discount that will be
received for every bulk purchase of bags? What is the equivalent rate in single
trade discount of 15/10/5 discount series?
Solution. Total discount amount = Original Selling price - discounted price
Total discount amount = Php 900 – 654.08
= Php 245.92 Total discount of 15/10/5
To compute for the equivalent single trade discount rate:
amount of discount 245.92
Equivalent single trade discount rate= =
original selling price 900
Equivalent single trade discount rate= = 0.2732 or 27.32%
Other Solution:
Equivalent single trade discount rate = 1 – [(1- 0.15)(1-0.10)(1-0.05)]
= 1 – (0.85 x 0.9 x 0.95)
= 0.2732 or 27.32%

City of Good Character 24

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 What’s More

Complete the table below. Round-off your answer to 2 decimal places.

Original Selling
Discount rate Discount Discounted Price
Price

1. Php 1200 20%

2. 15,500 Php 2350
3. 850 Php 600
4. 10% 1350
5. 15% 450

Original Selling Discount series Equivalent single

Discounted Price
Price rate trade rate

6. Original 10% and 5%

Selling Price

7. Php 11200 12% and 3%

8. 5500 10/8/5

9. 1750 15/10/5

10. 980 20/5/5

What I Have Learned

Complete the following statements with the correct words/phrases.

1. ____________________ is a certain percentage or amount a manufacturer is

willing to deduct from the retail price of a product or commodities for buyers
or retailers.

2. _____________________ is commonly known as “one-off” discounts that a

business offers to customers or buyers when their purchases meet a specific
condition that would trigger that discount.
3. When the discount given by the store owner or seller to the customer is
followed by another discount or discounts, this is called ____________________.

City of Good Character 25

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 There are lots of reasons store owner or seller gives discount to their customers.
For 4 - 6, name three reasons/cases for applying trade discounts:
4. ____________________________________________________________________
5. ____________________________________________________________________
6. ____________________________________________________________________

What I Can Do
Performance Task: (10 points)
Let us assume that you are planning to buy school supplies this coming
school year. Your parent gave you Php 300 as your budget. Prepare a list of school
supplies you need to buy in the bookstore and get the corresponding selling price
and apply a single trade discount of 15%, and a discount series of 10%, 4% and 2%.
Total discounted price should not exceed your budget. Choose and encircle the total
discounted price of the best buy.

Original Selling Discounted Discounted Price

School supplies
Price Price of 15% of 10/4/2

Total discounted price

Rubric for the output:

Needs
Excellent Very Good Fair
Criteria Good (3) improvement
(5) (3) (2)
(1)
Realistic Realistic Realistic Not realistic Not realistic
Very realistic price
price/ price and price but not price but price and not
and important
important important so important important important
supplies
supplies supplies supplies supplies supplies

Correct All computations Committed 1 Committed 2 Committed 3 Committed 4 or

computation are correct mistake mistakes mistake more mistakes

City of Good Character 26

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Assessment
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. The following are the trade discounts given by the supplier or seller to the
buyers EXCEPT:
A. Cash discount C. Installment discount
B. Incentive discount D. Volume discount

2. The price of a jacket was reduced from Php 600 to Php 450 after applying a
trade discount to the wholesaler. Find the discount rate given to the
wholesaler of jacket.
A. 25% C. 27%
B. 26% D. 28%

3. Find the trade discount rate being given by the seller to the cash payer of an
oven toaster if its selling price is reduced to Php 1200 after deducting a
discount of 250 on its original selling price.
A. 20.33% C. 22.33%
B. 21.33% D. 23.33%

4. Jun used the discount card given by the supermarket to their regular
customers. He purchased 1 pack of milk worth Php 330, 3 loafs of bread for
Php 69 each, 1 pack of coffee for Php 89 and 1 bottle of shampoo for Php
290. How much will he pay if a 5% trade discount is given to him?
A. Php 870.20 C. Php 872.20
B. Php 871.20 D. Php 873.20

5. The selling price for a 20-volume encyclopedia is Php 30000 which is payable
in one year. But a discount of 20% is given to a cash buyers. How much will
you pay for the encyclopedia if you avail the cash payment?
A. Php 22000 C. Php 24000
B. Php 23000 D. Php 25000

6. Mrs. Cruz is plannig to buy a refrigerator. If the seller allows two successive
discounts of 20% and another 5%, how much will she pay for the refrigerator
amounting to Php 18900?
A. Php 14264 C. Php 14464
B. Php 14364 D. Php 14564

City of Good Character 27

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 7. Another model of refrigerator for Php 19900 is given a trade discount rate of
25%. How much is the discounted price of it?
A. Php 14625 C. Php 14825
B. Php 14725 D. Php 14925

For problem number 8 to10, refer to the situation below.

During midnight sale in a department store, Mae bought a watch for Php1700.
If the store offers a trade discount series of 10/7/4,

8. how much discount will she receive in buying the watch?

A. Php 314.02 C. Php 334.02
B. Php 324.02 D. Php 344.02

9. How much will Mae pay for the watch?

A.Php1355.98 C. Php 1375.98
B.Php 1365.98 D. Php 1385.98

10. What is the equivalent single trade discount of the discount series of 10/7/4?
A. 19.65% C. 21.65%
B. 20.65% D. 22.65%

Additional Activities
Solve the following problems.
1. A fruit dealer gives 10% discount to his regular customers. If Delia buys 2 kilos
of grapes for Php 200/kilo, 2 kilos of avocado for Php 80/kilo and 3 kilos of
mango for Php 110/kilo, how much will Delia pay if she is a regular customer?
2. The regular price of a family size pizza is Php 469. Find the discount rate being
given by the pizza parlor owner if the price for 2 family size pizza became
Php699.

3. The two brands of shirts offer the same price but different discounts. Shirt A
gives a 25% single discount while shirt B gives 10/10/6. How much is the
discounted price of each shirt worth Php 400?

4. A factory of bedsheets allows a discount of 10% if you purchase at least 5

pieces. Then, another 10% discount will be given if it is paid in cash. If your
sister will buy 5 pieces of bedsheets worth Php 569 each and in cash basis,
how much will your sister pay after applying the series of discounts?

City of Good Character 28

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 5. Find the equivalent single discount of three successive discounts of 10%, 9%
and 8%.

SUMMATIVE TEST
Read and answer each item carefully. Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. It gives an accurate overview of the profit of the company or industry.

A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

2. The trend of the graph of the percentage of markup and margin shows that the
graph of:
A. the mark-up is higher than the margin.
B. margin is higher than the mark-up.
C. the mark-up is equal to the margin.
D. mark-up and margin cannot be compared.

3. A regular milk tea sells for Php 80 with a markup price of Php 20. If the
percentage rate of profit is 33.33%, what did the owner apply?
A. Mark-down C. Mark-up
B. Mark-on D. Margin

4. Anna pays the wholesaler Php 9 for a pencil and then sells it to the buyer for
Php 12. What is the margin rate?
A. 25% C. 42%
B. 33.33% D. 50%

5. The accessory shop owner applied a 30% mark-up rate on the cost of the key
chain, which is Php 40. Find the selling price.
A. Php 50 C. Php 52
B. Php 51 D. Php 53

6. What is the margin rate of selling a piece of hamburger if each cost Php12 and
is sold for Php 20?
A. 33.33% C. 50%
B. 40% D. 66.67%

7. What is the markup rate of selling hamburgers based on problem number 6?

A. 33.33% C. 50%
B. 40% D. 66.67%

City of Good Character 29

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
8. The wholesaler gets from the shoe factory each pair of shoes at a cost of Php650.
If the wholesaler of shoes was able to sell 20 pieces using a 30% margin, how
much profit did the wholesaler gained?
A. Php 3,900 C. Php 5571.43
B. Php 4,500 D. Php 6018.32

9. What is the selling price of the pair of shoes based on problem number 8?
A. Php 845 C. Php 928.57
B. Php 875 D. Php 950.92

For problem number 10 to 12, refer to the situation below.

The flower shop owner sells a bouquet of roses for Php 500. Aside from the cost of
the roses, the owner also incurred 15% marketing expenses based on selling cost in
promoting the flowers. If the owner gained Php 200 for each bouquet,

10. How much is the cost and other expenses incurred in selling each bouquet of
roses?
A. Php 200 & 100 C. Php 250 & 50
B. Php 225 & 75 D. Php 275 % 25

11. What is the margin rate applied by the shop owner?

A. 33.33% C. 50%
B. 40% D. 66.67%

12. What is the markup rate applied in selling a bouquet of roses?

A. 33.33% C. 50%
B. 40% D. 66.67%

13. Ms. Ruiz seeks the help of an accountant in computing the gross profit of her
bakery for the week. Aside from the total cost of Php 12000, she also incurred
other operating expenses of Php 3000. If she gained a gross margin of Php
5000 in a week, how much is her total sales?
A. Php 12000 C. Php 17000
B. Php 15000 D. Php 20000

14. What margin rate did Ms. Ruiz apply in her baked products?
A. 25% C. 41.67%
B. 29.41% D. 44.12%

City of Good Character 30

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
15. The price of a computer table was reduced from Php 3600 to Php 2900 after
applying a trade discount to a loyal customer. Find the discount rate given to
the computer table.
A. 17.44% C. 19.44%
B. 18.44% D. 20.44%

16. John was given 15% trade discount or Php 375 for the oven toaster he bought.
What is the original price of oven toaster?
A. Php 2400 C. Php 2600
B. Php 2500 D. Php 2700

17. The cash payer is given a 23% discount to the necklace she bought for a
discounted price of Php 2100. What is the original price of necklace?
A. Php 2707.27 C. Php 2727.27
B. Php 2717.27 D. Php 2737.27

18. During the Christmas season, the supermarket offers 10/9/8 discounts to a
customer who will buy 10 pieces of ham worth Php 590 each. How much will
the customer pay for the 10 pieces of ham?
A. Php 4445.53 C. Php 4565.53
B. Php 4455.53 D. Php 4575.53

19. What is the single discount equivalent rate of 10/9/8 series of discounts?
A. 21.65% C. 23.65%
B. 22.65% D. 24.65%

20. What is the discounted price of a cake with the original selling price of Php
2300 if baker A offers 30% discount while baker B offers 15/10/5?
A. Php 1610 and Php 1666.53 C. Php 1620 and Php 1676.53
B. Php 1610 and Php 1671.53 D. Php 1620 and Php 1681.53

City of Good Character 31

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 References

• Business Mathematics(2016)-Teaching Guide from CHED donated to DepEd

• Mariano, N.L. (2016) – Business Mathematics First Edition

• https://teachtogether.chedk12.com/teaching_guides/view/424

• https://www.investopedia.com/articles/pf/08/buy-sell-online.asp

• https://www.scribd.com/presentation/422309079/BUYING-AND-SELLING

• https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/122214/what-difference-
between-revenue-and-profit.asp

• http://michelleraedelgado.blogspot.com/2015/12/markupmarkdown-and-
markon.html

• https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/mark-up.html

• https://www.scribd.com/presentation/421952772/BUYING-AND-SELLING

City of Good Character 32

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Answer Key
LESSON 1
Pre-assessment What’s In What’s More?

1. C 6. D 1. 25% 20% 1. Margin 6. Markup

2. D 7. B 2. 40% 29% 2. Markup 7. Margin
3. D 8. A 3. 50% 33% 3. Markup 8. Margin
4. C 9. C 4. 57% 36% 4. Margin 9. Mark-up
5. A 10. B 5. 70% 41% 5. Margin 10. Margin
Post-assessment Additional Activity
1. C 6. C 1) 700 28.57% 22.22% 6) 202.5 52.5 25.93%
2. C 7. D 2) 500 39.80% 28.47% 7) 500 27.78% 21.74%
3. D 8. A 3) 300 25% 20% 8)4200 21.88% 17.95%
4 C 9. B 4)1500 15.46% 13.39% 9)5625 1875 33.33%
5 D 10. B 5) 910 210 23.08% 10)5015 885 17.65%

LESSON 2
Pre-assessment What’s In What’s New What’s More
1.B 6.A 1. Php 25 1. Php 253 1. a) Php 125 b)hp 125
2.D 7.D 2. Php 96 97.63% 2. 33.33%
3.A 8.C 3. 25% 3. Php 1440
4.C 9. B 4. Php 7.5 2. Php 247 4. a) 710 b) 35.21%
5.B 10.A 5. 37.5% 49.40% 5. a)Php 15 b) Php 100

What I have learned Post-assessment Additional Activity

1. Margin or gross margin 1. D 6.A 1. Php 2000
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 2. B 7.B 2. Php 7000
2. Cost as % of SP =
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑢𝑝
3. C 8.D 3. Php 3000
Margin rate = 4. B 9.B 4. 41.67%
𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒
3}Administrative cost 5. C 10.A 5. Answer may vary
4}Sales & marketing cost
5}Overhead expenses
6}Other financial cost (in any order)
LESSON 3
Pre-assessment What’s In? What’s More

1. B 6. A 1) 100 6) 400 1) 240, 960 6) 9576 14.5%

2. D 7. D 2) 20 7) 500 2) 15.16% 13150 7) 4694.80 14.64%
3. A 8. C 3) 30 8) 80% 3) 29.41% 250 8) 1376.55 21.34%
4) 210 9) 1/8 or 12.5%
4. C 9. B 4) 1500 150 9) 712.22 27.33%
5) 400 10) 20%
5. B 10. A 5) 3000 2550 10) 2310.4 27.8%
What I have learned What I Can Do Additional Activity
Answer may vary
1. Trade discount Post Assessment 1)Php 801
2. Single trade discount 1.C 6. B 2) 25.48%
3. Discount series or series of 2.A 7. D 3) Shirt A = Php 300 Shirt B = Php 304.56
discounts 3.D 8. C 4) Php 460.89
4. } loyal or regular customers 4.A 9. B 5) 24.65%
5.C 10. A
5 } wholesaler or bulk orders
6}cash payments

City of Good Character 33

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE
 Development Team of the Module
Writer: Maritess S. Zara (NHS)
Editors:
Internal Reviewer: Dominador J. Villafria, EPS – Mathematics
External Validator: Kervin Rey G. Torente (ADMU)
Cover Illustrator: Joel J. Estudillo (SNNHS)
Layout Artist:
Management Team:
Sheryll T. Gayola
Assistant Schools Division Superintendent
OIC, Office of the Schools Division Superintendent

Elisa O. Cerveza
Chief, Curriculum Implementation Division
OIC, Office of the Assistant Schools Division Superintendent

Dominador J. Villafria
Education Program Supervisor - Mathematics

Ivy Coney A. Gamatero

Education Program Supervisor – Learning Resource Management Section

For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Schools Division Office- Marikina City

Email Address: sdo.marikina@deped.gov.ph

191 Shoe Ave., Sta. Elena, Marikina City, 1800, Philippines

Telefax: (02) 8682-2472 / 8682-3989

City of Good Character 34

DISCIPLINE • GOOD TASTE • EXCELLENCE