Touro Law Review

Volume 16 Number 1 Article 5

1999

Construction Contract Damages: The “Measured Mile”

Methodology
Steven C. Bennett

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Bennett, Steven C. (1999) "Construction Contract Damages: The “Measured Mile” Methodology," Touro
Law Review: Vol. 16: No. 1, Article 5.
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 CONSTRUCTION Bennett:
CONTRACT Measured Mile Methodology
DAMAGES: THE
"MEASURED MILE" METHODOLOGY

Steven C. Bennett*

I. INTRODUCTION

Generally, under New York law, a contractor who claims

damages as a result of an owner's interference with performance of
a construction contract must prove a "causal relationship" between
the delay or interference claimed, and the damages for which the
contractor seeks compensation.! However, such damages
calculations need only be a "fair estimate" of actual damages. 2
The court may thus accept a damage calculation even if it is
"imprecise." 3 Moreover, "[i]t is well settled that where the trial
court's apportionment of damages can be '4
reasonably supported by
the evidence, it should not be disturbed.
An estimate of damages, however, cannot simply be a guess by
the contractor or its experts. How, then, can a contractor establish
a reasonable estimate of the impact of an owner's interference or
delay on completion of the project? The decision in Clark-
Fitzpatrick suggests that the "measured mile" methodology for
damage calculations is one approach that will be accepted in New
York courts.5

* Steven C. Bennett is a partner in the New York City offices of JONES, DAY,
REAvLs AND POGUE. Mr. Bennett was trial and appellate counsel in Clark-
Fitzpatrick Inc. v. State of New York, No. 80993 (N.Y. Ct. Cl. June 17, 1997),
af'd, No. 97-07920 (2d Dep't Feb. 1, 1999), appeal denied 93 N.Y.2d 807
(1999). The views expressed in this article are solely those of the author, and
should not be attributed to the author's firm or its clients.
'Berley Indus., Inc. v. City of New York, 45 N.Y.2d 683, 687, 385 N.E.2d
281, 283,412 N.Y.S.2d 589, 591 (1978).
2 Id. at 687. An award may not be denied merely because "the quantum of
damage is unavoidably uncertain, beset by complexity or difficult to ascertain."
Id.
3 Felhaber Corp. v. State, 65 A.D.2d 119, 127, 410 N.Y.S.2d 920, 926 (3d
Dep't. 1978) ("the apportionment of damages is not an exact science!), app.
denied,48 N.Y.2d 604,396 N.E.2d 486,421 N.Y.S.2d 1029 (1979).
4 Id.at 127, 128, 410 N.Y.S.2d at 926 (citing Rusciano Constr. Corp. v.State
of New York, 37 A.D.2d 745,747 (3d Dep't. 1971)).
5 See Clark-Fitzpatrick v. State of New York, No. 80993 (N.Y. Ct. Cl. June
17, 1997).

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II. CLARK-FITZPATRICK INC. V. NEW YORK: THE

BACKGROUND

The Clark-Fitzpatrick project involved rehabilitation of the

Coney Island viaduct - which is essentially a bridge over land
obstructions. 6 Rehabilitation required construction of a detour
road, removal of concrete on the structure, repair of corrosion-
damaged steel, replacement of concrete, and restoration of the
site.7 Originally, the project was planned to be completed in less
than three years; however, the project actually required more than
five years to complete." In addition, the claimant alleged that costs
on the project had escalated from around $20 million to well over
$30 million. 9
The claimant alleged that the State had caused the delay in the
project and that the extra cost associated with the project was a
result of a series of problems in investigation, design, and
coordination of the work. 10 For example, one of the major
problems on the project concerned additional steel repairs
("ASRs")." The original inspection of the bridge was conducted
in 1977-1978, but the project did not begin until 1983, while steel
repairs did not begin until 1984.12 A State engineer observed, even
before the project began, that there was some doubt regarding the
validity of the extent of the planned repairs given the delay in
beginning the project.' 3 Nevertheless, the approved plans gave no

6 Id. at 2. The project began in 1983 and was completed, after delays, in
1988. A claim in connection with the project was filed in 1990. The case was
not tried until 1996. Trial of the claim required nearly four months, and
involved
7
review of more than one thousand exhibits. Id.
id. at3.
8 Id. at 2. The court found that "[tihe contract was awarded to Clark-
Fitzpatrick Inc. on March 3, 1983.... Work was to commence within ten days
after the award and to be completed by December 15, 1985 .... In fact, the
work was not finished until June 11, 1988, a delay of 909 days." Id.
9 Id. at2.
1o See id. at 3-107 (summarizing the delays encountered in all phases of the
project).
" Id. at 65.
12 Id. at 57.
13 Id. at 56.

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 Bennett: Measured Mile Methodology

1999] "MEASURED MILE" METHODOLOGY

indication about the age of the inspection and did not suggest that
expected. 14
large-scale ASRs were
As a result of age, incompleteness of the investigation, and
design problems, more than 1500 ASRs were added to the 1200
planned steel repairs during the course of the project. 15
Furthermore, the State did not have a regular schedule for
6
inspection of the viaduct during the course of the project.
Additional repairs were ordered chaotically, such that the
contractor could not complete the demolition, repair, and concrete
7
replacement operations in an efficient, organized "train" of work.i
As the trial court (the Court of Claims) concluded: "there was an
inescapable increase in the amount of labor and equipment usage
(and movement) in order to accommodate the hop-scotch fashion
in which work was accomplished and the continual revision of
18
plans and order of work."

I. THEORY OF LIABILITY

In every construction contract, the owner's duty is to "facilitate

the work and to do nothing intentionally or purposefully that would
prevent the other party from carrying out the agreement on his
part."' 19 Where it is established that the owner's breach of that duty
has made it necessary for the contractor to perform extra work or
to incur other damages, and the owner is not otherwise relieved of
liability, the owner must pay the damages associated with its
breach. 20

'4 Id. at 57-58.

5
' Id. at 62.
16 Id. at 66.
17 id.
s Id. at71.
19 Green Island Constr. Co. v. State, No. 84776, slip op. (N.Y. CL Cl. Apr. 4,
1996) (quotation omitted). There is no "all-inclusive" list of owner actions that
can be classified as interference. Id. Generally, however, such interference
includes "defective plans," an "abnormal amount of redesign or other changes"
and "failing to process changes and design revisions in a timely fashion." Id. at
19-20.
20 See John B. Pike & Son, Inc. v. State No. 70979, slip op. at 18 (N.Y. Ct. Cl.
Oct. 28, 1993) (noting a "fundamental" rule that a contractor who is required to
do extra work on a project is entitled to compensation), aff'd as modified, 212
A.D.2d 963, 623 N.Y.S.2d 464 (4th Dep't 1995).

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Furthermore, where the owner's directions to a contractor

constitute a "qualitative change" in the work, such that the
contractor is required to "progress the work in a manner not
contemplated at the time of the bid," recovery of the additional
cost of the changed work may be allowed, even where a unit price
for the work already exists. 2 1 An "unusually large number of
change orders" may constitute a qualitative change. 22 The key
issue is whether the extra work was contemplated by the parties at
the time of bidding. 3
Moreover, an owner must bear the burden of defective designs
and specifications where the contractor performs work in
conformity with the owner's plans, but is unable to achieve the
desired result.24 Where the owner makes changes in plans, it must
do so "as quickly as possible" so that the contractor is not held
back in his work, his workers and equipment are not required to
remain idle, and he is not forced to perform in a "hop-skip, hit-and-
miss fashion." 25 Where the owner's directions to the contractor are
21J & K Plumbing & Heating Co. v. State, No. 78566, slip op. at 34-35 (N.Y.
Ct. Cl. Aug. 11, 1995), aff'd, 652 N.Y.S.2d 369 (3d Dep't 1997); see also John
Arborio, Inc. v. State, 41 Misc. 2d 145, 148, 245 N.Y.S.2d 274, 276-79 (N.Y.
Ct. Cl. 1963) (stating that "[tihe difference between the represented quantities
and the actual quantities [was] so great that the State cannot escape the
consequences of its misleading and deceptive statements to the financial
detriment of an innocent bidder ...").
22 Barry, Betty & Led Duke, Inc. v. State, No. 74178, slip op. at 30 (Ct. Cl.
Mar. 31, 1994); Davis-Eckert, Inc. v. State, No. 63730, slip op. at 30-31 (Ct. Cl.
June 29, 1990) (stating that the cumulative effect of change orders interfered
with the normal course of the contractor's work).
23 Triple Cities Constr. Co. v. State, No. 67423, slip op. at 7-8 (Ct. Cl. Nov. 26,
1991) (noting that a qualitative change is where extra work was "much more
difficult and costly" and "not originally contemplated"), affid, 194 A.D.2d 1037,
599 N.Y.S.2d 874 (3d Dep't 1993); Tufano Contracting Corp. v. State, 25
A.D.2d 329, 332, 269 N.Y.S.2d 564, 566 (3d Dep't 1966) (noting that a
quantitative increase in detour roads was not originally contemplated).
24 See Fruin-Colnon Corp. v. Niagara Frontier Transp. Auth., 180 A.D.2d 222,
230, 585 N.Y.S.2d 248, 253 (4th Dep't 1992).
25 Barry, Betty & Led Duke, Inc. v. State, No. 74178, slip op. at 30 (Ct. Cl.
Mar. 31, 1994); see also John Arborio, Inc. v. State, No. 65193, slip op. at 18
(Ct. Cl. July 22, 1992) (holding that the State is liable where it "delayed an
unreasonable length of time in deciding upon the final solution" to the problem);
Ballard Constr., Inc. v. State, No. 64853, slip op. at 21 (Ct. Cl. June 28, 1991)
(holding that the State had a duty to respond "immediately" with a solution.
Moreover, that the owner has paid some amount of money for the changes is not

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not prompt and rational, the owner may be held liable for impacts
on the efficiency of the contractor's work.26
In Clark-Fitzpatrick, 27 the New York Court of Claims applied
these essential principles. Judge James P. King found that
"[n]either party persuaded the court to adopt its position
completely." 28 Nevertheless, the court held that the "principal
factor" that "guaranteed" that there would be a "substantial delay"
on the project was the "staleness" of the State's plans and the
"inadequacy of its prior investigations," as well as the State's
"planning oversights." 29 Thus, the issue became the measure of
the "true damages
30
resulting from this breach of duty on the part of
the State."

IV. THE THEORY OF THE "MEASURED MILE"

The "measured mile" theory, 1 which is sometimes referred to as

the "measured productivity method" of damage calculation, has
been recognized as a "superior" method of measuring inefficiency

dispositive); Johnson Elec. Constr. Corp. v. State, No. 75527, slip op. at 7 (Ct.
Cl. Nov. 29, 1993) (holding that "[g]iven the excessive amount of such change
orders, the frequent excessive time for their determination, the misdesign on
which the overwhelming majority were based and the redoing of work required
by some of them, we do not find the amounts allowed claimant by the State in
said change orders to have adequately compensated it for the delays,
interference and concomitant inefficiencies caused thereby").
26 See Castagna & Son v. Bd. of Educ., 173 A.D.2d 405, 406, 570 N.Y.S.2d
286, 287 (1st Dep't 1991) (noting that the "piecemeal, non-sequential and
belated" manner of changing work may constitute a breach of a fundamental
obligation of contract); Whitmyer Bros., Inc. v. State, 63 A.D.2d 103, 107, 406
N.Y.S.2d 617, 620 (3d Dep't 1978) (affirming recovery where "planned orderly
manner" of work was disrupted), af'd, 47 N.Y.2d 960, 393 N.E.2d 1027, 419
N.Y.S.2d 954 (1979).
27See Clark-Fitzpatrick Inc. v. State of New York, No. 80993 (N.Y. Ct. Cl.
1997).
28 Id. at 109.
29
Id at 109-10. The court noted that the project was "marked by an inordinate
amount of inadequate information, design problems, and
unanticipated...
30
conditions." See id. at 131-32.
Id.at71.
3'Id. at 135. The court determined that the measured mile average is the
production rate that would have been attained ifitwere not for impacts such as
an unwarranted number of ASRs issued inan unsynchronized fashion. Id.

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damages. 32 This method of damage calculation compares the "cost

of the work that was accomplished during the disruption period" to33
the "cost of work accomplished without the disruption.
Therefore, instead of using "industry averages" for comparison, the
control figures come from the project itself, such that the measure
of lost productivity will more closely relate to "the particular
project and the particular circumstances of delay" actually
experienced.34
In addition, the "measured mile" methodology does not depend
upon the contractor's planned productivity rate. 35 Thus, "any
underlying errors in the bid estimate are eliminated from
consideration" in the "measured mile" calculation. 36 As a result,
the "measured mile" methodology may37be used even where the
contractor's bid estimates are unrealistic.

32 See BARRY B. BRAMBLE and MICHAEL T. CALLAHAN, CONSTRUCTION

DELAY CLAIMS, § 12.26 at 398 (1992).
33 Id.
34 id.
See Clark-Fitzpatrick,No.80993 at 135. The Court of Claims determined
that "a 'measured mile' factor ... is based on actual production and costs
associated with [a] contractor[s] performing the same work operations
repeatedly: 'production or costs that you were actually able to attain."' Id.
36 THEODORE J. TRAUNER and ANGELA M. SIST, IDENTIFYING, PROVING AND
QUANTIFYING DAMAGES IN PLI, HANDLING CONSTRUCTION RISKS: ALLOCATE
Now OR LITIGATE LATER 182-83 (1998); see WILLIAM SCHWARTZKOPF, JOHN
MCNAMARA and JULIAN HOFFAR, CALCULATING CONSTRUCTION DAMAGES
§2.16 (1992) (noting that the "measured mile" calculation is "favored" because
it "eliminates disputes over the validity of cost estimates, or factors which may
have impacted productivity due to no fault of the owner").
37 Courts in other jurisdictions have frequently approved the measured mile
theory to calculate damages. See, e.g., E.C. Ernst, Inc. v. Koppers Co., 476 F.
Supp. 729 (W.D. Pa. 1979) (referring to the measured mile method of
calculation with approval); Natkin & Co. v. George A. Fuller Co., 347 F. Supp.
17 (W.D. Mo. 1972) (holding that a comparison of unit costs during impacted
and non-impacted periods was reasonable method of computing damages), affd
as modified, 626 F.2d 324 (8th Cir. 1980); Goodwin Contractors, Inc., AGBCA
No. 89-148-1, 92-2 BCA (CCH) Para. 24,931 (1992) (approving the measured
mile formula to calculate lost labor productivity). But see Kit-San-Azusa, J.V.
v. United States, 32 Fed. Cl. 647, 659 (1995) (stating that the measured mile
calculation is not possible where "impact of the changes could not be captured
by comparing the time and effort involved in. laying a 'normal' stretch of
pipeline with that of laying an impacted stretch").

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In Clark-Fitzpatrick,the contractor's principal project manager

testified concerning the details of the contractor's damage claim
methodology. 38 She explained the nature of the contractor's
"measured mile" calculation, which was used to compute several
categories of damages related to steel reconstruction work on the
viaduct.39 The40
contractor based this calculation on actual
performance:

[It's based on actual production and actual costs for

the State doing the same work operations repeatedly.
You can come up with different production and/or cost
rates over a period of time for doing the same work
operation, and those are called a measured mile. Your
measured mile is something you actually did. 1

Given that it was actually possible to operate at certain rates of

production (as demonstrated by the "measured mile" calculation),
the contractor claimed that it "should have been able to attain that
production rate more than once." 42
The Court of Claims accepted this essential analysis, 43 stating
that it found "no reason to question claimant's method of
calculating damages" based on this methodology. 4 The Court
noted, in particular, that "the State has neither shown the method to

3s Trial Record at 4202, Clark-Fitzpatrick(No. 80993). The court analyzed

damages "claim item by claim item." Id.
39 Id. The contractor's claim contained 32 causes of action. Including sub-
parts, the contractor's claim totaled 42 separate claims, many of which did not
make use of a "measured mile" methodology. Id.
40 Id. at 27. The contractor's damage claims were based on more than 150
boxes of financial records, which were available in the court room for the State's
review (and which had previously been make available to the state for review by
counsel and auditors). Id. Trial Record at 4198 (the financial records were used
to calculate damage). See Clark-Fitzpatrick, No.80993, slip op. at 14. The
court also admitted summaries of the contractor's records into evidence, holding
that the summaries would be a "tremendous aid" to the court. Id.
41 Trial Record at 4212, Clark-Fitzpatrick(No. 80993).
42
Id. at 4214. In order to be "reasonable and conservative," all measured mile
calculations dropped the lowest of the production costs and used an average of a
number of the other achievable production cost rates. Id.
43 Clark-Fitzpatrick,claim No. 80993, slip op. at 167.
44 Id. at 138.

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be untrustworthy nor presented an alternate, superior theory of its

own." 45 In particular, although the State conducted an extensive
audit of the contractor's financial records and claim methodology,
the State chose not to present any of that analysis at trial.46
In accepting the contractor's "measured mile" methodology, the
Court of Claims specifically rejected the State's assertions that the
damage claims were flawed by reason of "unsupported"
calculations, "based on estimates," and "duplicative of each
other." 47 The court concluded that "[i]t is beyond dispute that
claimant's work would have proceeded more smoothly and
efficiently had there not been the large number of ASRs issued in
such a disorderly fashion, and that 48
resulting loss of efficiency
directly translates into lost dollars."
The court found that "the only part of [the contractor's]
calculations that seem questionable, or overly-optimistic" was the
use of "quite low figures" to establish the analysis of the potential
production 49rates that the contractor should have been able to
reproduce:

45 id.
46 The State's auditors initially reviewed the contractor's books and records
regarding the contractor's "total cost" claim, and later conducted a detailed
review (lasting an entire year) of the contractor's individual claims. See id. at
148 (finding that the "State had access to all of claimant's records over a number
of years and yet presented nothing to refute" contractor's damage calculations).
Generally, under such circumstances, a trial court is "justified in crediting" a
claimant's evidence "in the absence of any rebuttal by the State with its vast
reservoir of engineering and construction experience." Felhaber Corp. v. State,
69 A.D.2d 362, 369, 419 N.Y.S.2d 773, 776 (3d Dep't. 1979); see D'Angelo v.
State, 46 A.D.2d 983, 362 N.Y.S.2d 283, 284-85 (3d Dep't. 1974) (noting that it
is "readily understandable" that trial court would credit testimony of claimant's
witness "in the absence of any rebuttal").
41 Id. at 136-38.
48 Id. at 138. Clark-Fitzpatrick's man-hours and costs to complete the deck
replacement work greatly increased because of inefficient operations and
acceleration. See Trial Record at 3738, Clark-Fitzpatrick(No. 80993), (noting
that in an attempt to recover lost time, crews were "three times" the planned
size); id. at 3740, 3904 (noting the inefficiency due to the ASRs, even with
acceleration, it was not possible to return the project to the planned construction
season cycle. Thus, the contractor performed significant amounts of deck
replacement work activities in the least efficient winter period). See id. at 3663-
64 (noting that the work had to be done on the "fringes of winter").
49 Clark-Fitzpatrick,No. 80993, slip op. at 137.

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[I]t seems unrealistic to believe that all pours [of

concrete] would have proceeded in very nearly the
most efficient manner, as well as somewhat inaccurate
to assume that all costs above that associated with high
efficiency can be attributed to the problems with the
State's plans and inspection procedures. As defense
counsel pointed out, factors such as weather, [the
contractor's] own inefficiency, subcontractors'
inefficiency, and the need to perform corrective work
would also have increased costs, and without doubt
some of these occurred.50

To account for these potential alternate explanations for the

disparity in rates of production, the Court made a "further
reduction" of 10% on all dama e claims calculated by use of the
"measured mile" methodology.

V. APPELLATE TREATMENT OF THE "MEASURED

MILE" THEORY

On appeal from the decision by the Court of Claims, the State of

New York took the position that it was not responsible for even
one day of delay on the project. 52 Further, the State argued that the
contractor's
53
damage calculations were flawed by the use of
estimates.
The Appellate Division, Second Department, rejected both of
these arguments.54 The Appellate Division held that the Court of
Claims' findings that the State was liable for a portion of the
record." 56
delay55 were "reasonable and well supported in the
Furthermore, the Court concluded that the award was properly
50
Id.at 138-39.
51Id. at 139.
52 Brief for Appellant at 25, Clark-Fitzpatrick(No.97-07920).
5 Id.
54 Clark-Fitzpatrick Inc., v. State of New York, 258 A.D.2d 431,682 N.Y.S.2d
916 (2d Dep't 1999).
55 See Clark-FitzpatrickInc., No. 80993 slip op. at 114. The Court of Claims
found the State liable for only 47% of the delay on the project. Id.
56 Clark-Fitzpatrick,No. 97-07920 (Feb. 1, 1999).

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"limited damages actually sustained., 57 Even though the

"quantum toof damages was, in this dispute, 'unavoidably uncertain,
beset by complexity and difficult to ascertain,"' the Court affirmed
the use of the contractor's "measured mile" methodology for
58
damages calculation.

VI. CONCLUSION: THE VALUE OF THE "MEASURED

MILE" METHODOLOGY

The "measured mile" damages calculation methodology, as

applied in the Clark-Fitzpatrick case,59 represents a potentially
useful tool for meeting a contractor's burden to provide a
reasonable estimate of damages associated with an owner's delays
and interference with the completion of a construction contract.'
Indeed, in Clark-Fitzpatrick,absent the use of such methodology,
the contractor might have had substantial difficulty in proving
damages as a result of the State's investigation, design, and
coordination problems.
On claims for damages associated with the ASRs ordered during
the course of the project, the State stressed that, even though new
steel repairs were ordered, "in the end" the contractor did not use a
"significantly greater than estimated amount of steel," and the
"actual time-frame occupied by work" was not substantially
61
greater than that contained in the original plans.
The contractor's scheduling expert, however, testified in detail
concerning the disruptions of the project schedule caused by the
State. 6 2 The contractor scheduled work on the project to begin in
an efficient sequence, such that precedent work could be
completed (or substantially progressed) before following work
began. Work was scheduled to provide "lead times" to avoid
inefficient operations such as stopping/restarting work, and
57
d.
58 Id. (quoting Berley Indus., 45 N.Y.2d at 687, 385 N.E.2d at 283, 412
N.Y.S.2d at 591) (bracket omitted).
59 Clark-Fitzpatrick Inc., v. State of New York, No.80993, (N.Y. Ct. Cl.
June
17, 1997).
60 See Trauner, supra note 36, at 182-83.
61Id. at 70-71. (summarizing State's argument concerning the measured
mile
calculation).
62 Id.

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"stacking of trades" in one location. 63 Work was Vlanned in a

continuous "train" designed to maximize efficiency. The work
was also scheduled to be performed in optimal construction
65
seasons.
Disruption of the schedule began early and ripple effects
continued throughout the project. As delays mounted, later work
was disrupted. The efficiency of work operations declined
drastically, as lead times were lost, continuous operations became 66
impossible, and work had to be performed in poorer weather.
Even though the work added by the State accelerated
67
operations,
the contractor could not make up for lost time.
The "measured mile" methodology used in Clark-Fitzpatrick
helped to capture the real impact of the inefficiency and delays
caused by the owner. Because the contractor was paid for steel
repair and concrete replacement operations on a unit price basis, it
was not compensated by the State when the cost of those
operations increased due to the inadequacy of the State's plans and
contract administration. The "measured mile" methodology,
which compared the costs of the most efficient operations the
contractor had achieved on the project with its actual costs,
dramatically demonstrated the loss that the contractor had suffered.
The "measured mile" damages calculation methodology,
moreover, permitted the Court to take into account the costly
acceleration efforts the contractor had undertaken in an effort to
return the project to its planned schedule. 68 Absent such a
methodology, the contractor might have been precluded from
claiming damages merely because it appeared that the ASRs had
not affected the progress of the project.

63Trial Record at 3592-93, Clark-Fitzpatrick (No. 80993).

6 Id. at 3650.
666 Id at 3596-97.
Id. at 3595-96.
67 Id. at
3604, 3633.
68 See County Asphalt, 63 Misc.2d at 334, 311 N.Y.S.2d at 656 (stating that
recovery is appropriate where "months were wasted" and claimant had to
"accelerate its work schedule" as a result of changes in work).
69 See Ballard Constr., Inc. v. State, No. 64853, slip op. at 90 (N.Y. Ct. CI.
June 28, 1991) (stating that a contractor is entitled to recover damages where it
could have completed work ahead of schedule but for delays attributable to
State).

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88 TOURO LAWREVIEW [Vol. 16

The "measured mile" methodology should be considered in other

cases where inefficiency is a key element of damages. This
methodology, when appropriate to the circumstances of the
contractor's claim, will likely be accepted by other New York
courts.

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