BUILDING CONSTRUCTION

Content

• Size of Bricks and Interlocking

• Brick Positions and terminologies

• Types of bricks and their dimensions,

• Types of bond – English, Flemish

Brick Positions:

• Stretcher: a brick laid horizontally, flat with the long side of the brick exposed on the outer face of a wall.

• Header: a brick laid flat with the short end of the brick exposed.

• Shiner: a brick laid on the long narrow side with the broad side exposed.

• Rowlock or Bull Header: a brick laid on the long, narrow side with the small or "header" side exposed.

• Sailor: a brick laid vertically with the broad side exposed.

• Soldier: a brick laid vertically with the narrow ("stretcher") side exposed.

Brick Size in India:

• S x H x ht

• 190x90x90mm

• 190x90x40mm

• 230x110x70mm

• 230x110x30mm

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TYPES OF BONDS

1. Stretcher Bond

2. Header Bond

3. English Bond

4. Flemish Bond

5. Dutch Bond

6. Zigzag Bond

7. Garden Wall Bond 8. Rat‐trap Bond

STRETCHER BOND

Stretcher Bond also known as Running Bond

• In this bond all the bricks are laid as stretchers on the faces of walls.

• This pattern is used only for half brick thick walls i.e. 9cm, such as partition walls, sleeper walls, division walls or
chimney stacks.

• This bond is not possible if the thickness of wall is more.

HEADER BOND

• It is the bond in which all the bricks are laid as headers on the faces of walls.

• The pattern is used only when the thickness of the wall is full brick i.e. 19/23 cm.

• There is use of three‐quarter bats in each alternate courses as quoins.

• This bond usually suitable in case of curved walls but is not preferred for straight walls as it does not have strength
in the direction of the wall.

ENGLISH BOND

• This is the most commonly used bond, for all wall thicknesses. This bond is considered to be the strongest.

• This bond consists of alternate courses of headers and stretchers.

• In order to break vertical joints in the successive courses, it is essential to place queen closer after the first header
(Quoin header) in each heading course.

FLEMISH BOND

• In this type of bond, each course is comprised of alternate headers and stretchers.

• Each alternate course starts with a header (Quoin header) at the corner. Quoin closers are placed next to the quoin
header in alternate courses to develop the face lap.

• Every header is centrally supported over the stretcher below it.

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SSAC FOR NATA AND JEE PAPER 2
 STAIRCASE
CONTENTS

 Introduction

 Technical Terms

INTRODUCTION

Stairs is a set of steps which give access from floor to floor.

 The room or enclosure of the building, in which stair is located is known as staircase.
 Staircase provide access & communication between floors in multi-storey buildings and are a path by which
fire can spread from one floor to another.
 Therefore it must be enclosed by fire resisting walls, floors, ceilings and doors.
 It must be designed to carry certain loads, which are similar to those used for design of the floors.

 Stairs may be constructed of Timber, Bricks, Stone, Steel or Reinforced Cement Concrete.

TECHNICAL TERMS

 STEP:- It is a portion of stair which permits ascent or descent. A stair is composed of a set of steps.
 TREAD:- It is a upper horizontal portion of a step upon which foot is placed while ascending or descending.
 RISER:- It is a vertical portion of a step providing support to the tread.
 LANDING:- It is level platform at the top or bottom of a flight between the floors.
 FLIGHT:- This is an unbroken series of steps between landing.
 RISE:- It is a vertical distance between two successive tread faces.
 GOING:- It is a horizontal distance between two successive riser faces.
 NOSING:- It is the projecting part of the tread beyond the face of riser.
 SCOTIA:- It is a moulding provided under the nosing to provide strength to nosing.
 SOFFIT:- it is the underside of a stair.
 PITCH OR SLOPE:- It is the angle which the line of nosing of the stair makes with the horizontal.
 STRINGS OR STRINGERS:- These are the slopping members which support the steps in a stair.
 NEWEL POST:- Newel post is a vertical member which is placed at the ends of flight to connects the ends of
strings and hand rail.
 BALUSTER:- It is vertical member of wood or metal, supporting the hand rail.

 HEAD ROOM:- It is the clear vertical distance between the tread and overload structure.

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DOORS & WINDOWS
DOOR

A door is a moveable barrier secured in a wall opening.

Functions:
1. They admit ventilation and light.
2. Controls the physical atmosphere within a space by enclosing it,
excluding air drafts, so that interiors may be more effectively
heated or cooled.
3. They act as a barrier to noise.
4. Used to screen areas of a building for aesthetic purposes,
keeping formal and utility areas separate.
 Components of a door:
a) Door frame b) Door shutter

Door frame HORN HEAD

JAMB/POST
REBATE

HOLDFAST

F.L.
Door shutter

TOP RAIL

FRIEZE RAIL

STYLE
INTERMEDIATE
RAILS

PANEL

BOTTOM RAIL
Types of Doors

On the basis of working operations

 Hinged doors
Battened type
Framed and paneled
Glazed/Sash
Flushed
Louvered
Wire-guage
 Revolving doors
 Sliding doors
 Swing doors
 Collapsible doors
 Rolling shutter
Hinged doors
Most doors are hinged along one side to allow the door to pivot
away from the doorway in one direction but not in the other. The
axis of rotation is usually vertical.
The most common door type. It is a simple & rigid.
The panel swings, opens and closes, on hinges.
Hinged doors require a minimum amount of maintenance and
cleaning, they are not expensive, and have an excellent insulating
ability.
However, they take up precious room space to swing in.
Battened and ledged door
The door consists of vertical boards i.e. battens and three or four
horizontal ledges. The vertical boards are tongue and grooved to
stop draughts and the edges chamfered to relieve the plain
appearance.
Battens : 100-150 mm wide and 20-30 mm thick
Ledges : 200 mm wide and 25 – 30 mm thick
The door is hung to the frame by T-hinges of iron.
The door is commonly used for narrow openings for internal use
where it is not subject to hard use, or where economy is of main
consideration than the appearance..
Battened, Ledged and Braced door

Battens : 100-
150 mm wide &
20-30 mm thick

Ledges : 100-
200 mm thick
& 25-30 mm
thick

Braces: 100-
150 mm wide &
25-30 mm thick
Battened, Ledged, Braced and Framed Door
 The framework consists of vertical styles, three ledges and two
inclined braces.
 The braces are normally housed into the rails at about 40 mm from
the styles.
 The thickness of the styles and top rail is same which is equal to the
thickness of braces and battens.
 This type is suitable for external door and door subjected to rough
handling.
Framed and Paneled door

 These types of doors are widely used in all types of buildings since
they are strong and give better appearance than battened doors.
 Panel doors consist of vertical
members called stiles and horizontal members
called rails.
 Stiles and rails form the framework into which panels are inserted.
 Panels may be solid wood, plywood, particleboard or louvered or
have glass inserts.
 Additional vertical members called mullions are used to divide the
door into any number of panels.
 Panel Door - consists of wood panels held in place by wood stiles and
rails panels and can be made from solid wood, plywood, metal or glass.
 They consist of two vertical stiles and horizontal rails enclosing the panels.
The panels could be made of plywood, solid timber or glass.
 The more expensive type of glass panel door is fitted to the frame first and
then the glass panels are added individually, this makes the door lighter to
handle when hanging and cheaper to replace if the glass gets broken.
 Depending on the location and usage of the door, putty and beading may
be used, but if the door has a wood finish, beading alone will suffice.
Silicone sealants are also available in a variety of finishes.
 The lock rail is so placed that its centre is at a height of 800-900 mm from
the bottom of the shutter.
 Incase of timber panels, the minimum size of the panel shall be 150 x 15
mm, while max. are shall be 0.5 sq. m.
 Incase of plywood, there is no restriction on minimum and max. size.
However, the thickness shall be at least 12 mm if single paneled and 10
mm for more panels.
Glazed or sash door
 This type is used in residential and public buildings.
 They supplement the natural lighting provided by windows or to
make the interior of the room visible from adjoining rooms.
 They can be made fully glazed or partly glazed.
 Fully glazed doors are recommended where sufficient light is
required through the door openings like in shopping malls, entrance
halls etc.
 Incase of partly glazed, the bottom 1/3 rd part is usually paneled
and upper 2/3 part is glazed.
Fully Glazed Door Partly Glazed Door
 Flush Door
 Flush doors are simply doors with a completely flat surface on both sides.
 Flush doors can come in solid format which is a door made of solid wood
or hollow format which is lightweight and comprised of two layers of thin
timber separated, usually, by a lightweight honeycomb core. The core is
covered with either hardboard or plywood on both sides.
 Solid flush doors are usually used as fire-check doors.
 Flush doors are lighter and cheaper than other types.
The flush door shutters are manufactured in standard thickness of 25,
30, 35 and 40 mm.
Revolving doors

 Such types are provided in public buildings, like banks,

museums, hotels, offices etc.
A revolving door normally has four wings/leaves that hang
on a center shaft and rotate one way about a vertical axis
within a round enclosure. The central shaft is fitted with ball
bearing arrangement at the bottom, which allows the shutters
to move without any jerk and making noise.

The radiating shutters may be fully paneled, fully glazed or

partly glazed. The glass doors allow people to see and
anticipate each other while walking through. Vertical rubber
pieces are provided at the rubbing end of the shutter to
prevent drought of air.
People can walk out of and into the building at the same time.
The door closes automatically when not in use.
 Revolving doors are energy efficient by eliminating drafts,
thus reducing the heating or cooling required for the building.
 The door may be motorized, or pushed manually using push
bars. Revolving doors therefore create a good seal from the
outside and help to reduce A/C and heating costs for climate
control from the building.
 Revolving doors typically have a "speed control" to prevent
people from spinning the doors too fast.
 Sliding doors
 In these doors, the shutter slide horizontally along tracks with the
help of runners and rails. often for space or
 Sliding glass doors are common in places where there is no space to
swing the door.
 Such doors are very popular for use for the entrances to commercial
structures and also in residential buildings for aesthetic
considerations. .
 Sliding doors consist of either one, two or three doors that slide by
each other on a track depending upon the size of opening and space
available for sliding.
 They are pretty easily cleaned and maintained.
 These doors sound insulation is pretty poor usually, and they must be
of high quality and fitted exactly in their tracks or else they may slide
out of them.
Swing doors

 The shutter is fitted to its frame by special double action

hinges.
 The hinges permits the shutter to move both ways, inward as
well as outward.
 The doors are not rebated at the meeting styles.
 To open the door, a slight push is made and the spring action
brings the shutter in closed position.
The return of the shutter is with force and thus, the door shall be
either fully glazed Or provided with a peep hole at eye level,
to avoid accidents.
Folded doors
Made of many narrow vertical strips or creases that fold back to
back into a compact bundle when doors are pushed open, these
strips or creases will be hanged from the top, and run on a
track. They save space as they do not swing out of the door
opening, though their sound and weather isolation is poor.
Folding doors are usually pretty noisy, and considered not so
durable
Collapsible Door

 Such doors are used in garages, workshops, public buildings

etc. to provide increased safety and protection to property.
 The doors do not require hinges to close or open the shutter
nor the frame to hang them.
 It acts like a steel curtain.
 The door is made up from vertical double channels
(20x10x2 mm), jointed together with the hollows on the
inside to create a vertical gap.
 These channels are spaced at 100-120 mm apart and braced
with diagonal iron flats.
 These diagonals allow the shutter to open or closed.
 The shutter operate between two rails, one fixed to the floor
and other to the lintel.
 Rollers are mounted at the top and bottom.
WINDOWS
TYPES OF WINDOWS

Fixed windows
 In this type, the glass pane is permanently fixed in the
opening of the wall.
 The shutter can’t be opened or closed.
 The function is limited to allowing light and or permit
vision in the room.
 No rebates are provided to the frame.
 The shutters are fully glazed.
 In homes they are generally decorative windows near
doors, stairwells and high-places or are used in
combination with other styles.
Pivoted windows
 In this type of window, the shutter is capable of rotating
about a pivot fixed to window frame.
 The frame has no rebate.
 The shutter can swing horizontally or vertically.
Horizontal pivoted Vertical pivoted
Double-hung windows

 It has two panes, top and bottom that slide up and down in
tracks called stiles.
 The most common used windows today. When open, these
windows allow air flow through half of its size.
 The two parts are not necessarily the same size.
 Traditionally, each shutter is provided with a pair of
counterweights connected by cord or chain over pulleys.
 When the weights are pulled, the shutters open to required
level.
 It is possible to have controlled ventilation.
 Sash windows may be fitted with simplex hinges which allow
the window to be locked into hinges on one side, while the
rope on the other side is detached, allowing the window to be
opened for escape or cleaning.
 Nowadays, most new double-hung sash windows use spring
balances to support the sashes.
COUNTER
WEIGHT
Sliding Window or Slider:
 Has two or more sashes that overlap slightly but slide
horizontally within the frame.
 Suitable openings or grooves are left in the frame or
wall to accommodate the shutters when are shutters are
opened.
Casement windows are hinged at the sides.
When fully opened, offer the maximum amount of
ventilation.
Operates like a hinged door, except that it opens and closes
with a lever inside the window.
The shutter consists of styles, top rail, bottom rail and
intermediate rail.
Depending upon the design, the frame can have additional
vertical and horizontal members i.e. mullion and
transom respectively.
The panels may be either glazed, unglazed or partly glazed
and are fixed in the grooves made in rails and styles.
Glazed window
This is a type of casement window where panels are fully
glazed.
The frame has styles, top rail and a bottom rail.
The space between top and bottom rail is divided into
number of panels with small timber members called,
sash bars or glazing bars.
The glass panels are cut 1.5-3.0 mm smaller in size than
the panel size to permit movement of sash bars.
Glass panes are fixed to sash bars by putty or by timber
beads.
Louvered window
 They are provided for the sole function of ventilation
and not for the vision outside.
 The styles are grooved to receive a series of louvers
which may be of glass or wood slates.
 The louvers re usually fixed at 450 inclination sloping
downward to the outside to run-off the rain water.
 The windows provide light and ventilation even if
closed.
 Such windows are recommended for bath, WC,
workshops etc., where privacy is more important.
 Venetian shutters uses louvers which can be opened or
closed. The louvers are pivoted at both ends in the frame
and in addition each blade is connected to a vertical
batten by hinge.
Bay window
 The window projecting outward from the external
walls .
 Wide and decoratively impressive allow for 180° view.
 A multi-panel window, with at least three panels set at
different angles to create an extension from the wall
line.
 it is commonly used in cold country where snow often
falls.
 They may be triangular, circular, rectangular or
polygonal in plan.
Corner window
 These are provided at the corner of the room.
 Light and air is admitted from two directions.
 The jamb post at the corner is made of heavy section.
Dormer window and Gable window
The windows provided at the dormer end and gable end of the sloping
roof to provide light and ventilation to the enclosed space below the
roof.
Awning windows are hinged at the top and open outward.
They are designed to provide ventilation without letting
in rain, etc.
 Awning windows can be used alone or in vertical or
horizontal groups in combination with additional awning
windows, other types of windows, or above doors.


Awning windows Hopper windows

Skylight
These are fixed windows on the sloping roofs.
 Admit natural light and help distribute light more evenly
throughout the room. Considered an energy saver feature.
 In addition to reducing the need to use electric lights, it can
deliver warmth in the winter and cooling in the summer,
minimizing the need for fuel-based heating and air
conditioning. On winter days, the sun’s radiant energy can
shine through a south- or west-facing skylight to warm
interior surfaces. And in the summer, a ventilating skylight
can promote air circulation by releasing the warm air that
naturally rises.
 The opening for the window is made by cutting common
rafters. The framework consist of trimming pieces, curb
frames, bottom rail and top rail. The opening is treated with
lead flashings to ensure water proofing.
 Skylights may be plastic or glass, fixed or operable, and made
in any number of sizes and styles.