IONIC EQUILIBRIA

- Ionic product of water; Kw

- Acid dissociation constant of weak acid; Ka
- Base dissociation constant of weak base; Kb
- pH

1. (a) HX is a weak BrØnsted – Lowry acid

(i) Explain the terms weak and BrØnsted – Lowry acid as applied to HX.
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(ii) Write an equation for the dissociation constant, Ka, for the acid HX
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(b) An aqueous buffer solution which contains 0.0550 mole of a different weak acid, HA, and
0.0250 mole of NaA in 100 cm3 of solution has a pH of 4.20.
The value of Ka for the acid HA is 2.87 ×10−5 mol d m−3 at 25oC.
(i) Deduce the pH of the solution formed when 100 cm3 of pure water are added to 100 cm3 of this
buffer solution.
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(ii) Calculate the pH of the solution formed when 10.0 cm3 of 0.130 mol d m−3aqueous sodium
hydroxide are added to 100 cm3 of the original buffer solution.
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2. When anhydrous iron(III) chloride is added to water the following reactions occur.
FeCl3 + 6H2O ❑ → [
Fe ¿ + 3 Cl−¿¿
[ Fe ¿+ H2O❑ [ Fe ¿ + H3O+
→

(a) State the type of acidity shown by FeCl3 and by [ Fe ¿ in these reactions. Explain your
answer.
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(b) (i) A 0.150 mol d m−3 solution of iron (III) chloride was found to have a pH of 1.52. For the acid
[ Fe ¿, calculate a value for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, and a pKa value.
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(ii) A 50 cm3 sample of a 0.250 mol d m−3 solution of iron (III) chloride was diluted by the
addition of 150 cm3 of water. Use the value of Ka determined in part (b)(i) to calculate the pH
of the diluted solution.
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3. (a) Write an expression for the acid dissociation constant, Ka, of ethanoic acid in water
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(b) Explain the trend in the Ka values in the following series of acids in water
Acid CH3COOH ClCH2COOH Cl2CHCOOH Cl3CCOOH
−3 −3 −3
o
Ka at 25 C 1.7 ×10 1.4×10 5.1×10 2.2×10−3
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4. Calculate the pH at the end point of a titration of 0.125 mol d m−3 nitrous acid and 0.125mol d m−3
sodium hydroxide. The pKb of nitrous acid is 0.66
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5. Explain the following observation:

(a) The acid strength of the acids, ClCH2CH2COOH, ClCH2COOH and CH3COOH are in the order.
ClCH2COOH¿ClCH2CH2COOH¿CH3COOH
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(b) HClO2 is a weaker acid than HClO4

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(c) Methylamine(CH3NH2) is a stronger base than ammonia

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6. (a) Write an equation for

(i) ionization of ammonia in water
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(ii)ionization of water
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(b) Write an expression for the ionization constant
(i) for ammonia
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(ii) for water

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(c) Ammonium chloride undergoes hydrolysis in water
(i) Write an equation for the hydrolysis of ammonium chloride in water
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(ii) Calculate he hydrolysis constant Kh for ammonium chloride
[Kb = 1.8 ×10−5 mol dm−3, Kw = 1.0 ×10−14 mol 2 dm−6 at 25oC]
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(d) Determine the pH of a 0.01M ammonium chloride solution at 25oC
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7. (a) Write the equation for the following reaction between water and
(i) Ethyl ammonium chloride
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(ii) Phosphorus (III) Chloride
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(b) A few drops of aqueous sodium hydrogen carbonate was added to the solution in (a) (i), state what
was observed and write equation for the reaction that took place.

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8. Calculate the pH of a solution formed when 80cm3 of 0.02 ammonia solution was added to 60cm3 of
0.02 ammonium nitrate solution. (Kb for ammonia at 25oC is 1.75 × 10–5moldm−3 )
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9. The pH values of solutions obtained during the titration of sodium hydroxide solution against 25cm 3 of
0.1M ethanoic acid

Volume of NaOH (cm3) O 6.0 10.0 14.0 15.0 15.4 16.0

pH 2.8 4.2 5.1 5.5 9.0 10.5 11.4

(a) Plot a graph of pH against volume of sodium hydroxide

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(b) Use your graph to determine the
(i) Volume of sodium hydroxide required to neutralize ethanoic acid.
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 (ii) pH at equivalence pint
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(c) Calculate
(i) The molar concentration of sodium hydroxide
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(ii) The ratio of [CH3COO– ] : [CH3COOH] when 5cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution has been
added to 25cm3 of 0.1M ethanoic acid. (Ka of ethanoic acid at 25oC is
1.8 ×10−5moldm−3 )
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10. Ethylamine ionizes when dissolved in water

(a) Write:
(i) equation for the ionization of ethylamine
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(ii) the expression for the ionization constant, Kb
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11. (a) Write

(i) equation for the ionization of methylamine in water
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(ii) the expression for the ionization constant, Ka, of methylamine
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(b) A solution contains 0.1 moles of methylamine per liter at 25oC
(i) Calculate the pH of the solution
(KB = 3.6 ×10−4 mol dm−3 , KW = 1 ×10−14 mol 2 dm−6 at 25oC)
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(ii) State the assumptions you made in (b)(i) above
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12. Calculate the pH of solution formed by mixing 80cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid with 120cm3 of 0.1M
potassium hydroxide solution
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N+H3C

13.(a)Phenylamine hydrochloride, undergoes hydrolysis when dissolved in water.

Write the equations for the reaction.

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(b) A 0.2 molar solution of phenylamine hydrochloride has a pH of 3.5. Calculate
(i) the molar concentration of the hydrogen ions in solution
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(ii) the hydrolysis constant, Kh, of phenylamine hydrochloride.
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14. Acids can either be strong or weak.

(a) State three factors on which the strength of an acid depends.
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(b) The dissociation constant of ethanoic acid is 1.84 ×10−5 mol dm−3.
(i) Calculate the percentage degree of dissociation of a 0.01M ethanoic acid
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(ii) Determine the concentration of hydrogen ions and ethanoic acid present at equilibrium
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15. (a) Define pH

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(b) Calculate the pH of each of the following aqueous solutions
(i) 10−2M Potassium hydroxide
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(ii) 2×10−2M hydrochloric acid (Kw = 1×10−14)
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(c) A solution containing 0.1mol l −1 acetic acid and 0.4mol l −1 sodium ethanoate has a pH of 5.35.
(i) Write the expression for the dissociation constant of acetic acid in solution
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(ii) Use the above information to calculate a value for this dissociation constant.
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16. (a) (i) Sketch a graph to show the pH change when hydrochloric acid is added to ammonia solution

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 (ii) Explain the shape of your sketch graph in (a)(i) above
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(b) The pH of the resultant solution formed when 25cm3 of a 0.1M solution of hydrochloric acid is
added to an equal volume of a 0.1M ammonia solution is 4.8 at 5oC.
Calculate the hydrolysis constant Kh of ammonium chloride at 25oC.
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17. (a) 20.0cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid was added to 230cm3 of water. Calculate the pH of the resultant
solution
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(b) Calculate the mass of ammonium chloride that should be added to 1dm3 of a 0.1M ammonia
solution at 25oC to give a solution whose pH is 8.7.
State any assumptions made
(The base dissociation constant for ammonia solution kb = 1.8 ×1.0−5 mol dm−3at 25oC)
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(c) Few drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide were added to the solution in (b)
(i) State what would happen to the pH of the solution
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(ii) Give a reason for your in c(i)
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18. Calculate the pH of solution formed by mixing 80cm3 of 0.1M hydrochloric acid with 120cm3 of 0.1M
potassium hydroxide.
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19. (a) Methylamine is a weak base

(i) What is a weak base?
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(ii) Write the equation for the ionization of methylamine
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(i) Write the expression for the ionization constant of methylamine
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(b) (i) Calculate the hydrogen ion concentration in a 0.02M solution of methylamine.
(Kb = 4.4 ×10−4 ; Kw = 1 ×10−14 at 25oC)
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(ii) Calculate the pH of the solution
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20. (a) 10cm3 of a hydrocarbon P, (CxHy) was exploded in 90cm3 of oxygen. On cooling to room
temperature, the residual gases occupied 70cm3. When the residual gases were passed through
potassium hydroxide solution, the volume reduced to 40cm3.
(i) Write equation for the reaction between P and oxygen
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(ii) Determine the molecular formula of P
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(b) Write equations to show how P can be prepared from alcohol
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21. Calculate the pH of a 0.1mol d m−3 solution of aluminium nitrate.

(Acid dissociation constant, Ka at 25oC of Al(H2O¿36 +¿¿ is 1.4 ×10−5 mol d m−3.
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22. (a) What do you understand by the term inductive effects?

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(b) (i) The carboxylic acids below have the following values for the acid dissociation constant, K a.

Acid HCO2H CH3CO2H C6H5CO2H FCH2CO2H BrCH2CO2H

Ka at 25oC 1.77 ×10−4 1.75 ×10−5 6.3 ×10−5 2.6 ×10−3 1.25 ×10−3

Explain the observations in the constants

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(ii) Amines are basic in nature. Explain the role of inductive effect of the alkyl groups on the
strength of bases.
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(iii)How do you account for the fact that amides though having an –NH2 group are not basic in
nature?
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(iv) What do you understand by the term aromatic character?
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23. (a) Write an expression for pH
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(b) Calculate the pH of a 0.5M solution of sodium hydroxide. (Kw = 1 x 10-14M)
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(c) (i) State the effect of dilution on the pH of sodium hydroxide solution.
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(ii) Give a reason for your answer
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24. 20cm3 of 0.02M sodium hydroxide was added to 30cm3 of 0.025M sulphuric acid.
Calculate the pH of the resultant solution.
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25. Methylamineionises in water according to the following equation.

+¿¿
CH3NH2(aq) + H2O(l) CH3N H 3 (aq) + O H (aq)

(a) Write the expression for the ionization constant Kb of methylamine

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(b) 0.2 moles of methylammonium chloride was added to one litre of 0.2M methylamine.
(i) Calculate the pH of the resultant solution.
(Kbof methylamine = 4.4 ×10−4; Kw = 1 ×10−14 at 25oC)

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(ii) State the assumption(s) you have made
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26. (a) Define the following terms as applied in ionic equilibria

(i) Ionisation
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(ii) salt hydrolysis
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(b) Write an equation for the;

(i) ionization of ammonia in water
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(ii) hydrolysis of ammonium sulphate
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(c) You are provided with solid anhydrous ammonium sulphate, water and 250ml
volumetric flask. Briefly outline how a solution of ammonium sulphate of pH = 5.20
can be prepared in the laboratory. (Kb for ammonia = 1.78 x 10-5 moldm-3 and
ionic product of water at 25oC, Kw = 1.0 x 10-14 mol2dm-3)
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27. The data in the table below shows the changes in pH when 0.1M sodium hydroxide
solution was added to 25.0 cm3 of a weak acid (HA)

Volume of NaOH solution pH Volume of NaOH solution pH

Added (cm3) Added (cm3)
0 2.50 24.0 5.35
3.0 3.13 24.5 5.69
6.0 3.50 24.9 6.40
9.0 3.75 25.0 8.35
12.0 3.97 25.1 11.30
15.0 4.18 25.5 12.00
18.0 4.41 27.0 12.59
21.0 4.72

(a) Plot a graph of pH against volume of NaOH added.

(b) Use the graph to determine;
(i) the pH at end point
(ii) molarity of the acid
(c) Explain the shape of the graph in (a)
(d) Determine the PKa of the acid

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28. (a) Define the term weak acid

(b) A 0.1M solution of ethanoic acid has a pH of 2.8
Calculate the
(i) degree of ionization of ethanoic acid
(ii) acid dissociation constant Ka for ethanoic acid
(iii) pKa for ethanoic acid

(c) 0.02 moles of sodium ethanoate were added to 1 litre of the solution in (b). Calculate
the pH of the resultant solution.
(d) 0.5cm3 of 2M hydrochloric acid was added to the resultant mixture in (c) above.
Calculate the pH of the resultant mixture
(e) Explain your answer in (c)and (d)
(f) Discuss the effect of concentration on pH of weak acids.

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29. (a) What is meant by the term weak acid?

(b) One of the factors that affect the pH of weak acids is the degree of ionization.
(i) Define the term degree of ionization
(ii) State and explain the two other factors

(c) The pH of the aqueous solution of methanoic acid, ethanoic acids and benzoic acid each
of concentration 0.1M are 2.39, 2.89 and 2.61 respectively.
(i) Calculate the degree of ionization of each acid
(ii) State and explain the order of the acidic strength of the three acids.

(d) (i) 35cm3 of 0.089M sodium hydroxide solution were added to 45cm3 of 0.1M benzoic
acid. Calculate the pH of the resultant solution. State any assumptions made in your
calculations.
(Ka for benzoic acid is 6.3 x 10-5mol dm-3)
(ii) State and explain what would happen to the pH of the resultant solution in (d)(i)
above when a small amount of dilute hydrochloric acid was added to it.
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Indicators

1. (a) Explain what is meant by the following terms as used in acid-base titrations
(i) Indicators
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(ii) End point
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(iii)Equivalence point
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(b) Explain why phenolphthalein turns purple when added to sodium hydroxide
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(c) 25 cm3 of ethanedioic acid solution was titrated with standard solution of sodium hydroxide and the
pH of the solution was measured during the course of the titration. Sketch a graph of pH of solution
against volume of sodium hydroxide solution added.

25
 (d) 75cm3 of silver nitrate solution was titrated with standard solution of hydrochloric acid and the
conductivity of the solution was measured during the course of the titration. Sketch a graph of
conductivity of solution against volume of hydrochloric acid solution added.

2. (a) The curve below was obtained when hydrochloric acid was titrated into ammonia solution

9
I I I I I

7
5
A
3 B
1
pH

C
D
Volume of ammonia solution

Explain the shape of the curve (ABCD)

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(b) Name one indicator that can be used in the titration in (a)
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3. (a) (i) Explain what is meant by an acid-base indicator

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(ii) Explain why titration experiments only one or two drops are used

26
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(b) The table below shows data obtained when 100cm3 of propanoic acid was titrated with 1.0M
sodium hydroxide solution.
Volume of NaOH (1m) added (cm3) 0.0 1.0 5.0 9.0 9.5 10.5 11.0 15.0
pH of solution 2.9 3.92 4.87 5.82 6.15 11.70 12.00 12.70
4
(i) Plot a graph of pH against volume of sodium hydroxide

27
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 (ii) Explain the shape of the graph you have drawn in (b)(i)
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(iii)Determine the pH of the solution at equivalence point
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(iv) Which of the following indicators would be suitable for the titration? Give a reason for your
answer
Indicator Methyl red Bromothymol blue Phenol red
pH range 4.2 – 6.3 6.0 – 7.6 6.8 – 8.4

Indicator
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Reason
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4. (a) (i) What do you understand by the term ‘Bronsted base’.

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(ii) Classify the following species as Bronsted acids and/or bases.
−¿ ¿
S , HCO3 , H2O, NH3
2−¿¿

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(b) The dissociation of phenolphthalein can be written as follows:
−¿¿
HX(aq) → H+(aq) + X (aq) where Ka = 7 ×10−10 mol dm−3
(i) What colours, if any are associated with the three species in the equation?
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(ii) What should be the pH of a solution at the end point using the indicator, assuming a strong base
is added to a weak acid?
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5. The graph below shows the variation in pH of the solution when 25.0cm3 of 0.1M
methanoic acid is added to 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution

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 14

I
12

pH
10

I
8
6

I
4
2
I
0
I
I
I
I

Volume of NaOH /cm3

(a) Explain the shape of the graph
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(b) Name one suitable indicator that can be used for this titration
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6. The table below shows the variation in pH when 30cm 3 of 0.2M ammonia solution was
titrated with hydrochloric acid .

Volume of HCl 0 4 8 12 16 18 19 19.4 19.8

added (cm3)
pH 10.8 9.9 9.4 9.1 8.7 8.3 8.0 7.8 7.3

20.2 20.6 21 22 26 28
3.9 3.5 3.2 2.9 2.5 2.4
(a) Plot a graph of pH against volume of hydrochloric acid.
(b) Use the graph to determine the:
(i) pH and volume at the end point.
(ii) molarity of hydrochloric acid
hydrolysis constant of ammonium chloride formed at the end point.

30
 (iii) ratio of [NH4Cl]: [NH3] when 10cm3 of hydrochloric acid has been added
to ammonia solution.

(Kb for ammonia = 1.78 x10-5moldm-3 , Kw = 1x10-14mol2dm-6)

(c) Explain the shape of the graph.

(d) Which of the indicators shown below is suitable for the titration . Give a reason
for your answer.

Indicator pH range
Thymol blue 1.2 – 2.8
Methyl orange 3.1 – 4.4
Methyl red 4.2 – 6.3
Phenolphthalein 8.3 – 10.0

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(e) Buffer solutions

1. (a) Explain;
(i) the term acidic buffer.
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(ii) the mechanism of action of an acidic buffer.

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(b) Calculate the pH of a solution formed by mixing 80cm3 of 0.1M sulphuric acid with 120cm3 of 0.1M
potassium hydroxide.
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2. (a)Explain the term ‘Buffer solution’

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(b)A buffer solution 7.2g of ethanoic acid and 17.22g of sodium ethanoate in a litre of solution.
(Ka of ethanoic acid is 1.8 ×10−5)
(i) Calculate the pH of the buffer
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(ii) 0.9cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution was added to the buffer. Calculate the pH of the resultant
solution and comment on your results.
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3. (a) A solution contains 0.05 moles of nitric acid in 1 litre. Calculate the pH of the solution
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(b) A 0.1M ethanoic acid solution was titrated with 0.1M sodium hydroxide solution until the acid was
exactly half-way neutralized. Calculate the pH of the resultant solution.
(Ka = 1.8 ×10−5 mol dm−3)
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(c) Two drops of aqueous sodium hydroxide was added to the resultant solution in (b0. State what
happened to the pH of the solution and explain your answer.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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4. (a)State what is meant by the term ‘Buffer solution’

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) (i) 25cm3 of 0.2M sodium benzoate were mixed with 35cm3 of 0.1M benzoic acid. Calculate
the pH of the resultant solution. (Ka of benzoic acid is 6. ×10−5 mol dm−3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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36
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) State any assumptions made in your calculation in b(i) above
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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5. 1.8g of sodium benzoate was added to 250cm3 of a 0.01m solution of benzoic acid,
(a) What term is used to describe the resulting solution?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Calculate the pH of the solution formed above. (Ka of benzoic acid is 6.4 ×10−5 mol dm−3)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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6. (a) Explain what is meant by the term

(i) Buffer solution
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Hydrolysis of a salt
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(b) Potassium propanoate hydrolyses in water and its mixture with propanoic acid constitutes a buffer
solution
Given that the acid dissociation constant Ka of propanoic acid is 1.82 ×10−6 mol dm−3,
Calculate the;
(i) mass of potassium propanoate that must be dissolved in water at 25oC to form 200cm3 of a
solution with a pH = 9.64
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(ii) pH of mixture of 20cm3 of 0.1M potassium propanoate and 30cm3 of 0.1M propanoic acid.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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37
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(f) Solubility of sparingly soluble salts

1. (a) What is meant by the term common ion effect?
………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Lead (II) chloride is sparingly soluble in water.
Write;
(i) the equation of solubility of lead (II) chloride in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the expression for the solubility product, Ksp of lead (II) chloride
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) The solubility product, Ksp of lead (II) chloride is 2.0 ×10−5 mol−1 l−1at 25o C . Calculate the
concentration of the following ions in saturated solution of lead (II) chloride.
(i) Lead (II) ions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) Chloride ions
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(d) Determine the concentration of lead (II) nitrate that should be added to the saturated solution in (c)
above in order to reduce the concentration of the chloride ions to a third of its original value.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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38
2. (a) Calcium iodate us sparingly soluble in water. Write:
(i) Equation for the solubility of calcium iodate in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) The expression for the solubility product, Ksp for calcium iodate
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

(b) The solubility of anhydrous calcium iodate at 25oC in water is 3.07gdm−3 .

Calculate;
(i) the solubility product of calcium iodate in water and state its units.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the solubility of calcium iodate in mol dm−3 in aqueous solution containing 0.1Msoium iodate.
State any assumption made.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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3. Lead (II) fluoride is sparingly soluble in water.

(a) Write the;
(i) equation for the solubility of lead (II) fluoride in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(iii)expression for the solubility product constant (Ks)
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) The maximum amount of lead (II) fluoride that will dissolve at 20oC is 0.466gdm−3 of water.
Calculate the solubility product for lead (II) fluoride at 20oC.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) When 0.02 moldm−3 solution of led(II) nitrate is added to a solution in (b) some lead (II) fluoride
precipitates out. Calculate the;
39
 (i) mass of lead (II) fluoride precipitated
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) concentration of fluoride ions left in solution
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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4. (a) Calcium iodate Ca(IO3)2 is sparingly soluble ins water.

Write
(i) the equation of solubility of Calcium iodate in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) the expression for the solubility product Ksp of calcium iodate
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) If the solubility product of calcium iodate at 25oC is 1.95 ×10−4 mol dm−3 , calculate the
solubility in mol dm−3 at 25oC of calcium iodate in
(i) water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) 0.1M solution of sodium iodate

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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Comment on your answer in (b) above
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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40
5. (a) The solubility of lead(II) chloride in water is 10.008g per litre at 20oC.
(i) Write the;
equation for the dissociation of lead (II) chloride in water.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of lead (II) chloride.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(ii) Calculate the solubility product for lead (II) chloride at 20oC
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the solubility of lead (II) chloride in 0.2M hydrochloric acid solution in moles per litre.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................

6. Finely – powdered magnesium hydroxide was shaken with water at 25oC to give a saturated solution.
The solution mixture was filtered and 100cm3 portions of filtrate were titrated against 0.01M
hydrochloric acid. Average volume of 6.4cm3 was required.
(a) Write an expression for the solubility product of magnesium hydroxide and give its units.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(b) Calculate the concentration of hydroxide ions in the filtrate and hence the solubility of magnesium
hydroxide.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(c) Hence calculate the solubility product of magnesium hydroxide at 25oC.
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(d) Explain briefly the effect if any on the solubility of magnesium hydroxide if the following were
added.
(i) Sodium hydroxide
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
(ii) A compound, which forms a very stable complex with magnesium ions
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
41
 …………………………………………...................................................................................................
(iii)Aluminium nitrate solution. (Ksp for Al(OH)3 = 1.0 ×10−32)
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................
…………………………………………...................................................................................................

7. (a) The table below shows the solubilities of salt A and B at different temperatures.
Temperature(oC) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Solubility (g/100g of water) Salt A 13 20 32 45 63 85 110
Salt B 32.5 34 35 36 37 38 39

(i) Plot a graph of solubility against temperature for salt A and salt B using the same axes.

42
 (ii) A saturated solution of slat A was cooled from 45oC to 25oC. Determine the mass of the salt
deposited.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
43
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Explain how a sample of pure slat A can be obtained from a mixture containing salts A and B.
Name one method that can be used to test for the purity of the separated sample.
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8. The solubility product. Ksp of silver sulphate is 1.5 ×10−5 at 25oC.

(a) Write the expression for the solubility product of silver sulphate
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Determine the concentration in moles per litre of silver and sulphate ions in a saturated solution of
silver sulphate at 25oC
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(c) State how the solubility of silver sulphate would change if its saturated solution is separately
treated with
(i) aqueous silver nitrate
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) ammonia
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Explain your answer in (c)
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(e) State one application of solubility product
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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9. (a) What is meant by the term common ion effect?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Silver chromate is sparingly soluble in water.

44
 Write;
(i) the equation of solubility of silver chromate in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the expression for the solubility product, Ksp of silver chromate
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) A saturated solution of silver chromate contains 2.4 × 10−2 g l −1 at 20o C . Calculate the
value for the solubility product Ksp for silver chromate at 20oC.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(e) Chloride ions can be determined by titration with silver nitrate in the presence of chromate ions.
The end point is indicated by a red precipitate of silver chromate.
(i) Explain why silver chromate does not precipitate until the end point is reached
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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(ii) 25cm3 of a solution containing 0.1 moles of potassium chloride and 0.001mols of chromate
ions required on titration 50cm3 of 0.1M silver nitrate solution to reach the end point.
Calculate the concentration of chloride ions at the end point.
[Solubility product for silver chloride is 1.6 ×10−1 mol 2 l −1]
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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10. (a) State what is meant by the term common ion effect?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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45
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Calcium Iodate is sparingly soluble in water.
Write the;
(i) equation of solubility of Calcium Iodate in water
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) the expression for the solubility product, Ksp of Calcium Iodate
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) Describe how the concentration of Iodate ions in a saturated solution of calcium iodate can be
determined.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(d) 0.1 moles of calcium nitrate was added to 1 litre of a saturated solution of calcium iodate, and
the mixture stirred. Calculate the mass of calcium iodate which was precipitated.
(The solubility product of calcium iodate at 25oC is 1.69 ×10−9 mol3 dm−9.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
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11. Silver (I) chromate is sparingly soluble in water and its solubility product (Ksp) is
8.21 ×10−8 mol3 dm−9at 298K.
(a) Write an equation for the solubility equilibrium of silver (I) chromate. Deduce the expression for
theKsp of silver (I) chromate
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(b) Calculate the solubility of silver (I) chromate in potassium chromate solution of concentration
9.70gdm3
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
(c) State whether the solubility of silver (I) chromate in pure water at 298K is equal to, greater than or
less than your answer in (b) above. Explain.

46
 …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

12. Silver carbonate is sparingly soluble in water.

(a) Write the;
(i) equation for the solubility of solver carbonate in water
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) expression for the solubility product of silver carbonate
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The solubility product of silver carbonate at 20oC is 8 x 10-12 mol3dm-9.
Calculate the;
(i) solubility of silver carbonate in water in moldm-3 at 20oC
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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(ii) mass of silver carbonate precipitated in a 0.1M aqueous solution of potassium carbonate.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State what would happen to the solubility of silver carbonate when aqueous ammonia is added to
the solution in (b)(i). Give a reason for your answer
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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13. (a) Explain what is meant by solubility product

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) The concentration of anhydrous calcium iodate at 298K is 3.07g dm-3
(i) Write the expression for the solubility product of calcium iodate.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
47
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Calculate the solubility product of calcium iodate at this temperature.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
(iii) What is the concentration in gdm-3 of calcium iodate in an aqueous solution
containing 0.1mol dm-3 of sodium iodate?
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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14. (a) State two factors that can affect the solubility of a salt
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) The solubilities of potassium chloride and potassium nitrate at various temperatures are
given in the table below.

Temperature in oC 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Solubility in
g per 1000 of KNO3 276 310 340 370 400 426 455 483
water
KCl 133 209 316 458 639 855 1100 1380
(i) Plot a graph of solubility against temperature on the same axes forpotassium
chloride and potassium nitrate

48
 (ii) Determine the temperature at which the two salts have the same solubility
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

49
 (iii)From the curves what do you deduce about the signs of heats of solution of the
two salts. Explain your answer
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) Calculate the mass of potassium nitrate deposited by cooling a saturated solution
containing 25g of water, from 65OC to 15OC
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
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………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Name one method that can be used to separate the two salts into pure crystals
………………………………………………………………………………………………..
………………………………………………………………………………………………..

15. (a) What is meant by the term solubility product?

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Silver (I) ethanedioate is sparingly soluble in water.
Write;
(i) the equation for the solubility of silver(I) ethanedioate in water
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) the expression for the solubility product, Ksp, of silver ethanedioate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) The solubility product of silver (I) ethanedioate in water at 25oC is 2.32 x 10-4 mol3dm-9
Calculate the solubility in moles per litre at 25oC of silver(I) ethanedioate in;
(i) pure water
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
50
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) a 0.1M sodium ethanedioate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) State and explain how the solubility of silver (I) ethanedioate will be affected if to a
saturated solution of silver (I) ethanedioate was added excess aqueous ammonia
solution
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

16. (a) Define the term solubility product

………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Calculate the solubility product of a solution containing 8.35 x 10-3g of magnesium
hydroxide in one litre of solution at 25oC.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
51
 ………………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) State one application od solubility product
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………

17. (a) 3.0g of solid calcium iodate (v) were vigorously shaken with water in a stoppered
bottle and the mixture allowed to stand at 25oC for about 30 minutes. The resultant
mixture was filtered to obtain exactly 200cm3 of the filtrate. Given that calcium
iodate(V) is sparingly soluble in water;
(i) Name the filtrate
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs at 25oC at the end of the 30 minutes.
………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) 20cm3 of the filtrate were pipetted into excess acidified potassium iodate solution and
the mixture titrated with exactly 6.75cm3 of 0.1M sodium thiosulphate solution
in the presence of starch indicator.
Calculate the percentage by mass of calcium iodate(v) in 200cm3 of the filtrate
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(e) The experiment in (a) above was repeated with potassium iodate instead of water at
25oC.
(i) State whether the percentage of calcium iodate (V) in the filtrate would be less,
equal to greater than the calculated value in (b) above.
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(ii) Explain your answer
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17. (a) Explain the term solubility product
(b) Describe an experiment that can be used to determine the solubility of silver
chromate (VI)
(c) The solubility of Silver chromate (VI) at 25oCis 3.207 ×10−2 g❑ dm−3.
Calculate the solubility constant for silver chromate at 25oC

(d) Determine the molar concentration of silver ions required to precipitate silver
chromate from an aqueous solution containing 0.005M chromate (VI) ions

(e) A solution containing silver ions was added to a solution containing 0.005M
chromate (VI) ions and 0.005M chloride ions. State which one of the two salts;
silver chloride and silver chromate (VI) was precipitate first. Give a reason for your
answer. [Ksp for AgCl= 1.96−2 ×10−2 mol2 l 2]

(f) Explain how the solubility of silver chromate (VI) is affected by addition of
(i) ammonia solution
(ii) potassium chromate (VI) solution

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18. (a) What is meant by the term solubility product?
(b) Describe an experiment to determine the solubility product of silver (I) ethanoate
(c) The solubility product of silver (I) ethanoate at 25oC is 2.32 x 10-4 mol3dm-3.
Calculate the;
(i) solubility in moldm-3 of silver (I) ethanedioate in water
(ii) solubility in mold m-3 of silver (I) ethanedioate in 0.1M sodium ethanedioate
solution.

(d) 25cm3 of 0.05M sodium ethanedioate solution was mixed with 25cm3 of 0.05M silver
nitrate solution. State whether there will be precipitation or not. Give a reason
(e) Explain how the solubility of silver (I) ethanedioate will be affected if to a saturated
solution of silver (I) ethanedioate were added:
(i) dilute hydrochloric acid
(ii) aqueous ammonia solution

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(g) Hydrolysis of salts

1. (a) Write
(i) an equation for the hydrolysis of phenylamine hydrochloride,
−¿ ¿
+
NH3Cl , when dissolved in water

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(ii) the expression for the hydrolysis constant, Kh for phenylamine hydrochloride.
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(01 marks)
(b) A solution containing 0.4 moles of phenylamine hydrochloride per litre has a pH of 3.8.
Calculate
(i) the molar concentration of hydrogen ions in solution.
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(ii) the hydrolysis constant, Kh of phenylamine hydrochloride.
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2. (a) Write:
(i) equation for the hydrolysis of sodium ethanoate in water
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(ii) the expression for the hydrolysis constant, Kh of sodium ethanoate
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(b) Calculate.
(i) the value of kh for sedum ethanoate (Ka for CH3COOH is 1.8 ×10−5 and Kw = 1×10−14)
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(ii)the pH of a 0.1M solution of sodium ethanoate.
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(c) State the assumptions you have made in (b)(ii) above.
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3. (a) Write
(i) equation of hydrolysis of sodium ethanoate in ater
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(ii) the expression for the hydrolysis constant, Kb of sodium ethanoate.
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(b) The pH of a 0.1M aqueous sodium ethanoate solution is 8.9 at 25oC.
(i) Calculate the hydrolysis of sodium ethanoate (Kw = 1 ×10−14 mol dm−3at 25oC)
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(ii) State the assumptions you have made in (b)(i) above
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4. Phenylamine hydrochloride undergoes hydrolysis in water.

(a) Write
(i) equation for the reaction
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(ii) an expression for the hydrolysis constant, Kh.
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(b) A solution containing 15g of phenylamine hydrochloride in 100 cm3 of water was shaken with
100 cm3 of benzene and at equilibrium, the benzene layer contained 0.12 g of phenylamine.
Calculate the
(i) molar concentration of phenylamine in the benzene layer
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(ii) hydrolysis constant, Kh of phenylamine hydrochloride
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(iii)the pH of the resultant solution
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5. Sodium ethanoate undergoes hydrolysis when dissolved in water according to the equation
CH3COO−¿¿(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + O H(aq)
If the hydrolysis constant for sodium ethanoate, Kh at 25oC is 5.6 ×10−10, calculate the
(i) pH of a 0.1M solution of sodium ethanoate
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(ii) percentage hydrolysis of 0.1m solution of sodium ethanoate
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6. The pH of 1.0M ammonium chloride solution is 5.2. Calculate the hydrolysis constant and state the
assumptions made.
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7. (a) What is meant by ‘hydrolysis of a salt’?

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A solution was made by dissolving 2.675g of ammonium chloride in water to make 1 litre of

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(a) Write the equation for the hydrolysis of ammonium chloride
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(b) Calculate the;
(i) hydrogen ion concentration and hence the pH of the solution in (b) above
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(ii) degree of hydrolysis (Kw = 1 ×10−14 at 25oC, Kh = 1.75 ×10−5)
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8. (a) Write;
(i) equation for the reaction of sodium ethanoate in water
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(ii) the expression for the hydrolysis constant, Kh, of sodium ethanoate
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(b) Calculate the;
(i) value of kh for sodium ethanoate (Ka for CH3COOH 1.8 ×10−5 and Kw = 1 ×10−14)
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(ii) pH of a 0.1M solution of sodium ethanoate
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(iii)State the assumptions you have made in (b)(ii) above
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9. Explain the following observation: When a clean piece of magnesium ribbon was added to
an aqueous solution of aluminium nitrate there is effervescence of a colourless gas and
white precipitate was formed.
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