ICT CS1 REVIEWER DAW

GROUP 3 BASIC COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS, INTRO TO COMPUTER,

HISTORY OF COMPUTER
ABACUS
ABACUS - Calculating Machines ABACUS was the first mechanical calculating
device for counting of large numbers. The word ABACUS means calculating board.
Napier’s Bones was a mechanical device built for the purpose of multiplication in
1617 ad. by an English mathematician John Napier.
Slide Rule was developed by an English mathematician Edmund Gunter in the 16th
century. Slide rule, one could perform operations like addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. It was used extensively till late 1970s.
SLIDE RULE
Pascal’s Adding and Subtraction Machine was developed by Blaise Pascal. It could
add and subtract. The machine consisted of wheels, gears and cylinders.
Leibniz’s Multiplication and Dividing Machine was a mechanical device that could
both multiply and divide. The German philosopher and mathematician Gottfried
Leibniz built it around 1673.
Punch Card System was developed by Jacquard to control the power loom in 1801.
The punched card as binary one and the absence of the hole as binary zero.
PUNCHED CARD
Babbage’s Analytical Engine is an English man Charles Babbage built a
mechanical machine to do complex mathematical calculations, in the year 1823.
Machine was called as difference engine. Charles Babbage and Lady Ada
Lovelace developed a general-purpose calculating machine, the analytical engine.
Charles Babbage is also called the father of computer.
Hollerith’s Punched Card Tabulating Machine was invented by Herman
Hollerith. Machine could read the information from a punched card and process it
electronically. The development of the first computer in the 1940s.
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER
COMPUTER is an electronic device, operating under the control of instructions
stored in its own memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to
specified rules, produce information (output), and store the information for future use.
FUNCTIONALITIES OF A COMPUTER
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross terms:
-Takes data as input.
-Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
-Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
-Generates the output
-Controls all the above four step
COMPUTER COMPONENTS (HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE)
HARDWARE - Refers to the physical parts or components of a computer are
physical objects that can be touched.
INPUT DEVICE - Any peripheral (piece of computer hardware equipment to
provide data and control signals to an information processing system such as a
computer or other information appliance.
Example of Input Devices:
1. Keyboard
2. Mouse (pointing device)
3. Microphone
4. Touch screen
5. Scanner
CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT) - is brain of a computer. It is responsible
for all functions and processes.
THE CPU IS COMPRISED OF THREE MAIN PARTS:
ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT (ALU) - Executes all arithmetic and logical
operations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
CONTROL UNIT (CU) - Controls and co-ordinates computer components.
REGISTERS - Stores the data that is to be executed next, "very fast storage area".
PRIMARY MEMORY
RAM: Random Access Memory (RAM) - Data will be erased once supply to the
storage device is turned off.
ROM (READ ONLY MEMORY) - A permanent form of storage. ROM stays active
regardless of whether power supply to it is turned on or off.
SECONDARY MEMORY - Stores data and programs permanently
HARD DRIVE (HD) - A “disk drive” that store and provides relatively quick access
to large amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
OPTICAL DISK - Optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light as
part of the process of reading or writing data to or from optical discs.
FLASH DISK - A storage module made of flash memory chips.
OUTPUT DEVICES - Any piece of computer hardware equipment used to
communicate (such as a computer)
Example of Output Devices:
1. Monitor
2. LCD Projection Panels
3. Printers (all types)
4. Computer Output Microfilm (COM)
5. Plotters
6. Speaker(s)
7. Projector
SOFTWARE - Collections of computer data and instructions, often broken into two
major categories: system software that provides the basic non-task specific functions
of the computer, and application software which is used by users to accomplish
specific tasks.
SOFTWARE TYPES
SYSTEM SOFTWARE - Is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing
the individual hardware components of a computer system.
APPLICATION SOFTWARE - used to accomplish specific tasks other than just
running the computer system. Microsoft Office, which consists of closely integrated
word processor, spreadsheet, database, etc.
UNIT OF MEASUREMENTS
STORAGE MEASUREMENTS - The basic unit used in computer data storage is
called a bit (binary digit).
BIT - KILOBYTE (KB) 1024 BYTES, MEGABYTE (MB) 1024 KILOBYTES,
GIGABYTE (GB) 1024 MEGABYTES, TERABYTE (TB) 1024 GIGABYTES
SPEED MEASUREMENT - The speed of Central Processing Unit (CPU) is
measured by Hertz (Hz), The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.
COMPUTERS CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS GENERAL OR SPECIAL
PURPOSE COMPUTERS.
GENERAL PURPOSE COMPUTERS - Are the most common types of computers
in use today. DOCUMENT PROCESSING, PERFORMING CALCULATIONS,
ACCOUNTING, DATA AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT
Examples of general-purpose computers: Mainframes, Minicomputers,
Microcomputers & Laptops used in most offices & schools.
SPECIAL-PURPOSE COMPUTER - is designed to handle/accomplish a particular
specific task only.
Examples of special-purpose computers: Robots, Mobile phones, Calculators
SUPERCOMPUTERS - are the fastest, largest, most expensive & also the most
powerful computers available.
MAINFRAME COMPUTERS - are less powerful & less expensive than
supercomputers. Are mostly found in government and big organizations such as banks,
hospitals, airports etc.
MINICOMPUTERS - is physically smaller than a mainframe.
CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DATA HANDLING
ANALOG COMPUTER - It is a type of continuous data that continually changes
and does not have discrete values.
DIGITAL COMPUTER - are designed in such a way that they can easily perform
calculations and logical operations at high speed. Such a type of computer takes up
raw data as input and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the
final output.
HYBRID COMPUTER - Hybrid computers are devices that exhibit the features of
both digital and analog computers.
GROUP 1 COMPUTER HARDWARE, PARTS OF A COMPUTER,
INTERNAL & EXTERNAL, TYPES OF COMPUTER HARDWARE, INPUT
AND OUTPUT, PROCESSING HARDWARE, STORAGE HARDWARE
INTRODUCTION OF COMPUTER HARDWARE
COMPUTER HARDWARE - is a term that refers to all of the tangible and physical
components of a computer, meaning that they can be touched and seen.
Internal Hardware - functioning of the computer
External Hardware - are attached to the computer to add or enhance
functionality.

Mouse: You use the mouse to move the cursor (virtual pointer) and interact with
elements on the screen.
Keyboard: The keyboard has a set of keys that enable you to type text and numbers
and perform various other inputs.
Controller: Gaming controllers allow you to input commands similar to a mouse and
keyboard and are primarily used for games.
External Storage: USB flash drives and external SSDs and HDDs allow you to
permanently store data, similar to internal storage devices.
Microphone: A microphone records audio and turns it into an electrical signal that
your computer can understand.
Web Camera: Just like a microphone but with light, a camera captures images and
converts them into electrical signals.
INPUT DEVICE - is a computer device or hardware that allows the user to provide
data, input, and instructions to the computer system.
JOYSTICK - is also a pointing device like a mouse which is widely used to play
games on a computer.
LIGHT PEN - is an input device of a computer that looks same as a pen.
SCANNER - is an important input device that helps us to convert a hard copy
document into a digital file (.jpeg, .png, .pdf, etc).