Last Minute Tips

The legal doctrine Parens Patriae means ______. a.

Guardian of the Country
b. Father of the Country
c. Guardian of the Galaxy
d. Protector of the Child
Refers to a series of activities which are designed to address issues that
caused the child to commit an offense. It may take the form of an
individualized treatment program which may include counseling, skills
training, education, and other activities that will enhance his/her
psychological, emotional and psychosocial wellbeing.

a. Diversion
b. Intervention
c. Diversion Program
d. Restorative Justice
What do you call a juvenile act that when committed by an adult will
not result to any prohibited or even demeanor act? a. Moral Offenses
b. Behavioral deviation
c. Status Offense
d. Offense
13 years old having a drinking spree of alcoholic beverages. a.
Juvenile Offense
b. Minor Offense
c. Status Offense
d. Child Offense
Process documents and papers expeditiously. All officials papers and
documents must be processed and completed within a reasonable time
from the preparation thereof. Official next-in-rank or officer in charge
shall sign for and their behalf. How many signatories?
a. Not more than 2 signatories
b. Not more than 3 signatories
c. Not more than 5 signatories
d. Not more than 10 signatories
In APA format text citation when there are 3 or more author used
only the last name of first author followed by?
a. i.e.
b. et al.
c. etc.
d. ibid
What is the main objective of RA 6713 “Code of Conduct and
Ethical Standards for Public Officials and Employees”?

a. Public officials and employees have an obligation to accomplish and

submit declarations under oath of, and the public has the right to
know, their assets, liabilities, net worth and financial and business
interests.
b. A public official or employee shall avoid conflicts of interest at all
times
c. It promote a high standard of ethics in public service.
d. Public officials and employees shall always uphold the public
interest over and above personal interest.
It proposes that people internalize moral codes more through the
process of socialization?
a. Social Learning Theory
b. Interaction Theory
c. Differential Association Theory
d. Positivist
Ana is very kind. She always helps people in need. This exemplifies to
___?
a. Socialism
b. Communism
c. Capitalism
d. Altruism
Fredie hearing voices in his head that he should kill his brother. a.
Delusion
b. Hallucination
c. Illusion
d. Dementia
 Characterized by an exaggerated self-importance and preoccupation
with receiving attention. a. Paranoid Personality
b. Dependent Personality
c. Borderline Personality
d. Narcissistic Personality
Paranoid Personality Disorder - It is characterized by suspicious, rigidity,
envy, hypersensitivity, excessive self-importance, argumentativeness and
tendency to blame others of one’s own mistakes.
Schizoid Personality Disorder - This is characterized by the inability to form
social relationship and lack of interest in doing so. The person seem to
express their feelings, they lack social skills. They are the so-called “loners”.
Schizotypal Personality Disorder - It is characterized by seclusiveness, over
sensitivity, avoidance of communication and superstitious thinking is
common.
Histrionic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by immaturity, excitability,
emotional instability and self-dramatization.
Narcissistic Personality Disorder - It is characterized by an exaggerated
sense of self-importance and pre-occupation with receiving attention. The
person usually expects and demands special treatment from others and
disregarding the rights and feeling of others.
Borderline Personality Disorder - It is characterized by instability reflected in
drastic mood shifts and behavior problems. The person usually displays
intense anger outburst with little provocation and he is impulsive, unpredictable,
and periodically unstable.
Avoidant Personality Disorder - It is characterized by hypersensitivity to
rejection and apprehensive alertness to any sign of social derogation. Person
is reluctant to enter into social interaction.
Dependent Personality Disorder - It is characterized by extreme
dependence on other people – there is acute discomfort and even panic to
be alone. The person lacks confidence and feels helpless.
Passive-Aggressive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by being
hostile expressed in indirect and non-violent ways. They are so called
“stubborn”. The individual with this personality disorder is usually found to
have overindulged in many things during the early years to the extent that
the person comes to anticipate that his needs will always be met and
gratified.
Compulsive Personality Disorder - It is characterized by excessive concern
with rules, order, and efficiency that everyone does things their way and an
ability to express warm feeling. The person is over conscientious, serious, and
with difficulty in doing things for relaxation.
Anti-social Personality Disorder - It is characterized by continuing
violation of the rights of others through aggressive, anti-social behavior with
out remorse or loyalty to anyone.
This format of thesis writing is most commonly used to cite sources in
social science.
A. HARVARD
B. Modern Language Association
C. American Psychological Association (APA)
D. NOTA
It is the “blueprint” of the study. It guides the collection, measurement
and analysis of data.
A. Research Outline
B. Research Framework
C. Research Chart
D. Research Design
This is an attempt to remove uncertainty from the future.
a. Predict
b. Prevent
c. Prepare
d. Perform
Institution of passive and active security measures, as well as the remedy
or solution of establishing factors and or security flaws leading to such
crisis and emergencies.
a. Prevention
b. Preparation
c. Prediction
d. Performance
A type of fraud which the writer presents the ideas or work of
someone else as his or her own is known as?
a. Copyright
b. Plagiarism
c. Editing
d. Patent
They are atavists according to Lombroso because they have
inherited their criminal tendencies? a. Criminal
b. Criminaloids
c. Born Criminals
d. Insane Criminals
Behavior that departs from social norms is otherwise known as? a.
Crime
b. Truant
c. Offense
d. Deviant
In the mitigating circumstances, the age of minor is below 18. What
about senility?
a. 60
b. 65
c. 70 above
d. 70 below
Anyone can be a victim of crime or be a criminal of a crime?
a. Crime is general
b. Crime is pervasive
c. Crime is progressive
d. Crime is reflective
It is a means of developing general summary statements based on the
observation of a homogenized group of criminals and
categorized based on their age, sex, current offense, personality type,
and social class.
a. Typology
b. Criminology
c. Classification of Crime
D. Group of Crime
Machinery of the state which enforces the rules of conduct necessary to
protect life and property and to maintain peace and order.
a. Law Enforcement
b. Prosecution
c. Criminal Justice System
d. Court
Criminology is also related to the study of ______________ behaviors or
those actions that depart from social norms, values, beliefs, and
customs.
A. Deviant
B. Delinquency
C. Abnormal
D. Violent
What is theory in criminal law wherein the exercise of free will is
recognized however the person still commits the crime contrary to his
volition. A. Positivist
B. Neo-classical
C. Eclectic
D. Classical
Which type of criminal possesses atavistic tendency?
A. Neurotic
B. Born
C. Psychotic
D. Hedonistic
What is NOT an element of classical criminology?
a. The use of scientific method in explaining phenomenon like
criminal behavior.
b. Crime is attractive when it promises great benefits with little effort.
c. People have free will to choose lawful solutions to meet their needs
or settle their problems
d. Crime may be controlled by the fear of punishment.
What is the concept or principle in Criminology that is synonymous
with the term Conflict perspective? a. Peacemaking Criminology
b. Biosocial Criminology
c. Radical Criminology
d. Convict Criminology
Grounds for Removal or Suspension of Board Chairperson/Member, EXCEPT.
a. Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure examination for
Criminologist
b. Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge of one’s duty
c. Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure examination for
criminologists, disclosure of secret and confidential information on the
examination questions prior to the conduct thereof, or tampering of
grades
d. Commission of any crime involving moral turpitude
(a) Gross neglect, incompetence or dishonesty in the discharge of one's duty;
(b) Commission of any of the causes/grounds and the prohibited acts
provided in this Act and the offenses in the Revised Penal Code, the Anti-
Graft and Corrupt Practices Act, and other laws;
(c) Manipulation or rigging of the results in the licensure examination for
criminologists, disclosure of secret and confidential information on the
examination questions prior to the conduct thereof, or tampering of
grades; and
(d) Conviction with final judgment of any crime involving moral turpitude. The
Commission, in the conduct of the investigation, shall be guided by Section
7(s) of Republic Act No. 8981, the rules on administrative investigation,
and the applicable provisions of the New Rules of Court.
Motorists sometimes forget to lock their vehicles or may
unintentionally leave their cellular phones behind. In doing so, they
become victims of a crime. a. Victim provocation
b. Victim administration
c. Victim precipitation
d. Victim facilitation
Which of the following DOES NOT characterize anomie?
A. It is the ability to adjust easily to changing norms.
B. It is a conflict within the norms itself.
C. It is the inability to adjust on changing norms.
D. It is the failure of the individuals to internalize the norms of the
society.
Which is not a function and consequence of crime in society
according to Emile Durkheim?
A. Society becomes vigilant
B. It creates unity in the society
C. Disintegration and disunity of the society
D. Society decide what behavior must be prohibited
Which of the following is the illusory superiority? a.
Obedient
b. Kind
c. Smart
d. Character

One of the main effects of illusory superiority in IQ

is the Downing effect.
In arbitration, which of the following is not true?
a. Public
b. Mandatory
c. Binding
d. Voluntary
This is the act, process, or practice of settling a dispute in a court of law.
a. Litigation
b. Mediation
c. Alternative Dispute Resolution
d. Arbitration
Means any mediation process conducted under the auspices of the
court, after such court has acquired jurisdiction of the dispute.
a. Mediation
b. Court-Annexed Mediation
c. Court-Referred Mediation
d. Arbitration
The hostage-taker’s mobility to the smallest location in the building or
exterior area and deny him the opportunity to observe the presence
of police and their activities. a. Isolate
b. Contain
c. Evaluate
d. Report
I–C–E-R METHODS
1.ISOLATE 2.CONTAIN
Keep onlookers beyond the safety line.
Begins within the confines of the inner perimeter and also allows time
for crisis stabilization
3.EVALUATE
Gather as much cursory information as possible because the original
report may or may not be what the situation is
4.REPORT – identify and confirm all circumstances from the
hostage taker to the hostages the inform all responding
officers.
It is the assumed effect of another variable. It is the change that
occurs in the study population when one or more factors are
changed or when an intervention is introduced.
a. Independent variable
b. Dependent variable
c. Antecedent variable
d. Intervening variable
What is the symbol to be used if there are multiple authors?
a. et al.
b. ibid
c. etc.
d. i.e.
Which of the following exemplifies APA Format? a.
Triple Spacing
b. Page margins are 2 inches of all sides
c. Indent the first line of every paragraph 2.5 inches
d. Page header appears within the top right corner
The page header appears within the top
margin of every page of the paper.
•For student papers, the page header
consists of the page number only.
•For professional papers, the page
header consists of the page number
and running head.
• The page header appears within the top
margin of every page of the paper.
• For student papers, the page header
consists of the page number only.
• For professional papers, the page header consists of the page number
and running head.

Page numbers
Follow these guidelines to include page numbers in both student and
professional APA Style papers:
•Use the page-numbering function of your word-processing program to
insert page numbers.
•Insert page numbers in the top right corner. The page number should show
on all pages.
•The title page carries page number 1.
Is the customary code of polite behavior in society or among
members of a particular profession or group.
a. Etiquette
b. Values
c. Moral
d. Standard
It provides that only nationals of foreign countries in which the
requirements for the licensure examination and/or registration and practice
of criminology are substantially the same as those required and
contemplated by the Philippine laws and regulations, and which laws and
regulations allow Philippine citizens to practice criminology within the
territory of such foreign countries shall be allowed to take the Philippine
Criminologists licensure examination
a. Foreign Invader
b. Foreign Reciprocity
c. Foreign Alliance
d. Foreign Treaty
 Which of the following is a qualitative research?
a. How and why
b. What and where
c. When and where
d. Who
Qualitative research is a process of real-life inquiry that
aims to understand social phenomena. It focuses on the “why”
and “how” rather than the “what” of social phenomena.
Qualitative research is exploratory and seeks to explain ‘how’
and ‘why’ a particular phenomenon, or behavior, operates as
it does in a particular context.
 It is used to generate hypotheses and theories from the
data. Qualitative methods are about describing and analyzing
phenomena from a human perspective
Charlemango cannot adapt to the culture of the rich in his
neighborhood. He migrated and chose to live with people with the
same status as him. An independent subculture formed that is deviant
and against to conventional rules of society. What is this belief that
argues that crime is product of incompatible culture that rich and poor
have? a. Social conflict
b. Social structure
c. Culture conflict
d. Cultural deviance theory
The theory suggests that crime is not solely based in a mechanical
manner, but rather, it is influenced by various factors such as
biological, psychological, and social factors.
a. Classical
b. Neo classical
c. Positivist
d. Eclectic
The positivist theory of punishment is based on the idea that
crime is a social and natural phenomenon, and as such, it cannot be
treated and checked by the application of abstract principles of law and
jurisprudence nor by the imposition of a punishment fixed and
determined a priori. Instead, it should be addressed through the
 enforcement of individual investigation conducted by a
competent body of psychiatrist and social scientists.
The theory suggests that crime is not solely based on free will in a
mechanical manner, but rather, it is influenced by various factors such as
biological, psychological, and social factors
Charlemango falsely claims to have been robbed or assaulted to
receive insurance money or to avoid punishment for a crime he
committed. a. Loser
b. Victim with minor guilt
c. Innocent
d. Imaginary victimization
This is because the rich have been able to accumulate wealth and
power through the exploitation of the working class and the
manipulation of the political system. a. Capitalism
b. Socialism
c. Communism
d. Altruism
Which theory in criminal law that focuses on punishment and
retribution rather than treatment and rehabilitation?
a. Classical
b. Positivist
c. Ne classical
d. Eclectic
e. Utilitarianism
Which of the following is the classicist?
a. They are a rational thinker and they know the consequences of
their action
b. They have physical characteristics of criminal propensities.
c. They cannot practice their freewill due to their mental disturbances
d. A child who cannot distinguish what is right and wrong
This theory argues that a criminal commits a crime due to
biological, psychological and sociological factors.
a. Classical
b. Neo classical
c. Positivist
d. Ecological school
A theory that claims that crime is a function of dispute between the
lower and higher class of society.
a. Social conflict
b. Social structure
c. Social learning
 d. Social bonds
A pregnant woman who habitually drinks alcohol and abuses drugs may
effect her child. It may fall into what perspective/theory of crime
causation?
A. BIOSOCIOLOGY
B. BIOPSYCHOSOCIOLOGY
C. BIOCHEMICAL
D. PSYCHOSOCIOLOGY
Classical Choice Perspective – SituationalForces – crime is a function of free
will and personal choice, punishment is a deterrent to crime.
Biological / Psychological Perspective – InternalForces– crime is a function
of chemical, neurological, genetic, personality, intelligence, or mental traits.
Structural Perspective – EcologicalForces– crime rates are function of
neighborhood conditions, cultural forces, and norm conflict.
Process Perspective – SocializationForces– crime is a function of
upbringing, learning, and control. Peers, parents, and teachers influence
behavior.
Conflict Perspective – Economic and Political Forces – crime is a function of
competition for limited resources and power. Class conflict produces crime.
Developmental Perspective – MultipleForces – Biological,
socialpsychological, economic, and political forces may combine to produce
crime
 BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE
It seeks to explain the onset of antisocial behavior such as
aggression and violence by focusing on the physical qualities of
the offenders. It concentrated mainly on the three areas of focus:
biochemical (diet, genetic, hormones, and environmental
contaminants),
neurological (brain damage), and genetic
(inheritance).
Which of the following refers to RA 6713?
a. The professional conduct and ethical standards of public official or
employees
b. Philippine National Police Code of Professional Conduct and
Ethical Standards
c. Law enforcement code of ethics
d. Both A and B
 Law Enforcement Code of Ethics
As a Law Enforcement Officer, my fundamental duty is to serve
mankind; to safeguard lives and property; to protect the innocent against
deception; the weak against oppression or intimidation, and the peaceful
against violence or disorder; and to respect the constitutional rights of
all men to liberty, equality and justice. I will keep my private life unsullied
as an example to all; maintain courageous calm in the face of danger,
scorn or ridicule; develop self-restraint; and be constantly mindful of the
welfare of others. Honest in thought and deed in both my personal and
official life, I will be exemplary in obeying the laws of the land and the
regulation of my department. Whatever I see or hear of a confidential
nature or that is confided to me in my official capacity will be kept ever
secret unless revelation is necessary in the performance of my duty.
I will never act officiously or permit personal feelings, prejudices
animosities or friendships to influence my decisions. With the
compromise for crime and with relentless prosecution or criminals, I will
enforce the law courteously and appropriately without fear or favor
malice or ill will, never employing unnecessary force or violence and
never accepting gratuities. I recognize the badge of my office as a
symbol of public faith, and I accept it as a public trust to be held so long
as I am true to the other of the police service. I will constantly strive to
achieve these objectives, and ideals, dedicating myself before God to
my chosen profession. . .law enforcement.
In 5 P’s of crisis management, which of the following is not included in
prevention measures?
a. Alert systems and precautions upon striking of the crisis
b. Active and passive measures to prevent uncertainty in times of crisis
c. Actual implementation of plan in case of crisis
d. All of the above
In crisis management, which of the following is not the reason to
change the plan if the crisis/hazard happened?
a. Change the chief of police when crisis occurred
b. Change the plan only if the original plan is not effective
c. Change the original plan if it does not relevant to the present
situation
d. Always change the plan according to places of operations.
Who among the following can avail mitigating circumstance if
committed a crime?
a. 55 years old
b. 60 years old
c. 65 years old
d. 70 years old
If the parties failed to have an amicable settlement and
need legal action, then they have to proceed to which of
the following?
A. CONCILIATION
B. ARBITRATION
C. COURT ANNEX MEDIATION
D. LITIGATION
Which of the following is correct when writing the title of the table in
APA format?
A. LEFT ALIGNMENT AND ITALICIZE
B. MIDDLE ALIGNMENT AND ITALICIZE
C. RIGHT ALIGNMENT AND ITALICIZE
D. LEFT ALIGNMENT AND BOLD
Author/s in parenthetical in-text citation should be done in the
following manner.
A. ON THE FIRST PART OF THE SENTENCE WITHIN A PARENTHESIS
B. ON THE MIDDLE PART OF THE SENTENCE WITHIN A PARENTHESIS
C. ON THE LAST PART OF THE SENTENCE WITHOUT A PARENTHESIS
D. ON THE LAST PART OF THE SENTENCE WITHIN A PARENTHESIS
These are information that has been collected, observed, generated, or
created to validate the research.
A. Variables
B. Data
C. Information
D. attributes

Research data is any information that has been collected,

observed, generated or created to validate original research
findings.
A social work researcher wants to understand what it means to be a
first-generation college student or a resident in a psychiatric group
home. In this case, what would be an appropriate strategy in
conducting a research?
a. Descriptive
b. Explanatory
c. Exploratory
d. Correlational
EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
Typically in the early stages of examining their topics.
 usually conducted when a researcher wants to test the feasibility of
conducting a more extensive study and to figure out the “lay of the
land” (current situation) with respect to the particular topic.
That there is very little literature on their topic.
Very little prior research has been conducted on the subject
usually conducted when a researcher has just begun an investigation
and wishes to understand the topic generally.

For example, an exploratory study may be a suitable step toward

understanding the relatively new phenomenon of college students’
addictions to their electronic gadgets.
Descriptive research
 aims to describe or define the topic at hand.
describes or defines a particular phenomenon
Answers the questions what, where, how, who and what but
never why.

Explanatory research
aims to explain why particular phenomena work in the way that
they do.
explains why particular phenomena work in the way that they do,
answers “why” questions
Which of the following should not be put in abstract?
A. Methods
B. Questionnaire
C. Results
D. Citing the names of the authors
Which of the following is the most important to consider when
conducting a research?
a. The benefits that the respondents can get from the research
b. The consent of the respondents before conducting an interview
c. The safety of the interviewer
d. The data that can be obtained
What is the perspective that combines the theory of genetics and
behavior or mind?
A. Biopsychology
B. Biopsychosocial
C. Sociology
D. Psychosociology
Which of the following is the primary responsibility of the registered
criminologists? A. To observe the law
B. To enforce the law
C. To uplift the law
D. To uphold the law
Which of the following is the ground for suspension of the rights of
the parents to their child?
a. Civil interdiction
b. If the child is legally adopted by others
c. Death of the child
d. Upon granting by the court for legal authority.
A phenomenon happened that devastated and left the whole
community in chaos. Which of the following best refers to this
situation?
A. National Calamity
B. Natural Hazard/Risk
C. C. Man-made hazard
D. Man-made calamity
There shall be only one IC holding at least a
senior rank and/or one with experience in
hostage/crisis situation or relative training.
Until such time that he/she officially
designates a spokesperson, he/she may issue
appropriate press statements and continue to
perform the role of the spokesperson.
) The IC shall, upon assessment of the situation, prepare necessary plans
including but not limited to the following:
a) Emergency Response Plan - depends on the threat posed by the hostage-
takers and need of the HNT and IC.
b) Breakout Plan - possibility of breakout shall be considered immediately
upon drawing up of negotiation strategy. This should be considered as one
of the priority plans.
c) Delivery Plan - in case the hostage-takers change plans in the middle of the
execution.
d) Surrender Plan - shall be drawn up in a way that the Hostages’ lives will not
be jeopardized.
e) Hostage Reception/Release - for security reasons, released hostages shall
be contained and isolated.
 f) Collection Plan - safety of the police personnel involved is the priority
consideration.
PNP's Alert Level During Man Made Critical Incidents The Revised
Philippine National Police Operational Procedures (2013) posits Four Alert
Levels during Human-Induced (Man -Made) Critical Incident.
The Appropriate man-made critical incident alert level shall be
disseminated to all concerned offices through the PNP National
Operations Center (NOC) . They are as follows:
Level 1 (Low) There is no information to suggest a specific man-made Critical
Incident may occur.
Level 2 (Moderate) Man-made Critical Incident is possible, but not likely.
Level 3 (High) There is a strong possibility that manmade Critical Incidents may
occur within a short period of time.
Level 4 (Extreme) A man-made Critical Incident has just occurred or has just
been preempted; or incidents are expected.
PNP's Stages in Disaster Management The Revised
Philippine National Police Operational Procedures (2013),
introduced Three levels/ Stages in Natural Disaster
Managemert, They are as follows:

Level I (Green) - Pre- Disaster Stage

Level 2 (Red) - Disaster Report Stage - It is when there is an official
forecast of an incoming natural disaster in the country and when an
unexpected natural disaster suddenly occurs in the country .This is
where the Disaster Incident Management activities are done.
Level 3 (White) - Post-Disaster Stage - It is when the Natural disaster
is officially over, and Support to Recovery and
Rehabilitation Efforts are being done.
DEFINITION OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
• the process by which an organization deals with a major event
that threatens to harm the organization or the general
public. It is simply defined as a good management under
pressure.
• is the proper utilization of all available resources and the
formulation of policies and procedures to effectively deal with
 progressive sequence of events (crisis) and sudden or
unforeseen state (emergency).
• dealing with threats after they have occurred. Crises Management
is occasionally referred as INCIDENT MANAGEMENT.
Essential elements of Crisis Management
There are two primary essential elements in crisis management, they
are:
1.Incident Management - This refers to an act of containing the
situation within a certain level, mostly through law enforcement
interventions (Dr. Castillo, and Gabao, 2021).
2.Consequence Management - This is an act that focuses on
mitigating the adverse effects that may be brought about by an
 incident. This is achieved by utilizing non-law enforcement elements,
such as medical and fire services (Dr. Castillo, and Gabao, 2021).
Crisis Management Committee
The Crisis Management Committee (CMC) is a governing body
that takes decisive actions to resolve crises or emergencies. Its
goal is the formulation of crisis management policies, integration and
orchestration of government and public efforts towards the control o
crisis or incidents.
Members of the CMC are both elected and appointed public
officials who have a special responsibility to safeguard society from
the adverse consequences of the crisis.
 It is important to note that the members of CMC are
accountable not only to proper authority but also to the people.
The Five Critical task of CMC
1. Sense making- considered as the classical assessment step in
decision making
2. Decision making- is both the act of coming to a decision as the
implementation of that decision.
3. Meaning making- refers to crisis management as a political
communication
4. Terminating- termination of crisis is only possible if the
committee, through its Chairperson, correctly handles the
accountability question.
5. Learning- refers to the actual learning from a crisis
PHASES OF CRISIS MANAGEMENT
PRO-ACTIVE PHASES
PREDICTION
PREVENTION
PREPARATION
 REACTIVE PHASE
PERFORMANCE
POST-ACTION AND ASSESSMENT
Hostage situation
• A set of circumstances wherein a suspected law violator is holding a person is
holding a person captive with the use of force and threat of violence while the law
enforcement officers arain close contact with the suspect and his captive.

STAGESOFAHOSTAGESITUATION
Alarm - This stage is the most traumatic and dangerous.
Crisis Stage - There is still a great deal of danger since hostage takers try to
consolidate their positions (HT). Isolation, claustrophobia and sense of time
(hostages)
Accommodation Stage – boredom with moments of terror, longest and most tranquil.
Stockholm’s syndrome will likely to occur.
Resolution Stage - hostage taker is being stressed out or fatigued of the situation.
Tension between the hostages, hostage taker and the crisis negotiator is notably low.
crisis intervention techniques of the negotiation team have increased.
What is the primary responsibility of registered criminologist?
a. Improve their effectiveness by diligent study
b. To bear faithful allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines and
be loyal to his profession
c. To know its bounds upon him, be aware of limitations and
prescriptions and recognize the system of government
d. be just, impartial and reasonable, never according anyone more
preferential treatment than another.
 CANON 1. PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY
Rule 1. The fundamental and basic responsibility of every Registered Criminologist in the
society is to bear faithful allegiance to the Republic of the Philippines. They shall support
the Philippine Constitution, its laws and other lawful orders and administrative regulations.
They shall observe and defend the principle of liberty and religious freedom of everyone.
Rule2. Every Registered Criminologist shall respect the rule of law, and legal processes in
both judicial and quasi-judicial bodies and also other administrative bodies such as the
Professional Regulation commission; the Commission on Higher Education as well as the
PAP Rules and Regulations and other PCAP-recognized professional associations.
Rule 3. Registered Criminologists shall strive to continuously improve their skills and impart
to others valuable information and practices that they acquired on their practice of the
profession especially those that would benefit the general public in terms of safety and
welfare.
The findings of Registered criminologists can very well get an innocent
man free or convict those who are guilty. Which Is NOT a criterion that
must guide criminologist in the formulation of their findings?
A. It must conform with the goals and objectives of the prosecution.
B. It shall be derived from a fair and impartial examination personally
performed by them
C. It must be done personally or with the aid of the legally authorized
criminology practitioners
D. It shall be based solely and entirely on logical and scientific
deductions and conclusions
CANON 3. ATTITUDE TOWARDS THE PROFESSION
Rule 1. Registered criminologists shall strive to make the best application of science to the
prevention and solution of crimes. Strive for an effective contributing member of society
on matters affecting public safety and development.
Rule2. Registered Criminologists shall value the importance of his profession as an
honorable service provider to the community and country in the field of criminological
research, public safety, policing and forensic sciences.
Rule3. Registered Criminologists shall avoid outside influence from overzealous and
disgruntled parties. Their findings shall be based solely and entirely on logical and scientific
deductions and conclusions derived from a fair and impartial examination personally
performed by them and with the aid of the legally authorized Criminologist practitioners.
Rule4. Registered Criminologists must never lose sight of the important fact that they shall
only work for the truth and nothing but the ultimate truth and justice.
The Registered Criminologist must be mindful of his special
identification by the public as an upholder of the law. For achieve this,
what should be done?
a. He must never be lax in conduct or manner in private life, express
disrespect for the law, nor seek to gain special privilege that
would be reflective upon the profession
b. develop and maintain complete support and cooperation of the
public
c. deal with individuals of the community in a manner calculated to
instill respect for its laws and their profession.
d. encouraging complete cooperation of members for their mutual
benefit.
 CANON 5. PRIVATE CONDUCT
Rule 1. Registered Criminologists must be mindful of their special identification
by the public as an upholder of the law. They must never be lax in conduct or
manner in private life, express disrespect for the law, nor seek to gain special
privilege that would be reflective upon the profession. He must so conduct his
private life that the public will regard him as an exemplar of stability, fidelity and
morality.
Rule 2. Registered Criminologists must be strive to elevate the standing of the
profession in the public mind, strengthen public confidence in law enforcement,
and develop and maintain complete support cooperation of the public and
insure the effectiveness by encouraging complete cooperation of members of
their mutual benefit and the upliftment of the profession.
 Peter, a questioned document expert, was employed to determine
the authenticity of a testator’s holographic will. In determining his
remuneration, which canon of professional ethics of registered
criminologist should be applied?
A. Canon 7. Limitation of Authority
B. Canon 8. Practice of Profession
C. Canon 10. Decorum
D. Canon 9. Malpractice of the Profession
CANON 8. Practice of Profession
Rule 1. Registered Criminologists shall exercise the profession with utmost skills and
competence, decency and in the performance of their sworn duty, shall act with justice, give
everyone of his due, and observe honesty and good faith.
Rule 2. Registered Criminologists shall make the professional services with highest integrity,
independence, efficiency and effectiveness in the discharge of the profession. In charging
professional fees, it shall be reasonable and commensurate to the services rendered. They
shall maintain utmost confidentiality of information, records, and cases handled by them
regardless of the kind of service (private or public) the professional is engaged in and whether
for fee or free.
Rule 3. Registered Criminologists are committed to a life of service to others. They shall
protect life, property and the welfare of the people and most importantly, as agents and
instruments of justice and fair play in the society. In serving others, they shall be prepared for
heroic sacrifice and genuine selflessness personal and in carrying out their professional
expense of personal duties even at the expense of personal gain.
John included in his resume that he is an expert in Dactyloscopy
although his only training was when he was taking up Criminology as an
undergraduate course. Which canon of professional ethics of registered
criminologists did he violate?
A. Prohibition against self-laudatory or unfair statement or claim
regarding to his qualifications of services.
B. Prohibition against delegation to any unqualified person the
performance of any task.
C. Prohibition against the use their position or rank in the law
enforcement and other government services for self-interests. D.
Prohibition in engaging directly or indirectly in any corrupt
practices.
 CANON 9.Malpractice of the Profession
All Registered Criminologists shall:-
Rule1. Never engage directly or indirectly in any act or conduct which is unlawful, dishonest, deceitful, practices,
or those deemed as graft and corrupt practices or steal in whatever amount and degree, any original creation
of other professionals . violation of this Rule may constitute immoral or gross misconduct which may cause an
outright termination as member of the PCAP, Inc. depending on the nature and gravity of the specific offense.
Rule 2.Not use or permit the use of any false, fraudulent, misleading, deceptive, undignified, selflaudatory or
unfair statement or claim regarding his qualifications or services. Violation of this Rule may constitute unethical
and unprofessional conduct which may merit or cause suspension of membership with the PCAP, Inc.
Rule 3.Not delegate to any unqualified person the performance of any tasks which by mandate of professional
regulatory law or regulations may only be performed by a Registered Criminologist. Violation of this Rule may
constitute unethical and unprofessional conduct.
Rule 4. Those Registered Criminologists who are in Law Enforcement and other government services shall not
use their position or rank to promote, favor, or advance their private practice and/or business interests, nor
allow to interfere with their duties and responsibilities. Violation of this Rule may constitute unethical and
unprofessional conduct.
Rule 5.Those Registered Criminologists who were convicted of crime involving moral turpitude shall be
separately investigated to determine his/her fitness to practice Criminology profession. Rule6. Shall not refuse
to admit prospective clients by reason of poverty and the like. Violation of this Rule may constitute unethical
conduct.
The registered criminologist shall recognize the system of
government that gives no one or group absolute power.
a. Canon 3. attitude towards the profession
b. CANON 7. Limitation of Authority
c. CANON 8. Practice of Profession
d. CANON 10. Decorum
 Code of ethics and professional
responsibility
Canon 1. Primary Responsibility Canon 9. Malpractice Of The Profession
Canon 2. The Criminology Profession Canon 10. Decorum
Canon 3. Attitude Towards Profession Canon 11. Continuing Professional
Development
Canon 4. Attitude Towards Fellow
Criminologists Canon 12. Law Enforcement Code Of
Ethics And Other Codes
Canon 5. Private Conduct
Canon 13. Sanctions And Penalties
Canon 6. Conduct Towards The Public Canon 14. Observance Of Due Process
Canon 7. Limitation Of Authority Canon 8.
Practice Of Profession
Article I
PRIMARY RESPONSIBILITY
OF REGISTERED CRIMINOLOGIST
Article 2
LIMITATION OF AUTHORITY
Article 3
PRIVATE CONDUCT
Article 4
CONDUCT TOWARDS THE PUBLIC
Article 5
ATTITUDE TOWARDS PROFESSION
Article 6
ATTITUDE TOWARDS FELLOW CRIMINOLOGISTS
Article 7
CODE OF ETHICS
Pointers to discuss
 THEORIES OF DELINQUENCY
A. Early general theories on the causes of delinquency
1.Demonological theory
- oldest perspective theory
- This theory promoted the notion that persons should not held responsible
for their actions when they do evil things because their body is possessed by evil
spirits.
2. Classical theory
-People are rational people, have free will
-Youths commit crime because they think or imagine that greater good
things can be earned through conformity (hedonism)
Classicist have 4 good reason why delinquent persons and offenders
should be punished

A. GENERAL DETERRENCE – strike in the hears of other people

B. SPECIFIC DETERRENCE – will strike fear in the hearts of
wrongdoers
C.INCAPACITATION – wrongdoers should be locked up in jail
D. RETRIBUTION – delinquents should be punished because they
deserve it.
3. Positive or italian theory
-Promoted the idea of DETERMINISM (means that every act has a cause
that is waiting to be discovered in the natural word)
- Believed that the causes of juvenile delinquency could be identified
through application of the scientific method.
-Blames delinquency on biological, psychological and sociological factors.
4 Critical Theory
-View juvenile delinquency as a product of existing social arrangements
-Power influence inequality and conflict
-Blames delinquency on the imbalance of power within the human society.
 B. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Criminal behavior is a result of biological or genetic defect.

1. Lombrosian theory
- criminals have many stigmata (distinctive physical features)
- Criminals are atavistic beings (having mentality of primitive people,
incapable of living in modern society)
-Criminals are classified as epileptic, insane and inborn

Note: this theory was flawed as it was based only on his findings from
examining criminals. He did not conduct studies on non-offenders’ characters.
2. General Inferiority Theory/Hooton’s Theory
-Earnest Hooton
-Crime is a result of impact of environment upon low-grade
human organisms and that criminals were originally inferior people
-Crimes exist because there are some inferior people who are
responsible for them
-Criminals should be permanently exiled to self-governing
reservations, isolated from the society, sterilized to prevent future
offspring's.
3. William Sheldon's Theory
-Body type affects a person’s entire personality or temperament
A. ENDOMORPHS – fat, round, soft
B. MESOMORPHS – athletic, muscular physique
C. ECTOMORPHS – skinny with lean and fragile bodies

4. Genetic Theory
-Delinquency is committed by people who have abnormal genetic
structure or chromosomal abnormalities.
-DNA is the transmitter of genetic materials (genes)
-EXTRA Y chromosomes is responsible for aggressiveness and thus,
criminal activity.
 C. Psychological Theories
These theories assume that:
A. Delinquency is a result of internal, underlying disturbances
B. These disturbances develop in childhood and tend to become permanent features
of the individual character.
C. Since the individual has problems, he or she must be the focus of attention if the
problem is to be solved.

1. PSYCHOGENE THEORIES – blame delinquencies on impulses that are rooted in

the child rather that in his environment. Psychogenic believe that it is easier to
change a person than it is to change an environment.
1.1 Freudan Psychoanalytic Theory
Four elements in the Freuds theory
A. Human nature is inherently anti-social. Every child possesses a set
of primitive anti-social instincts that Freud called the ID.
B. Good behavior comes through effective socialization. Through
socialization, the child learns internal control.
C. The lifelong features of the human personality originate in the early
 childhood. By the age 5, all the essential features of the child’s adult
personality have been developed.
D. Delinquent behavior is the result of a defective superego.
2. THE LOW-IQ THEORY
-People with low intelligence are easily led into law-breaking activities by the
wiles of more clever people
- People with low intelligence are unable to realize that committing offenses in a
certain way often leads to getting caught and eventual punishment.

3. Attention-deficit Hyperactivity Theory

- Juvenile delinquency is caused by immaturity and hyperactivity
-Grade schoolers usually experience ADHD which is characterized by:
1. Short attention span
2. Day dreaming
3. Sluggishness
4. Preoccupation
5. Impulsiveness
4. Frustration-Aggresion Theory
-Claims that people who are frustrated will act
aggressively, and people who engage in aggression are
frustrated first.

Frustration – is a behavior directed at anticipated goals or

expectations. It develops when a person experiences the
blocking of some goal. It involves hopes and unfulfilled
expectations.

Aggression – is a behavior whose goal is to inflict damage or

injury on some objects or persons.
 D. Social class theories
1. SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION THEORY (Clifford Shaw And Henry
Mckay)
-Disorganized areas cannot exert social control over acting-out youth.
-It is not, then, sine individual property or trait that is the cause of
delinquency, but the quality and ambiance of the community in which
adolescents are forced to reside.

2. ANOMIE THEORY (Emile Durkheim)

-Anomie refers to breakdown of social norms (normlessness) and a
condition where norms no longer control the activities of members in
society.
-Individuals cannot find their place in society without clear rules to help
guide them.
3. STRAIN THEORY (Robert Merton)
-Certain classes are denied legitimate access to culturally determined goals
 and opportunities, and the resulting frustration results in illegitimate
activities or rejection of the society’s goal.

4. Differential Opportunity Theory (Richard Cloward And Lloyd Ohlin)

-Delinquent subcultures flourish in the lower classes and take particular
forms so that the means for illegitimate success are no more equally distributed
than the means for legitimate success.
Children joined delinquent gangs to achieve success, but because their
legitimate path is blocked, they turn illegitimate means in the form of delinquency
3 TYPES OF DELINQUENT GANGS (CLOWARD AND OHLIN)
1. The Criminal Gang
-close connection of illegitimate and legitimate businesses.
-This type of gang is stable than the ones to follow. Older criminals serve as
role models and they teach necessary criminals skills to the youngster.
2. The Conflict/Violent Gang
-Non-stable and non-integrated
- This gang aims to find reputation for toughness and destructive violence
3. The Retreatist Gang
-equally unsuccessful in legitimate as well as illegitimate means, thus
retreating into the world of sex, drugs and alcohol.
5. Class Conflict Theory
-The criminal justice system and criminal law are thought to be operating in
the behalf of rich and powerful social elites, with resulting policies aimed at controlling
the poor.
-Morality and good behavior created by the powerful on the whole society.
-The legal rights of poor folks might be ignored.
- The middle class are also co-opted; they side with the elites rather than the
poor

6. Differential Opression Theory

-Juvenile delinquency is a product of the oppression of children by adults,
particularly within the context of family.
-The maltreatment of children has been found to be highly correlated with both
serious and moderate delinquency as well as other problem behaviors.
E. INTERPERSONAL THEORIES
1. DIFFERENTIAL ASSOCIATION THEORY (Edwin Sutherland)
-Criminal behavior is learned primarily within the
interpersonal groups and that youth will become delinquent

2. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

-Behavior is modeled through observation, either directly through
intimate contact with others, or indirectly through media.
-Children who grow up in a home where violence is a way of
life may learn to believe that such behavior is acceptable and
rewarding.
F. SITUATIONAL THEORIES

1. DRIFT THEORY/NEUTRALIZATION THEORY (David Matza and Gresham

Sykes)
-Delinquents hold values similar to those of law abiding citizens, but they
learn techniques that enable them to neutralize those values and drift back and forth
between legitimate and delinquent behavior.
-Juveniles develop distinct set of justifications for their behavior when it
violates accepted social rules and norms.
FIVE TECHNIQUES OF NEUTRALIZATION
1. Denial Of Responsibility
2. Denial Of Injury
3. Denial Of Victim
4. Condemnation Of The Condemners
5. Appeal To Higher Loyalties
 G. SOCIETAL REACTION THEORIES

1. LABELING THEORY (Howard Becker)

-Offenders will be given a negative label that can follow
them throughout life.
 H. CONTROL THEORIES
1. SOCIAL CONTROL THEORY (Travis Hirschi)
-Members in the society form bonds with other members in society or
institution in society such as parents, pro-social friends, churches, schools,
teachers etc. Attachment, commitment, involvement, belief,)
-The social bonds include the ties and affection that develop between
children and key people in their lives.
2. SELF-DEROGATION THEORY (Howard Kaplan)
-All motivation to maximize our self-esteem, motivation to conform will be
minimized by family, school and peer interactions that devalue our sense of self.
3. INTERACTIONAL THEORY (Terrence Thornberry)
-Weakening of child’s social bond is the fundamental cause of
delinquency
4. SELF-CONTROL THEORY
-Absence of self-control rather than the presence of some
forces or factors (poverty, anomie etc) that leads to deviance.
-Rejects the notion that deviance is learned, that deviance
simply results from the individual’s inability to effectively control his
or her impulses.
 I. OTHER THEORIES
1. CULTURE DEVIANCE THEORY
-Links delinquent acts to the formation of independent
subcultures with a unique set of values that clash with the mainstream
culture.

2. STRUCTURAL FUNCTIONALISM THEORY

-Some social structures exert definite pressure upon certain
persons in society to engage in non-conforming rather than conforming
behavior.
3. RATIONAL CHOICE THEORY
-Deviance is a result of high calculation of risks and awards.
-Prospective deviants weigh their own chance of gain against the risk of getting
caught.
-Juveniles do not always choose the most rational actions
4. ROUTINE ACTIVITY THEORY (Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson)
-Lack of capable guardian
-Suitable target
-Motivated offenders
-The greater opportunity for criminals and victims to interact, the greater the
probability if crime, vice versa
5. LEARnING THEORY
-Children living in even the most deteriorated areas can resist inducements to
crime if they have learned proper values and behavior
16. Juvenile Delinquency
17. CICL
18. Qualitative Research
19. Quantitative Research
20. JJWC
21. Complex Behavior
22. Moral
23. Acute Criminal
24. Stockholm Syndrome
25. Lime Syndrome
26. Police Ethics
27. Hot Debrief
28. Court-Annexed Mediation
29. Empirical
30. Non-partisanship
31. Crisis
32. Neglected Child
33. Retribution (Purpose of penalty of Classical)
34. PTSD
35. Criminology
36. Plagiarism
37. Police Ethics
38. Police Community Relation
39. Bahay Pag-asa
40. Broken Home
41. Mediation
42. Perpectives of crime (consensus, interactionist, and conflict)
 Three view of crime
CONSENSUS VIEW
The law defines crime.
Agreements exist on outlawed behavior. Laws apply to all citizens equally.
INTERACTIONIST VIEW
Moral entrepreneurs define crimes.
Crimes are illegal because society defines them that way
Criminal labels are life-transforming
CONFLICT VIEW events.
The law is a tool of the ruling class.
Crime is politically defined concept
"Real Crimes" are not outlawed
The law is used to control the underclass
Salaam Police (\suh·lam\) Salaam Police Center (SPC) is established to
foster better Police-Muslim Community relationships. Assigning
dedicated PNP personnel, preferably Muslims, with the SPC provides a
proactive and forward-looking response to promote law and order
within Muslim communities taking into consideration indigenous
cultures, traditions, and institutions of the Muslims as well as building
awareness about their rights and responsibilities as part of Filipino
society.