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NOIXIdlHlUnOJ
d©
3H1 aod ONiavaa
■% READING FOR THE

Real
Peggy Anderson, Sam Robinson

© 2022 Compass Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced,

stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise,
without prior permission in writing from the publisher.

Series Editors: Fraser Barratt, Flora Ko

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Contributing Writers: Peggy Babcock, Thomas Hong, Kayong Gogiano, Barbara Graber, Michael Kane
Cover/Interior Designer: Anna Kim

email: info@compasspub.com
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ISBN; 978-1-64015-846-7

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Photo Credits:

p. 94 Stephen Hawking vio Wikimedia Commons

All other images © Shuttersfock. Inc.

Printed in Korea
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 CONTENTS
UNIT OVERVIEW 6

UNIT READINGS VOCABULARY PAGE

The Piltdown Man

credibility, criterion, fossil, plausible,
9
prominent, sensation
Strange &
Unusual
absorb, dampen, infect, organ, suicide,
3 The Curse of the Mummy 15
symbolic

Is the Internet Ruining Your adverse, cognitive, faculty, impact,

21
Memory? static, validity
Computers &
Technology Science Fiction: confine, depict, dominance, eliminate,
27
Life Imitating Art? genetically, prey

The Uncommon Cold

accelerate, antibody, enzyme,
33
molecular, mutation, nasty
Health &
Medicine
cloning, defect, genetics,
Gene Therapy 39
manipulation, prevalence, reproduce

diagnostic, motive, precede,

Teenage Runaways 45
precipitate, psychiatric, trauma
Social
issues
communist, gram, justification,
Tough on Drugs 51
susceptible, tolerance, widespread

Deforestation
agriculture, intensive, precipitation,
57
sustainable, tropical, vegetation
Environmental
Issues
breakdown, convergence, marginal,
Food Security and Food Supply 63
mechanical, stabilize, unstable

accurately, conduction, likelihood,

Lie Detectors 69
minimal, punish, reliability
Law&
Crime
Patents
adaptation, machinery, obtain,
75
specialty, theorem, viable
UNIT READINGS VOCABULARY PAGE

consensus, linguistic, profound,

Ever-Evolving English 81
pronounce, standardize, vowel
Language &
Literature
Pride and Prejudice admission, disturbance, duration,
87
by Jane Austen evident, inferiority, unconsciously

articulate, atom, calculation,

Hawking Radiation 93
comparable, particle, theorist
Space &
Exploration The ISS and the Future of accumuiation, aiien, buiiet, chunk,
99
Space radiation, ray

Creatine’s Place in Sports and abdominal, dose, effectiveness,

105
Fitness illusion, maximize, metabolism
Sports &
Fitness
actively, amongst, array, competent,
Scuba Safety 111
cure, nitrogen

indifference, irrelevant, paradox,

Attitudes to Monarchy 117
prejudiced, protocol, ultimate
People &
Opinions accent, candidate, clever, correlation,
Manchester's Sherlock Holmes 123
supposedly, surgeon

ancestor, anthropology, classify,

Repatriation of Remains 129
descendant, implicit, indigenous
Cross-Cultural
Viewpoints
consumption, domination, embed,
Imperialism and the Internet 135
peripherai, transformation, usage

’ differentiate, disability, grammatical,

Al Interviews 141
neutral, specification, transparency
Business &
Economics
How Democratic is i distribution, equality, portfolio,
147
Crowdfunding? spontaneous, trajectory, virtue
 UNIT OVERVIEW

SUBJECT AREA

THE UNCOMMON Reading topics are chosen for their

relevance to students in the real world

and are organized by academic subject.

COLD
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
TM* «Mul n qwsIMt.
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
1. VMMirtMaeM?

Wt«tdevQud»toe'«<Myetiruirfr9ncWd»)
& BiorMrMmtnifiieverMaewfarMaM? Three questions encourage students to
activate their existing knowledge about
VOCABULARY PREVIEW

Mauh Mch NAWl word with the correct Oefetruork

the topic in preparation for reading.

- -- r-^weeco. *

VOCABULARY PREVIEW

A simple matching exercise introduces

II
students to the target New Academic
Word List (NAWL) vocabulary they will
encounter in the reading.

GUIDING QUESTIONS

Questions in the margins

help students monitor
their comprehension of
the structure and content
of the passage.

mem

. .V
MAIN READING

.rr-rl An engaging reading

educates students on an

academic topic of high

interest.

6
 E

SUMMARY
READING COMPREHENSION
QEAOIN6 COMPREHENSION

O »■> »«*i >w>—I» n) —III—1*1 I M'MK'Mfr ● otw*

M ●OM H «●>«●» IK*
Questions of various types
help students assess their
0
comprehension of the reading’s
trifti'imt <»««»<
. t il»

ir^i.m ut«nli»ie I r« «●*'

main idea, key details, and
more.

I *0 ●* 2'**'■

SUMMARY
VOCABULARY PRACTICE

A summary exercise provides

practice in understanding
passage structure and in
G
identifying the important
information in a reading.
Exercise types include graphic
! n organizers, fill-in-the-blank
paragraphs, and more.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

A fill-in-the-blank exercise reinforces the

I dTffi. ~ ●
target NAWL vocabulary learned in the
reading.

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

A short reading provides more practice as

well as an additional perspective on the
topic.

EXTENSION

Extension questions encourage

students to synthesize information,
relate the reading content to their
/ existing knowledge and opinions, and
'^^EXTDisnm ««●
express their own ideas on the topic
through speaking or writing.
>●

7
 DOWNLOADABLE RESOURCES
Get the most out of Reading for the Real World, Fourth Edition with our free supplemental
resources. Visit www.compasspub.com/RRW4e3 for downloadable word list, progress tests,
teacher’s guide, and writing worksheets.

WRITING WORKSHEETS

WRITING
READING FOR THE REAL WORLD 3 WORKSHEET

Unit 3: Health & Medicine

Redding I: The Uncommon Cold

I. GENERATE IDEAS
Today, tiiere are many medx inet availa ble lo ease the tympcoms of a cold However, there were arxl siiU are
GENERATE IDEAS
aKernatrves lo these medKeiei Considef The quesMns as you about Eternal ve remedies

A scaffolded idea-generation eKercise

enables students to build on the
arguments they developed in the
Extension section of the lesson.

3 Have you nea'd of <ny other a'terrwiive temedes efr ccWs> Do yog Chir^h t' iry w^rk'

OUTLINE
I
II. OUTLINE

Complete the outline using Ideas frorrt above oc other Ideas. Make sure cownie at least two reasons or
deta»ls that suppoa your topic sentence
An outline exercise allows students to
TopK sentence (Cede one)' *' <

1
create a rough structure for the short
writing exercise that follows.
' ^Vdetati:
r

III. WRITE ♦
WRITE
Use the outlirse above 10 write your paragraph

A writing exercise gives students freer

practice using the vocabulary and ideas
they learned In the lesson.
)

8
 Scan for Audio

Strange & Unusual

THE PILTDOWN
MAN
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. What is the most recent scientific discovery that you found interesting or exciting?
2. How does the theory of evolution explain human ancestry?
3. Have you heard of the phrase “the missing link”? What do you think it refers to?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 fossil ● a. standard(s) forjudging or categorization

2 sensation ● b. the extremely old remains of a living thing
3 credibility ● c. a cause of excitement and interest

4 prominent ● d. well-known and distinguished

5 plausible ● e. reasonable; possible by logic
6 criterion {pi. criteria) ● f. characteristic of trustworthiness, authority, or believability
9
 THE PILTDOWN MAN

#
One of the most famous (or infamous) frauds in the
historj’ of science is kno^vn as the Piltdown Man, the remains
of a supposed primitive hominid' found in 1912 by an amateur
paleontologist^ named Charles Dawson and a professional
paleontologist named Arthur Smith Woodward. In fact, two
such sets of fos.sils were discovered between the years 1912
Who found the and 1915. The first was found in the Piltdown gravel pit^
Piltdown Man? 9 in Sussex, England. While digging in the pit, the paleontologist s
Underline the
names.
found a humanlike skull with a jawbone similar to that of
an ape. This finding appeared to be the remains of a "missing
link,” the evolutionary step that connects apes and humans.
The discoverers named the remains Eoanthropus dawsoni, or
“Dawson’s Dawn Man,” but the find later became known as the
Piltdown Man due to the location of its discovery.
The Piltdown Man was an immediate sensation. He

seemed to fit all of the criteria expected in the missing

link—a mixture of human and ape with the noble brow of
Homo sapiens and a primitive jaw. Best of all, he was British!
However, the reactions to the findings were mixed. On the
whole, British paleontologists were enthusiastic, but French and
American paleontologists tended to be skeptical of the origins
of the Piltdown Man. Some objected to its credil)ilii\ quite
vociferously*. The objectors held that the jawbone and the
skull were obviously from two different animals, and the fact they
were discovered together was simply an accident of placement.
At first, fraud wasn’t suspected. After all, Dawson and Woodward
had no expectation of financial gain from the discoveiy. In
addition, there had been other European finds related to the
missing links of modern-day man, such as the Neanderthal,
Cro-Magnon Man, and Heidelberg Man. So the existence of
another “missing link” in the historj' of man’s evolution was not
so surprising to some researchers.

hominid a member of the family of humans

' paleontologist a scientist who studies ancient life forms

10
gravel pit a place where small, rounded stones are dug out of the ground
■ vociferously adv. loudly; with strong emotion
 However, some investigators remained doubtful of the Underline how
origins of the Piltdown Man, continuing to express strong prominent scientists
doubt that the skull and the jaw were from the same species. may have helped
continue the
The perpetrators’ of the hoax” solved this problem by deception.
planting a second jaw and a second skull at another nearby
location. The subsequent report in 1915 of the discovery of
“Piltdown Man II” converted many of the skeptics. Their
reasoning was that one accident of placement was plausible,
but two were not. So after this second finding, most of the
doubters were satisfied. Moreover, some prominent British
scientists failed to perform tests that they should have done and
obstructed other scientists’ access to the fossils. Some historians
believe that the discoverers of the Piltdown Man and these
scientists may have been co-conspirators’ in the hoax.
The fame of the Piltdown Man continued for forty years.
It was featured in professional articles and books, in newspaper
reports, and even in high-school biology textbooks. In the
decades from 1915 to 1950, there was, of course, some opposition
from scientific critics who claimed that the skull was human, but

the jaw was that of an ape.

During the 1950s, the validity of the Piltdown Man
Who were two
discovery was questioned further. Several researchers scientists that
concluded that almost all, if not all, of the fossils had been helped prove the
Piltdown Man
planted in the pit in modern times and that several of these
wasn’t real?
items had even been fabricated". These scientific detectives,
among them Joseph Weiner and Kenneth Oakley, discredited
the Piltdown Man fossils with technical evidence showing that
the skull belonged to an English woman and the jaw to an Asian
orangutan. Chemical tests in 1953 further proved that everything
was, in fact, fake. The discovered pieces had been stained, filed,
smashed, and so on, in a clever way, thus leading people to initially
believe that the Piltdown Man was real.

The question still remains: Who did it? Even though it has
been over a century since the discovery of the Piltdown Man,
there is still no certainty about who managed one of the greatest
hoaxes in the history of science.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 659 words

perpetrator n. a person who commits an act that is illegal or wrong

hoax n. something accepted or established by fraud or fabrication
co-conspirator n. a person who schemes with another 11
fabricate V. to make up (a story or lie)
 READING COMPREHENSION

CS Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1
Most British experts immediately doubted that the skull was real,
2
Dawson and Woodward made a lot of money from their discovery.
3 Neanderthal remains were found before the Piltdown Man remains.
4
Many people believed for several decades that the Piltdown Man was real.
5
Charles Dawson was finally identified as the perpetrator.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To clarify a misunderstood and criticized scientific find
b. To argue that science is full of fraud and dishonesty
c. To explain how a hoax was perpetrated and then discovered
d. To compare early and contemporary paleontological methods
2 What is paragraph 2 mainly about?
a. The motives of the perpetrators
b- Contemporary paleontological finds
c. National rivalries between paleontologists
d. Initial reactions toward the Piltdown discovery
3 Which fact made some skeptics change their minds?
a. A second set of remains was found,

b- Many books were written about the "missing link."

c. Scientists chemically tested the bones.
d. Scientists in other countries believed the hoax.

REFERENCE I 4 The word it in paragraph 6 refers to

a. something people believed

b- the hoax that was perpetrated
c. evidence that was destroyed
d- proof that the skull was faked

H Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Charles Dawson was one of the paleontologists who claimed to have found the remains of a(n)

2 While the jawbone was similar to that of an ape, the skull was
3 The
of the Piltdown discovery came under further question in
the 1950s.
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

convinced skeptics been fabricated tampered with

suspect fraud the missing iink the same species

Discovery

Some thought Dawson and Woodward had found

A second discovery in 1915

A
Doubt

Some researchers did not believe the jaw and upper skull were from

Although some questioned the origins, people did not at first.

Debunking

Concerns arose in the 1950s that the fossils had been planted and had even

Chemical tests revealed the bones were modern and some were

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

credibility criteria fossil plausible prominent sensation

1 The famous scientist lost all once his fabricated data came to light,
2 Some are actually impressions of an animal left in mud that later turned to stone.
3 Although we do not have the technology currently, many scientists agree that colonization of Mars
IS

4 It's hard for the younger generation to imagine what a CDs caused when they
first came out.
4
5 Many scientists like Neil deGrasse Tyson have gone on record saying that the
anti-GMO movement has no scientific merit

6 Some paleontologists now question the by which dinosaurs were originally

classified as cold-blooded.
SUPPLEMENTAL READING

The First to the North Pole

The Piltdown Man hoax is not unique in the history of science.
The exploration of the North Pole includes another case of this nature.
The two main players in this story are Robert Peary, a famous explorer
«

in the early 20th century, and Dr. Frederick Cook, another explorer who
Kbbcii E. Pvao'. Matthew Honwn
frequently accompanied Peary on his expeditions.
Both men began their own quests to reach the North Pole in the early 1900s. However, the
question of who reached the North Pole first, if either, remains hotly debated. According to Dr. Cook,
he reached the pole on April 21,1908. His claim is recorded in his diary; "With a step, it was possible to
go from one part of the globe to the opposite side... North, east, and west had vanished. It was south
in every direction." Cook then became lost in the Arctic for almost a year.
/
Meanwhile, Peary was also trying to reach the North Pole. He claimed to have arrived there on
April 6,1909, almost a year after Cook. However, Peary believed Cook had never made it to the Pole
and had, in fact, died trying to reach it.This led Peary to believe that he was the first to reach the Pole.
In September 1909, both men managed to make it back to civilization alive and well and, within days
of each other, telegraphed their rival claims to the newspapers.
Controversy ensued when Peary accused Cook of fraud, claiming that he had no compelling
evidence to support his claim. In fact, the controversy lingers to this day. Who was the first man to
reach the North Pole? For many years, Peary's supporters, backed by National Geographic magazine,
had the upper hand. However, new evidence suggests that both explorers faked their claims. In other
words, neither of them reached the Pole, which would put later explorers in line for the title of "first
to reach the North Pole."

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Dr. Frederick Cook frequently went on expeditions with _

2 Peary mistakenly thought that Cook

3 New evidence suggests neither man actually

^EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Do you know of any recent instances of scientific fraud? What happened?

What reasons might scientists have to fake a discovery?
 «

.P: Scan for Audio

I

' i .

Strange & Unusual Q

THE CURSE OF
THE MUMMY
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. What do you know about mummies and mummification?
2. Who do you think should be allowed to explore ancient sites?
3. What dangers might archaeologists encounter when searching ancient sites?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 infect ● a. to make less strong or intense

2 dampen ● b. the act of killing oneself
3 symbolic ● c. to contaminate with germs
4 suicide ■ d. to draw in (moisture)
5 absorb ● e. representative of something else
6 organ ● f an essential internal body part
15
Y

The Curse of
the Mummy
“Death shall come on swift wngs to him who disturbs the peace
of the King." These are the words Howard Carter was reported to have
seen carved in stone as he entered the tomb of King Tutankliamun, the
famous pharaoh who ruled Egypt from 1333 to 1325 BCE. Egyptian
sepulchers' like that of King Tutankharaun contain curses to frighten
those who would violate the tombs, and in what has come to be known
as “the curse of the mummy,” it is believed that tragedy and death
befall those who disturb the graves of Egyptian kings.
In the 1930s, the belief in a mummy’s curse was rekindled^
Howard Carter after the deaths of Carter's colleagues. Years earlier, in 1891, Howard
first arrive in Carter, then a young archaeologist from England, went to Eg>'pt to study
Egypt?
ancient Egyptian culture and to try to locate the unopened tomb of an
ancient king. Because Egyptian kings were buried wth gold and other
valuable items, by the end of the 19th century, most tombs in the Valley
of the Kings had been plundered’. Therefore, many archaeologists
%
believed that there was nothing left to excavate\ Carter, however,
believed there was at least one more undiscovered tomb, and he wanted
to find it.

The great burial chambers in the Valley of the Kings contained

Underline the

three steps of the wrapped bodies of pharaohs, as well as items Egyptians believed
mummification. would aid the kings in the afterlife. Before being buried for the
afterlife, the bodies of the kings were carefully preserved by a process
of embalming called mummification. When a body was mummified,
the brain and other organs were removed and stored in large jars; then
the skin, muscles, and bones were covered in a special salt for three

a vault for burial; a tomb

to revive

to steal things from a place, especially by force

to uncover or expose by digging; to unearth
.r '
 *

-«k4> »k-«
'. .-if

months. At the end of the three months, after the salt had absorbed the water from the body,
the body was wrapped in pieces of cotton soaked in pine resin (the liquid from pine trees).
Through this process, the bodies of Egyptian kings have been preserved for thousands of
years, and bodies that have undergone this embalming"^ process are called mummies.
After years of working in Egypt studying various sites, and still convinced he would
find an unopened tomb, Howard Carter approached wealthy British businessman Lord
Carnai-von, who agreed to finance the search. After five unsuccessful years, however, Lord
Carnarvon threatened to withdraw his patronagc\ Carnarvon gave Carter just one more
year within which to make a discovery. Returning to Egypt, Carter brought with him a canar>',
which was later believed to have been the harbinger" of both success and disaster. It was
in that year, 1922, that Carter discovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun, but days before
the discovery. Carter’s canary was killed by a cobra—once sjTnbolic of the pharaohs.
In November of 1922, Howard Carter cut a hole in the stone door that stood in front
of Tutankhamun’s tomb. With him were Lord Carnarvon and twenty others, including
archaeologists, workers, and ser\'ants. Upon opening the tomb, they found wonderful
treasures, including a solid gold mask that covered the face and upper torso® of King
Tutankhamun’s body. Soon, however, their celebrations were dampened by a number of
tragedies.
Lord Carnarvon died in Egypt a few months after the opening of the tomb. At first, What was
doctors could not identify the cause of his death, but they finally determined it to be pneumonia significant about
and blood poisoning caused by an infected mosquito bite. The British press reported that the wound on
the pharaoh’s
at the exact moment of his death, back in England, Lord Carnarvon’s dog howled® at the cheek?
moon and then died. Rumors of a mummy’s curse shook the British public when the mummy
of Tutankhamun was unwrapped, and a wound was discovered on the pharaoh’s left cheek
in the same spot as the insect bite that had caused Lord Carnaiwon’s death.
By 1929, London newspapers reported that eleven people connected with the discovery'
of King Tutankhamun’s tomb had died of unnatural causes, including relatives of Lord
Carnarvon, Carter’s personal secretary Richard Bethell, and Bethell’s father. The latter leaped
to his death, leaving a suicide note describing the “horrors” he had seen. Did the mummy’s
curse cause these deaths? If so, why didn’t the man who opened the tomb succumb to
10

the curse of the mummy? Howard Carter, who never believed in the curse, survived into his
mid-sixties, dying of apparently natural causes in 1939.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 722 words

embalm V. to preserve; to mummify

patronage n. financial support or sponsorship
harbinger n. a sign of something that will happen
torso n. a body, not including arms, legs, or head
howl V. to make a long, loud cry
10
succumb to V. to die of

r
 READING COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Many ancient Egyptian tombs contain curses written to discourage people from
disturbing them.
2 Howard Carter supported Lord Carnarvon in his search for an unopened tomb.
3
Howard Carter's canary actually found KingTutankhamun's tomb.
4
In the late 1920s, many people believed that the deaths of those who opened the
tombs were caused by a curse,
5
Howard Carter was the first to die under suspicious circumstances.

Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1
PURPOSE
What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To describe the myths that surround the discovery of Tutankhamun
b. To argue that it is wrong for archaeologists to disturb burial sites
c. To explain the process of organ removal and embalming in Egypt
d. To inform readers about the life and achievements of Tutankhamun

SESl 2 Which is true about King Tutankhamun?

a. His tomb had been robbed before Carter found it.
b. His tomb was the first discovered by modern scientists,
c. He was buried with gold covering parts of his body,
d. He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be mummified.
B 3 During the mummification process, how did ancient Egyptians prepare the body?
a. They removed the skin and bones,
b. They placed the eyes in a special jar.
c. They used salt to remove water from the body,
d. They wrapped the body In pine needles.
lIRROrCE i 4 It can be inferred from paragraph 7 that British newspapers .

a. popularized the story of the curse

b. disproved the existence of a curse
c. lied about Lord Carnarvon's death
d. rejected Carter's version of events

Q Find the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 What was found in ancient pharaohs'tombs besides mummies?

2 What happened to Richard Bethell's father?

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

infected mosquito bite a mummy's curse jumped to his death

continued to live not been violated preserved tomb

In the late 1800s, Howard Carter, a British archaeologist, went to Egypt in hopes of

discovering the of an ancient pharaoh. Although many of the

ancient tombs had been plundered by the 1800s, Carter believed he would find one that had
. In 1922, under the patronage of Lord Carnarvon, Carter
discovered King Tutankhamun's tomb. Excitement over this discovery, however, was dampened
. Rumors
by tragedy: the death of Lord Carnarvon due to a(n)
in the British press attributedLord Carnarvon'sand subsequent deaths among Carter's
colleagues to which was believed to bring death to anyone
who disturbed the tomb. In fact, the father of Carter's secretary s
for more than
In spite of the media hype, Howard Carter
fifteen years after the discovery of the tomb without becoming a victim of the curse.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

absorb dampen infect organ suicide symbolic

1 Being on a losing team could easily a child's enthusiasm for playing a sport.

2 Donating your is a great way to contribute to science and help others.

3 is a leading cause of death in many developed nations.
4 The eagle has traditionally been of courage, strength, and clarity of vision.

5 Pathogens are any harmful germs that a host organism.

6 Plants use something called capillary action to water from the roots up
through the body of the plant.
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Computers & Technology

IS THE INTERNET
RUINING YOUR
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. How often do you use the internet to look up facts you are just curious about?
2. Have you ever been certain of a fact, only to find out you were wrong after looking it up on the internet?
3. Are you concerned about how much time you spend on the internet? Why or why not?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 faculty ● a. a specific mental ability

2 impact ● b. logical soundness
3 static ● c. effect

4 cognitive ● d, showing little or no change

5 validity ● e. negative
6 adverse ● f. of or relating to mental functioning
21
\STHEt

'Pninent educator

that a popular
was becoming a
native impact on
es. That educator

the new technology

he disliked was writing—on wax tablets
and papyrus scrolls, to be exact. The great
orators^ of his time delivered memorized

speeches without notes, Socrates saw writing

as a threat to that tradition, and by extension,
those mental faculties. Or so reported
his student Plato in Phaedrus, anyway.
True to his word, Socrates himself
stubbornly^ refused to write his thoughts down.

Underline the
It’s no great leap, therefore, to suppose
author’s guess Socrates would similarly disapprove of the internet
about how Socrates
today. His attitude is echoed in growing concerns that the
would view the

internet today. internet is changing our brains. Many of these concerns

nter on the so-called "Google effect," which is believed by
ne researchers and a growing number of journalists to have
an adverse effect on our memories.

At the heart of specific concerns about memory is a study authored by psychologist

Betsy Sparrow. It was published in 2011 as 'Google Effects on Memory" in the journal
Science. In experiments at Harvard University, Sparrow's team found that subjects exposed
to detailed, trivial information were more likely to forget it if told they could look it up
What is online later. Subjects also tended to include the internet among their own cognitive tools.
transactive It was as if the computer were part of their intellectual abilities. Hence, Sparrow concluded,
memory?
the internet has become a central player in our "transactive memory." This is the sharing of
information retention® among persons—or in this case, digital networks in a group. In

crutch n. something that a person uses too much for help or support
orator n. a skilled speaker
stubbornly adv. in a way that shows no willingness to change one's mind; persistent
' trivial adj. ordinary; not important
22
■ retention n.
the act of holding on to something: keeping
short, Google has become everyone's brainy friend, the "walking encyclopedia," Sparrow
hypothesized this may have far-reaching effects on the way we think and perhaps even
the physiology of our brains.
Critics of the study and of many of the other "Google effect" articles that followed
it point out what they see as significant flaws'^. The first is the questionable validity
of the assumption that forgetting something because we can google it later is any
different from forgetting a phone number immediately after writing it down. The same
study showed that frequent internet users were adept^at remembering where to find
information, if not the information itself. Moreover, Sparrow herself admits that transactive
memory is nothing new. Long before Google, we had libraries with librarians and card
catalogs to direct our searches.
Is there proof that our memories are, in fact, getting worse because of internet
search engines or that relying on them rather than the library has demonstrable
physiological effects? So far, cognitive neuroscience has revealed no such data.
And in the US, a country with one of the highest internet usage rates, average IQ scores
continue to steadily rise three points per decade. Standard tests of IQ measure fluid
working memory and long-term retention. It may be too soon for a quantifiable
negative effect to emerge, but until it does, the sticklers'* for evidence will likely remain
unconvinced. "Such panics often fail basic reality checks," the Harvard University research
psychologist Steven Pinker states in a New York Times article on the subject. 'The effects
of consuming electronic media are ... likely to be far more limited than the panic implies,"
What we do know about the plasticity—or changeability—of human memory
should make us think twice about placing it in such high esteem. Recent findings in
neuroscience have proven that we alter memories every time we access them. Therefore,
even the most accurate memory is subject to plasticity: over time, connected memories
will change each other. This highlights the difference between accessibility and
accuracy: some humans may recall information well, but plasticity will affect the accuracy
of that information over time. The internet, by contrast, is not subject to plasticity.
That does not mean the information is static, however. It's constantly being
fact-checked and updated, with a cumulative’ effect that's mostly positive, low-quality
online content notwithstanding’®.
There may be sociological consequences of Google's power as the main "keeper"
of information. But internet users aren't really consulting Google, They’re using it as a
tool to access the same scientific journals and respected news sources they might
find in the library—if they had all sorts of spare time.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 705 words

flaw n. an imperfection
adept adj. skilled
stickler n. a person who believes that something is important and should always be done or followed
' cumulative adj. increasing over time through addition
notwithstanding adv. in spite of what has just been said
10
 SEARCH

READING COMPREHENSION

13 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Socrates wrote about his dislike of writing in Phaedrus.
2 Sparrow's team found that subjects forgot things they knew they could look up.
3 The Harvard study proved that the internet changes our brain physiology.
4 Steven Pinker does not believe the internet is a serious threat to human intelligence.
5 You can alter a memory simply by remembering it.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

What is the main idea of the reading?
a. Reports that the internet changes memory function may be misleading,
b. Every new technology has critics who believe it will be bad for humanity,
c. Internet search engines give us an exaggerated idea of our intelligence,
d. The internet has reduced memory capacity, but neuroscientists do not know why.
jCTl 2 Which is NOTtrueofSteven Pinker?

a. He is a research psychologist,
b. He is a reporter for the New York Times.
c. He is associated with Harvard University,
d. He Is skeptical of claims about electronic media.

3 What is paragraph 6 mainly about?

a. The history of the internet as a research tool
b. The reasons our brains can retain long-term memories
c. An argument in favor of replacing libraries with the internet
d. The limitations of human memory compared to the internet
INFB1ENCE I 4 Which statement would the writer most likely agree with?
a. Low-quality content should be removed from websites,
b. Google is likely having a positive effect on our memories,
c. The use of search engines should not be allowed in schools,
d. The benefits of Google as a tool outweigh its downsides.

0 Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Socrates thought that weakened people's minds,
2 The" refers to the supposed impact of internet search engines
on our memory.

3 Average IQ scores in the US have been rising by per decade.

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

to forget information ability to remember internet's effects

the average IQ less accurate our transactive memory

Just as Socrates objected to writing, some people are concerned about the
on our minds—specifically, our memory. Much of this concern

stems from a study that found that subjects were more likely 2
if they were told they could look it up online later. The study's author concluded we have
integrated the internet into 3 , and this may affect our thinking
and the makeup of our brains. But some people point out that forgetting something because
we can look it up later does not necessarily show a decrease in the
. And if relying on the internet is bad, isn't relying on the library
bad, too? 5 , which measures memory among other abilities, has
been rising steadily in the US. Regardless of the criticism, the internet has an advantage over
human memory, since our memories actually become 6 over

time. Information on the internet does not change in this way.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

adverse cognitive static faculty impact validity

1 Humans have a(n) for solving problems that other animals do not share.
2 Living languages are never ; they are constantly changing, 'X

3 The of WWII is felt in geopolitics to this day.

4 IQ tests were designed to measure ability, not general knowledge.
5 Most scientists agree that human activity is having a(n) effect on the climate.

6 Many of Sigmund Freud's theories remain popular in spite of their lack of scientific
 SEARCH

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

The Inventor of Internet Addiction? 4

Dr. Ivan K. Goldberg, a psychiatrist and clinical

psychopharmacologist, came up with the term "internet
addiction" in 1995. But he never thought anyone would
take him seriously. In fact, he said the disorder didn't
really exist. In 1986, Goldberg created an online club for
psychiatrists called PsyCom.net and often browsed the site
for news and messages. While reading the messages posted on the site's bulletin boards, he came
up with the idea of posting a message to poke fun at the DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders), the American Psychiatric Association’s definitive list of accepted disorders.
Dr. Goldberg made up a disease called''Internet Addiction Disorder" (lAD). In the message, he
described the symptoms of the disease. One symptom was that "important social and occupational
activities are given up or reduced because of internet use." Other symptoms included dreaming
about the internet and having uncontrolled movements of the fingers, as if typing. f
To Goldberg’s surprise, several colleagues admitted to suffering from lAD and asked him for
help. In response, Goldberg set up the Internet Addiction Support Group online for his colleagues.
Soon, hundreds of self-described addicts began to post messages on the site, and some people
admitted surfing up to twelve hours per day. Several universities and hospitals in the United States
began to set up counseling services for those with lAD.
Despite his uneasiness over the part he played in this "discovery," Goldberg posted a message
to members of the internet addicts forum every six months or so until his death in 2013. He tried to
get them to examine why they are online so much—and to consider psychotherapy.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 In 1995, Dr. Ivan Goldberg invented a disease called
2 Some of Dr. Goldberg's colleagues asked him
3 Dr. Goldberg told internet addicts that maybe they should try

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Imagine you had to give up the internet for an entire year. How would your life change?
Would the changes be mostly positive or mostly negative?
 j'.'

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Computers & Technology ~Q

SCIENCE FICTION:
LIFE IMITATING ART?
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Can you think of some examples of recent sci-fi books or films?
2. Do you like reading sci-fi books or watching sci-fi films? Why or why not?
3. What kinds of things are shown and discussed in science fiction?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 eliminate ● a. to represent or show something in a picture or story

2 confine . b. to remove or get rid of something
3 depict ● c. an animal that is hunted and killed by another animal
4 genetically ● d. in a way that relates to the DNA received by an animal or plant from
its parents
5 dominance ● e. to keep something within certain limits
6 prey ● f the quality of being more important, strong, or successful than
anything else of the same type
27
 SCIENCE FICTION:
LIFE IMITRTINB RRT?
rT:r 1 iiiiMiiiiiiiii -m

Films and literature are powerful sources of inspiration for many people around the world.
One media genre in particular has inspired great improvements in science and technology;
science fiction. Science fiction, or sci-fi for short, is a form of fiction that deals with futuristic
concepts such as advanced technology or major social and economic change. But sci-fi isn't
confined to showcasing the writer's imagination. It explores questions about humanity and where
it's going. Are we going to reach out to the stars and find our place in the universe, or will we fall
prey to some catastrophe'? In order to better understand where we are going, we can analyze
how sci-fi has influenced technology and look at how those technologies affect the real world.
Mass-media and communication technologies are common themes in sci-fi. The 1966
Which
television show Star Trek introduced us to a device called a communicator, which allowed
commonplace
item was inspired members of the crew to communicate across vast distances. Communicators inspired Martin
by Star TreJCt
Cooper, who led a team at Motorola, to develop the world's first handheld mobile phone in 1973.
a. The tablet
In 1968, the film 2001: A Space Odyssey depicted astronauts Bowman and Poole using tablet
b. The cell phone
devices to watch the news.These are just a couple of examples that make sci-fi creators of the past
look as if they could predict the future.
Most people would agree that mobile devices have done much to improve society.
Underline
three things
We can communicate quickly and more effectively, and we have constant access to news
telescreens and entertainment. However, sci-fi also points out the potential disadvantages of instant,
were used for
continuous communication. In George Orwell's book Nineteen Eighty-Four (published in 1949),
in Nineteen
the ruling political party uses "telescreens" to control the media and rewrite the past. They also
Eighty-Four.
use them to spy on people. Orwell depicts a brainwashed^ population that is monitored and
intimidated by the "thought police." Several of his fears have become points of contention
today. Many whistle-blowers’ have leaked information about government spying, and people
\ ' are criticizing mass media for promoting fake news and alternative histories using modern
L'. communication technologies.
r' ●
Another common device found in sci-fi deals with genetic engineering, which appears
in films such as Gattaca and Okja. Genetic engineering—a way of changing the characteristics
of plants or animals—has many potential advantages. It's currently used to improve the health
of crops and prevent the spread of disease. It can also potentially be used to prevent genetic
disabilities and illnesses such as certain cancers, blood disorders, and blindness. Yet, no matter

lllllllllllllll ■ A ■ X M ■ Mil 1
catastrophe n. a sudden event that causes very great trouble or destruction
brainwashed adj. believing something because you have been repeatedly told it is true
whistle-blower n.
a person who reveals something illegal that is happening, especially in a
government department or a company

28
 ■i-
'●* '

●f
j.

iiiiiiiiiiiiiiii n

how noble the motives may seem, many people are uncomfortable
with the idea of artificially altering human biology. For example, in
2018, a scientist was imprisoned for Illegal medical practices" after
implanting' gene-edited embryos in two women. The embryos were
edited so that the babies would be resistant to HIV. Such instances have

created controversy among skeptics of the technology because they

believe they create a slippery slope' toward eugenics (a set of practices
or beliefs that aim to eliminate genetic characteristics considered
"undesirable").
The consequences of eugenics-inspired genetic engineering
have been detailed in both sci-fi books and films. In Aldous Huxley's
novel Srove New World, he depicts a world where babies are born in test
tubes and genetically engineered to have certain traits that divide them
into different social classes. At the top of this system are the Alphas and
Betas. They’re composed of intellectuals, leaders, and skilled workers. The
lower classes, known as Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons, are mostly low-
skilled workers. In this dystopian'' society, babies are born with their What kind
future predetermined’: social dominance is guaranteed for some, of offspring
while others are destined for a life of subserviencel Critics of genetic might genetic
engineering
engineering recognize that the desire to control human genetics is lead to?
powerful and could lead to a world where the rich and elite gain further
advantages over the lower classes by breeding "designer" babies.
Clearly, sci-fi has made some amazing—and disturbing''—
predictions. Sci-fi novelist Ray Bradbury, author of Fahrenheit 451, said of
the genre, 'Science fiction is any idea that occurs in the head and doesn't
exist yet, but soon will, and will change everything for everybody, and
nothing will ever be the same again... It is always the art of the possible,
never the impossible." But beyond just predicting how technology will
develop, sci-fi emphasizes that it is the ways in which we choose to interact
with these new technologies that will ultimately define our future.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 733 words

implant V. to put an organ, group of cells, or device into the body through a medical operation
slippery slope n. a bad situation that, after it has started, is likely to get very much worse
dystopian adj. relating to a very frightening or unfair society, usually an imaginary future one
predetermined adj. decided or arranged at an earlier time
subservience n. a willingness to do what other people want, or the belief that your wishes are less
important than those of other people 29
disturbing adj. making you feel worried or upset
 .'j

READING COMPREHENSION

13 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Sci-fi stories tend to explore how science and technology developed in the recent past.
2 The reading draws a link between Orwell's"telescreens’'and today's fake news.
3 Some uses of genetic engineering seem positive and successful,
4 A scientist was arrested for testing the effects of HIV on embryos,
5 Ray Bradbury believed that sci-fi shows what is going to happen.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE 1 \A/hat is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To describe how science-fiction writers develop their ideas
b. To discuss the ways in which science fiction relates to reality
c. To compare science-fiction films with science-fiction novels
d. To explain why science fiction has been—and remains—popular
IKFERENCE 2 What can be inferred from paragraph 3?
a. George Orwell felt that technology was going to make society fairer,
b. George Orwell was in favor of an open, democratic society,
c. George Orwell's novel was unpopular when it was first published,
d. George Orwell thought governments should monitor their populations.
QrrAiL In Brave New World, which of these social classes is subservient?
a. Intellectuals
b. Betas

c. Engineers
d. Deltas

In paragraph 6, the word ultimately is closest in meaning to

a. suitably
b. interestingly
c, finally
d. strongly

^ The following terms are explained in the reading. Write definitions for them.
1 sci-fi:

2 genetic engineering:
3 eugenics:
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

changes in technology also brings risks was predicted by

observe their behavior elite individuals structure of society
, ^

■ .4

Science-fiction books and films can inspire ‘ ..They also ask

questions about what will happen to humanity in the future. One example of technology
that 2 sci-fi is the cell phone, which is very similar to a device
that appeared in Star Trek. Although cell phones are very convenient, this kind of technology
3 . English novelist George Orwell saw a future in which
governments could use technology to tell citizens lies and also ■ .
Events in recent years show that Orwell may have been right. Genetic engineering is another
technology that was imagined in the past. It has appeared in films such as Okja. Although it
is now mainly used to help grow crops and prevent diseases, many worry that it could be put '1

to less positive use, such as breeding powerful, s .Writer Aldous

Huxley imagined something similar in his novel Brave New World. In it, the whole
6 is predetermined, as babies are born to be in certain classes
and to do certain jobs. Whether Huxley was right remains to be seen.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

depict eliminate prey confine genetically dominance

f
1 English soccer in the 1990s was notable for the of Manchester United.

2 Mice are among the most common for birds such as eagles and owls.
3 The goal of vaccines is to eventually viral diseases,

4 Queen Elizabeth's face is on coins, bank notes, and postage stamps in the UK.
5 Chimps, orangutans, and gorillas are similar to humans.

6 To keep this meeting short, please your questions and comments to the
topics on the list.
 / 'j ' :-t' ●●

I;
n

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Artificial Fear #
Artificial intelligence (Al) is a topic of contention in contemporary
society and is often cited as a potential cause of humanity's doom. Examples
can be found in films such as ExMachina, the Term/nafor franchise, as well as
the Matrix trilogy. But are these fears rooted in reality?
Currently, Al hasn't advanced to the level depicted in dystopian
sci-fi media. Yet concerns are growing about a potential future in which Al has
either rebelled against humanity or gained control of it. The tech giant Elon
Musk has said, "I think we should be very careful about artificial intelligence.
If I had to guess at what our biggest existential threat is, it’s probably that."
So is there any proof that Al is leading us toward a dystopian future?
So far, no—not really. In a few cases, Al has caused some legitimate concern. For instance,
in 2016, Microsoft connected an Al chatbot called Tay to Twitter for twenty-four hours, and in the
span of a day, Tay learned many bad behaviors. People called its tweets misogynistic and racist.
Al assistants have also caused problems. In 2017, an Amazon Alexa started playing loud music at
2:00 a.m. in an apartment in Hamburg. Since the residents were not at home, neighbors called the
police, who were forced to break in and shut off the device. One instance which resulted in injury
happened when a robot fell down an escalator in China, knocking over and hurting two shoppers.
Although these cases demonstrate that Al can be problematic, they are far from being
the monsters portrayed in film and literature. So far, Al malfunctions have, at worst, led to people
being inconvenienced. It looks like Al is one prediction the sci-fi writers got wrong—for now,
at least.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Entrepreneur believes that Al is a potential threat to humanity,
2 A(n) made several offensive comments after it was linked to

Twitter by Microsoft.

3 An Amazon Alexa annoyed neighbors in Hamburg when it started

early in the morning.

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Do you think sci-fi books and movies are an accurate way to predict the future? Why or why
not? Do you think science and technology will follow the predictions being made today?
 Scan tor Audia

Health & Medicine Q

THE UNCOMMON

PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. What causes a cold?

2. What do you do to protect yourself from colds?

3. Do you think there will ever be a cure for the cold?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 nasty ● a. severe or extremely unpleasant

2 accelerate ■ b. a protein that defend the body from infection
3 enzyme ● c, of or related to the smallest possible amount of a substance
4 antibody ● d. a change in the genetic material of an organism
5 molecular ● e. to cause to happen sooner or faster
6 mutation ● f. a substance produced by living cells that makes certain reactions
happen
33
 0 0

● mi
Catching a cold is a common complaint for
people all over the world. While even a nasty cold won’t
kill you. no one enjoys the accompanying symptoms:
a sore, scratchy throat, runny nose, constant sneezing,
t ■■
and headaches. Colds are uncomfortable and often

inconvenient, usually lasting about seven days but often

lingering for up to fourteen days. On average, human
adults contract between two and five colds annually, while
children catch as many as six to ten.
It's no surprise that developing and selling cold
medication has become big business for pharmaceutical'
companies. Each year, consumers spend billions of dollars
on medicines to alleviate this recurring problem. From
over-the-counter^ remedies to expensive prescription^
products, they are more than happy to hand over money for
something that could help accelerate a recovery. However,
most available medicines are only palliatives, meaning they
may help relieve cold symptoms but do not cure the illness
itself.

Why can’t we
The fact is that, currently, there is no cure available for
just make a the common cold. Not even a suitable vaccine' has been
common cold
developed. In the case of influenza, commonly known
vaccine?
as the flu, vaccines do exist, and getting one yearly is
recommended. By contrast, the reason that a cold
is so hard to vaccinate against or cure is that it isn't
caused by any single disease. There are actually
about 200 viruses responsible for our cold
^ symptoms. In other words, a cold may not
1^ necessarily beas''common"asyou imagine.

' pharmaceutical adj, related to the preparation of chemicals for medical use
● over-the-counter adj. sold legally without a doctor's permission
34 prescription n.
a note from a doctor stating what medicine you need
' vaccine n. a medicine that helps build resistance to disease
 Each cold virus carries specific antigens—substances that trigger immi
responses. Immune responses cause our bodies to create protective prc
called antibodies to fight off harmful diseases. So far, it has proved impo:
create one vaccine that can produce the disparate^ antibodies required to fig
different antigens. Another problem is that cold viruses have the ability to
molecular structure—in other words, to undergo mutations. That means that i BlilB

vaccine were developed, cold viruses could alter in a relatively short space of tii
vaccine obsolete". Even flu vaccines, which target a specific, known virus, must be updated
frequently for this reason.
In the last three decades, medical research has concentrated on developing medicines
Why was |
to fight a family of viruses called the rhinoviruses, which are responsible for causing about research .

thirty-five percent of all colds. In the late 1990s, researchers seemed to have some initial success into BIRR4
discontinued? I
with an antiviral molecule called BIRR4. This substance appeared to prevent rhinoviruses from

binding with cells in our noses, thus blocking an infection—if taken just before getting sick.
Unfortunately, people don't know when they are about to catch a cold, so they wouldn't have
known when to take the BIRR4. As a result, research into the product was dropped in 2000.

Between 1997 and 2001, a company called ViroPharma tried to get approval to
market an antiviral drug called pleconaril, which worked in a similar way to BIRR4, Studies
indicated that pleconaril prevented rhinoviruses from attaching themselves to human cells
by binding with the outer shell of the viral molecules. An application to commercialize an oral
form of pleconaril was turned down by the Federal Drug Administration in the USA.The reason
given was that the safety and efficacy' of the drug had not been proven in a convincing
manner.

There is another possible solution. In 2019, scientists found that a certain enzyme in
human cells seemed to help many viruses, including cold viruses, to reproduce. This enzyme
is called SETD3. To test their idea, the researchers engineered human cells to lack SETD3 and
then attempted to infect those cells with various viruses. The viruses were unable to replicate
themselves. This finding opens up the possibility of developing a drug that could stop cold
viruses from reproducing and making us sick—though, admittedly, a great deal of work
remains to be done.

For now, perhaps the safest way to fight a cold is simply to follow conventional wisdom: What are two

get plenty of bed rest, take over-the-counter remedies to combat symptoms, and drink plenty measures you
can take at home
of fluids. If you do these things, your cold should be gone in seven days. Or do absolutely
without using any
nothing, and it should be gone within a couple of weeks. medicine?

Reading Time: minutes seconds 697 words

-"I

disparate adj. not alike; cannot be compared

obsolete adj. no longer produced or used; out of date
efficacy n. effectiveness; how well something works 35
 READING COMPREHENSION

O Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 One of the usual symptoms of a cold is pain in the throat.
2
Children contract two to five colds each year on average.
3 Around a third of colds are caused by rhinoviruses.
4 Pleconarii cold medicine is now available in pharmacies.
5 Over-the-counter cold medicines don't actually help.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE
I 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To explain the difficulties in finding a cure for the common cold
b. To describe the development of the drugs BIRR4 and pleconarii
C- To warn readers about the negative effects of catching a cold
d- To give advice on the best ways to combat cold symptoms
RERRENCE
I 2 The word they in paragraph 2 refers to .
a. products
b. consumers
c remedies

d. companies

QIQd 3 Which is a reason that it is difficult to create a cold vaccine?

a. Researchers are unsure how colds are spread,
b. Vaccines must be taken just before getting a cold,
c. The cold viruses are able to undergo mutations,
d. Previous vaccines were shown to be unsafe.

tsm 4 Why is the enzyme SETD3 important to the onset of the common cold?
a. People who have it get fewer colds,
b. It kills viruses in human cells,
c. Viruses need it in order to reproduce,
d. It allows viruses to enter human cells.

H Fill in the blanks with information from the passage.

1
can only relieve cold symptoms; they can't cure the illness itself.
2 Colds are not caused by a single disease, making them hard to
3 The antiviral molecule BIRR4 worked by cells in people's noses to
block infection.

.. t
SUMMARY

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is given below. Choose
three more sentences to complete the summary.

First Sentence: Despite years of research, a cure for the common cold is still not available.
1 Scientists are researching ways to make flu vaccines effective against colds as well.
2 Although both B1RR4 and pleconaril had some promising effects, neither was found to be
entirely suitable.
3 Colds can linger anywhere from one to two weeks, and the symptoms accompanying
them can include headaches and sneezing.
4 There are many cold medicines currently available, but they are palliatives rather than
cures.

5 It is nearly impossible to create a cold vaccine due to the number of viruses that can cause
colds and their ability to undergo mutations.
6 Vaccines exist for the flu, and getting one every year is recommended.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

accelerate antibody enzyme molecular nasty mutation

1 One challenge in organ transplantation is that a patient's may attack the organ
as if it were an infection.

2 Anyone who has ever experienced a{n) paper cut knows how painful they can
be.

3 Amylase is an important that breaks down carbohydrates into sugars.

4 biology is the study of physiological processes at the most fundamental level
of elements and compounds.
5 Microwave ovens are convenient because they the cooking process,

6 Blue eyes are the result of a(n) that occurred in humans about 10,000 years ago.

re-
SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Aspirin; A Darker Side

Everyone has suffered from a cold at one time or
another. While we wait for a cold cure to be developed, most
people simply end up taking some form of over-the-counter
medication.The scary thing is that some ofthe medicines taken
to treat cold symptoms may actually be counterproductive.
For example, aspirin appears to be the perfect drug to take to
fight headaches and throat inflammation, but the truth is that
it can actually have adverse effects on us.
Some researchers believe that using aspirin to treat colds can increase the amount of virus you
shed through nasal secretions. That means you could potentially infect a lot more people with the
virus when you blow your nose near them. Another problem is that aspirin may suppress some of our
immune responses and cause our noses to become even stuffier.
Several studies have also linked aspirin to the development of a condition called Reye's
syndrome when used to treat children suffering from colds or flu. This condition is rare but serious,
occurring in children between the ages of three and twelve. It often affects the brain or liver, causing
major organ damage and, in very severe cases, death. Doctors, therefore, recommend that aspirin
not be given to anyone under nineteen who is suffering from any viral illness, including the common
cold.

Colds themselves may not harm us permanently, but the way we treat cold symptoms could.
That means you should avoid aspirin if you are under nineteen, and if you're unsure about any other
medication, you should consult a doctor.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Although it is commonly taken for colds, aspirin can cause your nose to

2 Reye's syndrome can result in or death.

3 If you are at all unsure about medication, it's best to

EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Besides medication, what ways of fighting cold symptoms have you heard about?
Do they work?

/i.

s 3
 ScanforAudio

Health & Medicine Q

PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What is a genetic trait that is common among people in your family?
2. Are you worried about genetic research? Why or why not?
3. Should governments use public funds for genetic research?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 defect ● a. to copy: to make again

2 reproduce ● b. creating a genetically identical copy of an organism
3 manipulation ● ● c. a flaw, problem, or inconsistency
4 cloning ● d. the act of moving or changing something with your hands or with a
machine

5 prevalence ● e. the scientific study of genes and their effects on variation

6 genetics ● f the quality or state of being common or widespread
39
 GENE THERAPY
#
The field of molecular genetics is progressing at a rapid pace, with our ability to
manipulate genes and understand the complex processes involved in genetics developing
on an almost daily basis. Understandably, people have fears about this powerful technology
and are worried that we may use it in ways to change our humanity. In particular, gene therapy
is one aspect of molecular genetics that is causing a lot of concern.
Gene therapy is defined as a way of curing or preventing disease by changing the
Underline the
two types of behavior of a person's genes. Currently, gene therapy is still in its early stages, with most of
gene therapy. it still experimental. There are actually two types of gene therapy: somatic and germline.
Somatic gene therapy targets genes in the soma, or body cells. In this way, the genome'
of the recipient' is changed, but this change is not passed on to the next generation.
For example, experimental trials in treating cystic fibrosis' treat the genes only in the cells
of the lungs, and, consequently, the patient's children would still be at risk of the disease. In
germline gene therapy, genetic changes are made to reproductive cells. The egg or sperm
cells of the patient are genetically changed with the goal of passing on these changes to his
or her children. In practice, this would mean changing the fertilized egg—the embryo^—
so that the genetic changes would be reproduced in every cell of the future adult,
including the reproductive cells. In fact, the use of germline genetic engineering on human
embryos is illegal in most countries. Thus far, the procedures are still deemed too risky.
Nevertheless, scientists continue to experiment on mice and other animals In order to observe
the effects of the treatment and to better understand gene functions more generally.
Many people falsely assume that germline genetic engineering is already performed
all the time, due to news reports about genetic manipulation. But in fact, most of these
reports are either of somatic gene therapy trials or of cloning, which in itself does not alter any
genes but merely copies them. Furthermore, even in the field of somatic gene therapy, many
factors have prevented researchers from developing successful therapeutic techniques.
What are two The first problem is in the gene delivery tool—that is, how a new gene is inserted
problems with into the body. Scientists have tried to remove the disease-causing genes and insert healthy
using viruses to genes for therapy instead. Most vehicles used these days are viruses. Although the viruses can
introduce new
genes? be effective, other problems may arise. Often, the body reacts against the virus in an immune
and inflammatory' response. Additionally, the viruses don't always target the intended areas.

genome n.
the complete set of genetic material in an organism's ceil
recipient n.
a person who receives something
' cystic fibrosis n. a gertetic lung disease
40 ■ embryo n.
a human or animal in the early stages of development before it is born, hatched, etc.
inflammatory adj. causing the body to become swollen, painful, etc., usually due to injury or infection
 Another obstacle to successful gene therapy is
our limited understanding of gene function. Scientists
don't know all the functions of our genes and only know
some of the genes involved in genetic diseases. Also,
many of the genes involved in genetic diseases may have
more than one function. For example, sickle-cell anemia
is a genetic disease that is caused by an error in the gene
for hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in our
blood. A child with two copies of this faulty gene will
have this disease, but a child with only one copy of the
faulty gene will not. The prevalence of this disease is
greatest in Africa, where there is also a deadly form of /

maiariah

Studies have reported that in areas where

malaria is endemic', children with a single copy of the
sickle-cell gene had a survival advantage over children
who inherited two healthy genes. They went on to
grow up and pass on their genes to their own children,
conferring on" them their resistance to malaria. Initial
studies have suggested that the gene that causes the
defect in sickle-cell hemoglobin also produces an
enzyme that repels plasmodium—the pathogen that
causes malaria. The point is that this secondary gene
function was discovered quite by accident.
Finally, environmental factors play a pivotal role
in the expression of many diseases. This is illustrated in
studies with identical twins—two people with identical GENercs
RSSEAPCH
genes—who have not developed the same diseases.
Epigenetics is an entire subfield that has been developed
to study how factors outside of our DNA can interact with
genetic traits. But, as environmental factors are much
more difficult to study, progress in epigenetics tends to
be slow.

minutes seconds 719 words

[ Reading Time:

malaria n. a disease affecting the red blood cells and transmitted by mosquitoes
endemic adj. belonging or native to a particular people or country
confer on V. to give to
41
 A

9
READING COMPREHENSION

O Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Germline gene therapy is more developed than somatic gene therapy.
2 Cloning involves changing the genetic makeup of non-reproductive cells.
3 Viruses are used in the process of somatic gene therapy.
4 The gene for sickle-cell anemia can also cause malaria.
5 Epigenetics deals with how non-genetic factors can affect our gene functions.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

TOPIC 1 What is the reading mainly about?
a. The dangers of gene therapy b. Current challenges in gene therapy
c. How gene therapy has cured many diseases d. The history of gene therapy
DETAIL 2 Which is true about somatic gene therapy?
a. Laws prevent this kind of research at the moment,
b. Its benefits will not be inherited by patients'children,
c. It does not directly affect the patient's genes,
d. Young children benefit most from it.
MAIN IDEA 3 What is the main idea of paragraph 3?
a. Many people do not realize how common germline therapy is.
b. People tend to exaggerate the bad effects of germline therapy,
c. Some people have gotten the wrong idea about germline therapy,
d. The media has done a lot to popularize germline therapy.
DETAIL 4 Which is true about the sickle-cell gene?
a. It is caused by an excess of hemoglobin,
b. It was first created by scientists in a lab.
c. It apparently provides protection from malaria,
d. It is not usually passed from parents to children.

H Complete the table of causes and effects.

Cause Effect

Using t as a gene An inflammatory response by the immune

delivery tool system

People think 2 therapies

News reports on genetic engineering are common

A problem with both genes for hemoglobin The person suffers from 3

/A
 4

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

is environmental miss their targets shortly after conception

is illegal incomplete understanding functions of genes

Definition

● Somatic gene therapy changes the genome after birth and is not passed on; germline
therapy occurs before or i and is passed on.
● Currently, germline therapy 2 in most countries.

Challenge 1: Delivery

● Viruses are used for gene delivery but may cause immune-system reactions or
3

Challenge 2;^
● Scientists do not yet know all of the s _
● So much of what affects genes 6 that the entire subfield of

epigenetics is devoted to these factors.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words In the box. Change the form if necessary.

cloning defect genetics manipulation prevalence reproduce

1 The makers of the car are warning the public about a serious in the braking system,

2 Gregor Mendel founded the science of when he discovered that plants

inherited traits from their "parents."

3 The forger was so bold, he the same painting several times and sold all the
fakes in the same city.

4 Robotics has allowed surgeons to achieve a much more accurate level of

even when working remotely.
5 Identical twins are the result of a natural form of .

6 The of cheating has increased so much that the professors are holding a
meeting about it.
 V .

SUPPLEMENTAL READING
1

Artificial Chromosomes
In an attempt to develop new gene delivery tools,
researchers have been experimenting with introducing an

extra, artificial human chromosome to the body, which would

makeforty-seven in all.This chromosome would exist alongside
and be independent of our other forty-six chromosomes.
Scientists also think that these artificial chromosomes would

not be attacked by the body and hence would not cause some

of the negative reactions that virus vehicles do.

In fact, Chromos Molecular Systems, a biotech company in Canada, is already producing
artificial chromosomes in the hope that this will lead to further advances. Dr. Gyula Hadlaczky, the
pioneer of this research at Chromos, makes these artificial chromosomes by modifying normal
human chromosomes. The result is called an artificial chromosome—although it was originally
created through natural processes—because it is the result of that manipulation.
Although gene therapy is limited at present, Hadlaczky expects these modified chromosomes
to have applications in other forms of biotechnology and genetic engineering. One application of
this tool may be to alter mammal ceils grown in the lab so that they become natural producers of
vaccines or other drugs.
Although some critics of genetic engineering fear such technology and think it might lead
to mutations and the weakening of living systems, the scientific consensus holds that such general
fears are unfounded. And at Chromos, they are optimistic. They point to evidence that their artificial
chromosomes do not damage cells and that this is an important step forward in genetic engineering.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Geneticists are developing artificial chromosomes to act as a(n) tool.

2 Scientists are hopeful that artificial chromosomes would not by

the body's immune system.

3 Scientists could grow and alter in the lab to produce vaccines

and other drugs.

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About it

In your opinion, is the idea of human genetic engineering exciting or worrying (or both)?
 .'.I ' V.-’-
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■ V

‘ Social Issues

TEENAGE
RUNAWAYS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Has anyone you know or know of run away from home? What happened?
2. What are some reasons that teens might run away from home?
3. Are there ways for teenage runaways in your country to get help?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 precede ● a. to cause to happen

2 precipitate ● b. a reason for doing something

3 trauma ● c used to help identify a disease, illness, or problem
4 motive ● d. a very difficult or unpleasant experience
5 diagnostic ■ e. to come before

6 psychiatric ● .f of or relating to a branch of medicine dealing with mental or

emotional disorders
45
 I

o
Mark Twain’s book The Adventures

of Huckleberry Finn is considered one of the greatest

works of American literature. It is the story of a boy who runs
away from home, in part because of his abusive father. In keeping
with the American concept of individualism, the boy’s experiences
as a runaway, both good and bad, help him grow as a person and
establish his independence and maturity. The plight' of modern
runaways, however, differs greatly from Twain’s narrative.
A runaway, or “youth in crisis,” is a child or teen who chooses to leave home without
parental consent; most are unprepared for such independence. According to the Children’s
V Defense Fund, as many as 7,000 young Americans nm away every day. Seventy-five percent
of these youths depend on friends or relatives for food and shelter. For the remaining
twenty-five percent, life on the street is anything but romantic. In fact, it is even prohibited
by law in some parts of the United States and other countries. HabituaP runaways

who are under the age of eighteen may be sent to a facility for wards' of the state,
or even juvenile detention centers if they are caught breaking other laws, such as those
against vagrancy^, trespassing, or petty theft^ Many runaways become involved in
crime as a result of their circumstances; often, the only ones willing to help them have

plight n. a difficult or unfortunate situation

' habitual adj. done regularly or repeatedly
ward n. a person under the protection of someone else
vagrancy n.
the state of being homeless and living in public places
46 ' petty theft n.
the stealing of small amounts of money or items of little value
predatory^ motives. The trauma that teenagers face in this situation would be difficult
enough mthout these added troubles from people around them.
Regardless of whether they are caught for minor crimes, homeless life is unpleasant
and dangerous. In the United States, for example, social services for runaways tend to be
underfunded and understaffed. Runaways often become the victims of violence or theft at
insufficiently monitored shelters—even more so than on the streets. And homelessness is
often accompanied by health threats, such as hygiene' issues, poor nutrition, food poisoning,
and exposure to cold.
The rates of substance abuse among runaways are far above national averages. Alcohol Underline
use, for instance, is at eighty-nine percent for US runaways, compared with thirty-five percent the statistics

among their non-runaway peers. This is in part because many runaways began with addictions supporting
the claim that
that preceded and sometimes precipitated their leaving home. Young girls are particularly
runaways are
at risk for rape, sexually transmitted diseases like AIDS, and pregnancy. And the longer a more likely to
teenager remains on the streets, the less likely he or she will be to go to college or learn a drink alcohol.

trade later on. While running away may seem to be an escape from an intolerable" situation,
homeless life provides neither shelter nor relief.
For runaways, the motivation behind the act is usually less the assertion of free will than
the urgent need to escape, as they are almost always escaping from something or someone.
The most commonly cited reason for running away, at thirty percent of youths polled by
the National Runaway Safeline (NRS), is family d\mamics. One or both parents may suffer
from alcoholism or some other addiction. Youths from families with one or more parents
who have substance abuse problems are particularly at risk of neglect or abuse, whether
physical or emotional. In situations of chronic’ abuse, running away may seem reasonable.
While a teenager’s desire to flee an abusive home life is understandable, there are cases where
the source of motivation is less obvious.

Teenagers occasionally run away from stable households, too. When contacted, youths What are
in crisis also cite problems with peers, economic problems, or psychological problems. three

According to data collected by the US National Institutes of Health, homeless and runaway additional
reasons for
youth are six times more likely than their non-runaway peers of the same age to meet the
running away?
diagnostic criteria for at least two mental disorders. And they are seventeen times more
likely to meet the criteria for one disorder.
Runaways who require psychiatric treatment, which in most countries the state is not
obliged to provide, present a unique problem. If families are also unable to provide this sort
of treatment, it is likely to lead to a vicious circle'". While improved social programs can
help in keeping runaways physically safe, this alone does nothing to address psychological
issues. Although there are more questions than answers about appropriate treatment options,

one thing is certain: runaways need more help than they are receiving.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 712 words

predatory adj. wrongly harming or using others for pleasure or profit

hygiene n. the things one does to keep oneself clean in order to stay healthy
intolerable adj. impossible to put up with; unbearable
chronic adj. continuing or occurring again and again for a long time
vicious circle n. a repeating situation in which one problem causes another problem, which in turn 47
makes the first problem worse
 T ●

READING COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Youths who run away regularly may end up at a government-run facility.
2 Young runaways often find themselves exploited by criminals.
3 In the US, social services for runaway teens are very well funded.
4 Teenagers sometimes run away from homes where there are no incidents of abuse.
5 A higher proportion of runaways experience mental illness than others of the same age.

Choose the best answer according to the reading.

TOPK 1 What Is the reading mainly about?
a. The dangers faced by teen runaways and why they leave home
b. The current state of social services devoted to runaway youths
c The alarming incidents of crime committed by runaway youths
d. The psychological problems common among teen runaways
MAIN IDEA
2 What is the main idea of paragraph 1?
a. Running away has changed little since Mark Twain wrote about it.
b. Huckleberry Finn's running away is quite unlike the realities of today,
c Mark Twain's book presented social commentary way ahead of its time,
d. Today's youth should study the message of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
RB^ENCE
3 The word those in paragraph 2 refers to .
a. laws
b. wards
c. centers

d. runaways
INFERENCE
4 Which statement would the passage writer most likely agree with?
a. Parents should be stricter with their children to stop them running away,
b. Governments need to make the mental health of young people a priority,
c. Juvenile detention centers should receive more funding to take in more youths,
d. Young people should be encouraged to run away to establish their independence.

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.

1 What can happen to runaways who are caught committing crimes?

2 What are some health threats that a runaway might face on the street?

2?
SUMMARY

Write the number of each sentence under the category it belongs to.

Teenage Runaways
Risks Reasons for Running Away

1 Runaways may become the victims of crimes in shelters or on the streets.

2 A large percentage of runaways have pre-existing mental disorders.
3 Many runaways come from families with addiction and abuse issues.
4 Runaways may experience food-related problems, like malnutrition or food poisoning.
5 Some teens have substance abuse issues before they run away.

6 Many runaways are lured into crime by people who say they wish to help them.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

diagnostic motive precede precipitate psychiatric trauma

1 A sudden drop in air pressure usually a big storm.

2 People who were once labeled with character problems are now recognized as simply needing
ca re.

3 Although experts are not certain, some studies suggest that fracking may
minor earthquakes.

4 It is difficult for many people to trust they know the real of politicians.

5 The of war is by no means limited to soldiers—regular citizens suffer, too.

6 Standardized IQ tests were primarily developed as toots; they were supposed
to help institutions identify people with mental disorders.
 4

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Signs of a Troubled Teen

Nearly all runaways come from homes in which there are
clear problems. It is important for parents to be aware of the
possibility that their child may run away and of the warning
signs that often precede it.
One major warning sign is a sudden change in behavior.
This change may be one of eating or sleeping habits. A young
person may suddenly start overeating or not eating enough. He
or she may begin sleeping all day or staying up all night. Changes in social habits can also indicate
problems, particularly when a teenager becomes withdrawn from friends and outside contacts. If
I a young person begins to show sudden swings in mood, going from very happy to very sad, for
example, there is a good chance that he or she is undergoing some sort of stress that is difficult to
resolve.

Other warning signs include sudden rebellious behavior like fighting or skipping school, as

well as accumulating money, clothes, and other personal items in one place, like a bag or backpack.
Parents may even hear their child talk about hisor her intention to runaway. Such information should
be taken seriously and not dismissed as a simple plea for attention.
To prevent a child from running away, the most important thing a parent can do is to show
care and understanding. Confronted with the warning signs, parents should not wait; they should
immediately show their concern and their desire for their child to remain home. And whenever
possible, mental-health professionals recommend that the child receive some form of counseling.

St'
V i
Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.
1 Sudden changes in , or social
habits are a warning sign.
2 Teens who intend to run away might store money and clothes in a(n)

3 Professionals say that children in danger of running away should get

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Are teenage runaways a serious problem in your country? What should be done to help runaways?

I
 ★
★ ★
Scan for Audio

★ ★
'^t'i ●
A

ii''
Social Issues

TOUGH ON
DRUGS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. What are some of the most common illegal drugs?
2. If people are caught selling or using drugs in your country, how are they punished?
3. Which countries have the biggest problems with drug trafficking? Why?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 widespread ● ● a. of or relating to a government system in which the state owns all

property and means of production
2 tolerance ● b. a unit of weight equal to 1/1,000 of a kilogram
3 communist ♦ ● c. a reasonable cause for a position or course of action
4 gram ● d- common to a large area, numerous situations, or many people
5 justification ● ● e. easilyaffected, influenced, or harmed by something
6 susceptible ● ● f, acceptance of beliefs or behavior outside of a social norm
51
 TOUGH ON DRUGS
The widespread sale and use of illegal drugs is a major challenge to
governments throughout the world. A 2018 report estimated that the total value of the
international illegal drug trade is about half a trillion dollars per year. This is larger than
the value of international trade in iron, steel, and motor vehicles combined. And the trade
is growing. In the war on drugs, several countries, including Singapore, have adopted a
“zero tolerance” policy regarding drug possession and trafficking'.
Certainly, part of Singapore’s approach toward dealing with the use of illegal
drugs is related to the government's intense concern over national security since gaining
independence from Great Britain. The political system that has developed in Singapore
depends on the continued use of powers established to deal with communist threats in
the Southeast Asian peninsula in the 1950s.

Underline the
A key instrument in wielding' this power is the Internal Security Act (ISA).
name of the The ISA was created in i960 and modeled on the British government’s Preser\'ation
British law on of Public Security Ordinance' of 1955. Tlie ISA has remained part of Singapore's
which the ISA
was based.
domestic laws since that time. Though the country has been accused of denying basic
human rights to its people, there has been little serious challenge to Singapore’s legal
practices due to other instruments of state control. These measures" include controls
over the freedom of the press, restrictions on trade unions and associations, and the
abolition^ of Jurj' trials.
In addition to suppressing political dissent" by defining it as a threat to Singapore's
national security, the ISA allows citizens to be arrested without warrant and detained
without trial if they are “suspected of criminal activity." Such criminal activity includes, of
course, the sale or use of illegal drugs. The government agency in charge of dealing with
drug users is the Central Narcotics’ Bureau (CNB), which employs Singapore’s Misuse
of Drugs Act to require anyone to submit to a urine test for drugs. A positive drug test
How is drug
is sufficient justification for detention" in a Drug Rehabilitation Center (DRC) for
addiction six months. Singapore’s DRCs are run by the Prisons Department, which does not
viewed by the subscribe to the idea that drug addiction is a medical problem. Rather, drug addiction is
prison system
seen as a social and behavioral problem. Therefore, addicts are held responsible for the
in Singapore?
consequences of their own actions.
From 1975 lo 2012, the penalty in Singapore for anyone caught trafficking in illegal
drugs was death. As of 2012, the death penalty is no longer mandatory’ (but remains
enforceable), and life sentences are now the norm. In addition to harsh penalties for drug

trafficking n.
transportation and selling of goods, especially illegal goods
wield V.
to exercise; to carry out
ordinance n. a law
measure n. a step taken as a means to an end
abolition n.
the act of officially ending or doing away with
dissent n,
difference of opinion, especially disagreement with an official opinion or stance
narcotic n.
a drug such as cocaine or heroin that affects your mood and behavior and is
usually illegal
52 detention n.
being kept in a prison or similar place
mandatory adj. required by law
 trafficking, Singaporean law also imposes
a “presumption of intent” to be a drug
trafficker in all cases in which the amount

of drugs in the possession of a person

exceeds a certain limit, such as one hundred
grams of opium or three grams of cocaine.
Obser\'ers from other countries

with common-law'® systems tend to take

for granted that a person is “presumed
innocent until proven guilty beyond a
reasonable doubt.” In drug-trafficking
cases in countries where the presumption
of innocence is mandated, the prosecution
has to prove either the physical act of
trafficking or the intent to traffic the drug.
However, under Singaporean law, the
prosecution only has to prove the possession
of the drug by the accused. The burden of
proof is on the accused to show there was
no intent to distribute the drug. Putting this
burden on the accused makes it much
harder to successfully defend the case.
Singapore’s government justifies
these harsh laws as one of the few ways to
keep drugs out of the country. Singapore
is in a rather unique geographical
position as an air, land, and sea hub"
for Southeast Asia. This fact makes it
particularly sii.sceptible to becoming
a transit point for drug traffickers. In
addition, according to supporters of this
law, it is extremely hard, if not impossible,
to prove intent to traffic drugs without
the presumption of intent followed in
Singaporean law.

e: minutes seconds 657 words

common law n. a legal system that originated in Great Britain, in which judges’decisions in court cases are an
important source of law
hub n. a center of activity

53
 READING COMPREHENSION

El Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Singapore passed the ISA to protect itself from Great Britain,
2 The police in Singapore can keep a suspect in prison without holding a trial.
3 Singaporean law now requires the death penalty for drug trafficking.
4 Singapore does not observe the "presumption of innocence" rule in drug-trafficking cases.
5 It is usually easy to prove intent to traffic in drugs.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSf 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To compare the drug policies of different countries
b- To contrast Singapore's drug policy with common-law policies
c. To explain the drug policy of Singapore
d. To prove Singapore's policy is too harsh
OHAIL
2 Which is true of Singapore, according to paragraph 3?
a. It passed the Internal Security Act in 1955.
b. It has not been accused of human-rights abuses,
c. Its people constantly challenge the ISA.
d- It no longer uses jury trials.
VOCABULARY
3 The word instrument in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to
a, tool

b. player
c. concept
d- component
DETAIL
4 Under Singaporean law, the "presumption of intent" .

a. requires prosecutors to prove trafficking occurred

b. is part of the presumption of innocence
c is used to justify harsh prison sentences
d. places the burden of proof on the accused

H Find the correct numbers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 : the year the ISA was created
2 : the number of months one can be detained in a DRC
3
; the years when the death penalty for drug trafficking was mandatory

k
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

broad powers the ISA detained without trial

British influence Southeast Asian peninsula burden of proof

Singapore has tough drug laws.

The background of the laws comes from The ISA grants 2

and to authorities.

regional concerns about national security.

3 Communism on the Suspects can be Drug laws place the

4 5 6

was based on the

Preservation of was perceived as a on the accused, not
Public Security threat. the prosecution.
Ordinance.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

communist justification gram susceptible tolerance widespread

1 The Cold War involved competition for influence between and capitalist
countries after World War II.

2 Countries with histories of immigration tend to exhibit more for ethnic diversity.

3 Non-prescription use of drugs for attention disorders is becoming among

students—especially during exams.

4 This cereal isn't healthy—one bowl has eighteen _of sugar!
to sunburn.
5 People with light hair and skin tend to be more
6 Do you think there is any for war besides self-defense?
 ’^4
9* I

SUPPLEMENTAL READING
L

The Death Penalty in Singapore

Until 2012, in Singapore, the death penalty was mandatory for drug trafficking, murder,
treason, and certain crimes involving guns. Executions in Singapore are carried out by hanging.
According to Amnesty International, between 1991 and 2003, more than 400 people were hanged
In Singapore. With a population of a little over four million at the time (now close to six million),
I
this gave Singapore one of the highest execution rates in the world.
Human-rights groups pointed to the fact that many of those executed in Singapore were
among the most impoverished and vulnerable of the population. That included a large number of
}
foreign nationals and migrant workers. In the case of drug-trafficking convictions, which carried a
mandatory death sentence, it was argued that those found guilty were in fact drug users or small
time drug dealers. What this meant was minor players were executed. Meanwhile, the major players,
i
1 those who led the drug-trafficking operations, were able to escape punishment and continue to
command their illegal operations. Furthermore, although the government of Singapore argued that
O

the death penalty had been useful in controlling crime, human-rights groups argued that despite
(
the executions, drug abuse had not abated.
In part due to domestic public opinion and international pressure, the Singapore parliament
1

adopted amendments in 2012 that abolished the mandatory imposition of the death penalty. A
t

moratorium, or temporary stoppage, was declared on executions. Singapore resumed executions in

2014, although they were no longer mandatory. Human-rights groups such as Amnesty International
have labeled this move "a great leap backwards."

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Human-rights groups argued that many of the executed were __ and
people, such as migrant workers.
vS
2 The major players who lead operations are often not punished.
,Vi 3 After stopping executions in 2012, Singapore them in 2014.
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Environmental Issues Q

DEFORESTATION
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. How are rainforests different from other kinds of forests?
2. Why are large areas of rainforests typically cut down?
3. What can be done to preserve the world’s rainforests?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 tropical ● a. plants
2 sustainable ● b, of or relating to a warm climate near the equator
3 precipitation ● c. rainfall or snowfall

4 intensive ● d- highly concentrated or accelerated

5 agriculture ■ e, farming and the raising of livestock
6 vegetation ■ f. possible to continue or maintain
57
 DEFORESTATION
It would be difficult to imagine life
without the beauty and richness of forests. But
scientists warn we cannot take our forests for

granted. By some estimates, deforestation has

already resulted in the loss of as much as eighty
percent of the natural forests of the world.
*
Currently, deforestation is a global problem,
affecting wilderness regions such as the
Underline
the names of
temperate' rainforests of the Pacific Northwest
three countries area of the US and Canada's British Columbia,

and more seriously, the tropical rainforests

of Central and South America, Africa, Southeast
Asia, and Australia.

Deforestation occurs for many reasons.

In the temperate rainforests of the US and
Canada, large areas of forest have been
cleared for logging^ and urban expansion. In
tropical rainforests, one of the most common
reasons for deforestation, aside from logging, is
agriculture. Because the soil in many tropical
regions is often nutrient-poor, and since ninety
percent of nutrients in tropical forests are found
in the vegetation and not in the soil, many
farmers practice an agricultural method known
as slash^ and burn. This method consists of

cutting down the trees of an area in the rainforest

and burning them to release their rich nutrients
y into the soil.

This method is sustainable only if

the population density does not exceed four
people per square kilometer of land. When this
is the case, each farm has enough land to let
sections of it He fallow'' for ten years or more,
which is enough time for the land to renew itself.
-●'V
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In recent years, however, the population
4
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density has often reached three times the
*
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temperate adj. having a moderate
climate without extreme
temperatures
■ logging n. cutting down trees for wood
slash V.
to cut violently
' lie fallow idiom {of farmland) to be left unused

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optimum' number. This results in land being used in a
more intensive manner with no chance to recover. Under

these conditions, slash-and-burn farming becomes only

a temporary solution. Within two or three years, the soil
becomes depleted^ and the farmer must repeat the slash-
and-burn process elsewhere.
Deforestation also causes changes in the Earth's
atmosphere. For example, deforestation in tropical areas
disrupts the cycle of rain and evaporation' by removing the moist canopy® of
foliage® that trees provide. Undisturbed, this canopy traps about twenty percent of
the precipitation in the area; when this moisture evaporates, it causes clouds to form,
promoting future precipitation. When trees are cleared away, the canopy is lost, and
the cycle is disturbed. Rainfall sinks into the earth rather than evaporating into the air,
leading to a drier local environment. This can lead to desertification—the forming of
deserts—and ultimately to rises in atmospheric temperatures.
Deforestation is also partially responsible for rising atmospheric levels of carbon
dioxide (CO;). Forests normally decrease the amount of carbon dioxide because the trees
consume it and release oxygen. Less forest, therefore, means more CO2 in the atmosphere,
increases CO2
especially when trees are burned, which releases even more CO2. About 1.6 billion levels in the
metric tons of CO2 enter the atmosphere this v\'ay every year. For comparison, the atmosphere?

burning of fossil fuels releases approximately thirty-three billion metric tons of CO;
per year. These rising levels are a cause for concern because they are expected to be
responsible for fifteen percent of the increase in global temperatures up through 2025.
In addition, deforestation causes the extinction of thousands of species
What is the ^
of wildlife annually. It is estimated that as many as eighty million kinds of animals main topic of
and plants make up the total species on Earth, but only about 1.5 million have paragraph 6?

been studied and named by scientists. Tropical rainforests, which cover about a. Examples of species
found in rainforests
seven percent of the Earth's land, are home to over half of these plant and b. The threat that

animal species. If the rainforests disappear, many of these species will become deforestation poses 198
to rainforest species
extinct. This means many species will vanish'® before we can discover them.
Is it possible to reverse the devastating effects of deforestation? Many Vs
s.

experts think so, but it will require a concerted international effort to protect
r

>2
the remaining forests. It will also require increased awareness, more sustainable
3
consumer habits, and solutions that replace financial incentives for local economies.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 647 words

optimum adj. the best possible

depleted adj. used up
evaporation n. the process of changing from a liquid into a gas
canopy n. the highest layer of branches in a forest
foliage n. the leaves on trees and plants
vanish V. to disappear
 ;y : ●
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READING COMPREHENSION

23 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 _ Only eighty percent of the world's forests remain today.
2 „ The leading cause of the destruction of tropical rainforests is the growth of cities.
3 _ Slash-and-burn farming adds nutrients to the soil in the short term.
4 _ Burning fossil fuels contributes more to rising COi levels than deforestation does.
5 _ Most of the species on Earth have been studied.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

MAIN IDEA 1 What is the main idea of the reading?
r
a. Deforestation is a serious problem that must be dealt with,
b. Most of the deforestation of the last century has been reversed,
c. Deforestation is an irreversible problem that we can no longer control,
d. Deforestation can only be considered after local economic concerns are addressed.
OETAIL
2 Which is NOT true, according to paragraph 2?
a. North America has temperate rainforests,
b. Slash-and-burn farming affects mainly temperate rainforests,
c. Most of the nutrients in tropical rainforests are in the plants,
d. Cutting down and burning trees makes the soil richer.
DETAIL
What is a consequence of the removal of rainforest foliage?
a. The rain cycle of the rainforest changes,
b. Atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide fall,
c. Nutrients are released into the atmosphere,
d. Farmers have an easier time cutting down trees.

The word concerted in paragraph 7 means .

a. quick
b. competitive
c. cheap
d. cooperative

23 Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 Under what conditions is the slash-and-burn method of agriculture sustainable?
● or

2 How does the loss of foliage contribute to the creation of deserts?

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 SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

per square kilometer remain undiscovered species extinction

climate change have vanished trapped the rainfall

The world's forests are disappearing due to deforestation. In fact, eighty percent of
the world's natural forests 1 . One problem is slash-and-burn
farming. This method of farming is sustainable only if the population density is very low.
If the population density exceeds four people 2 ., farmers

deplete the nutrients in the soil and must cut down more of the forest to grow their crops. In
addition, when the foliage that once 3 in the rainforest is gone,

the cycle of precipitation and evaporation is disrupted.This may change land that was once
tropical rainforest into a desert. Deforestation also worsens 4
because it increases the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Finally, deforestation can lead to
5 .The rainforests are home to over half of the world’s species.

many of which 6

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

agriculture intensive precipitation sustainable tropical vegetation

1 Areas with the lowest levels of are considered deserts, even if they are in cold
climates.

2 Many people like to take vacations at resorts to enjoy the heat and sunshine.
3 Public opinion about conservation has pushed many corporations to pursue more environmentally
practices.

4 Many students attend language programs during their school vacations so

they can learn a lot in a short time.
5 You can seethe lack of _ in the Sahara Desert from space.
6 Until the invention of ^ humans could only obtain food by hunting and gathering.

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 SUPPLEMENTAL READING

The High Price of Beef

Ranching has become a major cause of deforestation in Central
and South America. Since cattle ranching is very inexpensive in Costa
Rica—it is about fifty percent cheaper than in the United States, for
example—many foreign companies have purchased large areas of
land there. They keep their cattle in Costa Rica and then export the
beef to other countries, mainly the US. In order to establish grasslands
for grazing, they clear forests away completely. These artificially
manufactured pastures remain productive for six to eight years, after
which they are abandoned. The forest is lost forever.
'V* ,

In Brazil, where over eighty percent of the farmable land is held > .1
by less than five percent of landowners, a large number of poor farmers
move into rainforest areas just to survive. Like farmers in Costa Rica, many of these farmers raise
beef that is sold mainly to fast-food hamburger chains. These fast-food chains can keep their
prices low because they buy beef cheaply from Central and South American cattle ranchers. But
the hidden costs of the beef include the environmental impact: deforestation and rising global
temperatures.
Some experts believe that social practices that focus on profit at the expense of environmental
balance raise important questions about the values and belief systems that support them, For
example, it has been suggested that the belief in humans'superio rity to animals promotes an attitude
that may excuse the domination of the environment in the service of human comfort and progress.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

* U 1 Artificial pastures are useful for years, but the forest is then lost
forever.

2
often need to move into rainforests for economic reasons.

3 The belief in our superiority _ may cause us to focus on profit ■.t:

rather than the environment. ';j

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Would you be willing to stop eating fast-food beef products to save the Costa Rican rainforest? -

Do you think that would work? Why or why not?

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Environmental Issues Q

FOOD SECURITY
AND FOOD SUPPLY
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What do you think is meant by the term “food security”?
2. Why might some areas of Earth produce less food than others?
3. Which kinds of natural disasters might affect how much food people have?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 breakdown ● a. to stop something changing or getting worse

2 unstable ● b. not fixed or safe and likely to change
3 stabilize ● c. small and not significant
4 mechanical ● d. two or more things meeting at a particular point
5 convergence ● e. related to or operated by machinery
6 marginal ● f the failure or end of something
63
 FOOD SECORITY
AND FOOD SOPPLY
Being food-secure means having consistent access to enough food, even during natural
disasters and economic crises. This can be achieved
either through domestic food production or by
importing food from abroad. For economic reasons, many in developing countries deal with a lack of
food security every day, while for others, it only becomes a concern when disasters such as extreme
weather or economic crises strike. Now climate change means that natural disasters are occurring
more often, and thanks to globalization, a problem in one country can often affect people worldwide.
Seemingly “natural" disasters leave countries like Bangladesh highly unstable in
terms of food security. In fact, climate change has left Bangladesh at increased risk of flooding as
cyclones become more common and sea levels rise. Located at the convergence of three major
rivers, most of Bangladesh is less than five meters above sea level. In 2007, after prolonged'
heavy rain, an estimated 26,500 farm animals were lost to floods, and fish farms—a major
source of food—were also affected as fish escaped back to sea. Above all, Bangladesh relies on
rice, and the 2007 floods destroyed 2,2 million tons of the crop. Furthermore, with road and rail
links underwater, it was impossible to distribute the rice that remained. As a result, prices rose
sharply. An estimated ten million people were left without access to enough food. In response,
the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP) spent $51 million feeding 2.3 million people for
six months.

A more long-term solution, the Flood Action Plan, was funded by the World Bank and
Why was the
Flood Action attempted to build both flood defenses and raised storage units for rice crops. However, the pace
Plan not of climate change meant that sea levels rose faster than ever before, and many of these measures
effective?
were ineffective. Bangladesh contributes Just 0.3 percent of global carbon emissions but is set to
a. Because it
was not well suffer far more from climate change than most nations. It is also relied upon by other countries for
planned
b. Because
manufacturing. Bangladeshi problems are world problems. Nevertheless, by 2020, further floods—
circumstances
alongside political and economic factors—had left twenty-five percent of people in Bangladesh
changed
food-insecure.

Another food crisis in 2008 was more obviously global. Droughts in Russia, Ukraine, and
Australia led to major crop failures. These countries are major exporters' of wheat and, without
t

seemingly adv.
appearing to be something, especially when this is not true
prolonged adj. continuing for a long time
exporter n.
a person, country, or business that sells goods to another country

64
their input, a world shortage occurred. At the same time, oil prices were
high due to continued demand from developed countries and increased
demand from the developing world. Oil is required for intensive,
mechanical agriculture, so producing crops became more expensive,
and farmers passed this cost on to consumers. As an alternative to oil, the
US began using more of its crops to produce biofuels (fuels made from
plants or animals). This seemed like a sustainable solution, but it left even
fewer crops for food, creating more scarcity^ Finally, in some developing
countries, as populations became larger and wealthier, demand for food
grew, So just when crops were needed most, they were in short supply and
were expensive to produce; at the peak of the crisis, the prices of wheat and
rice rose by almost one hundred percent.
A breakdown of supply followed as some countries imposed Underline two

export bans and restrictionsh' major rice producers like India and countries which
stopped selling
Vietnam wanted to ensure they could feed their own populations first. food to other
However, these policies tend to drive up prices elsewhere, and often countries.

their benefits are marginal, even for the countries which impose
them. Wealthier people purchase and hoard” large quantities of food,
a practice known as "panic-buying." Businesses also stockpile- large
amounts of food to sell, creating a black market open to corruption. Prices
become even higher and, as it becomes completely unaffordable",
food simply goes to waste. To fight this issue in the Philippines, those
found to be hoarding food were subjectedto large fines.
By 2018, hundreds of millions of people worldwide were facing
severe hunger, and in 2020, COVlO-19 compounded the problem as
factories shut, transport infrastructures’ broke down, and borders
closed. Food prices rose almost twenty percent in one year. By April
2021, the WFP estimated that 296 million people in the thirty-five countries
where it worked were undernourished'^—111 million more people than
before the COVID-19 pandemic.
Some countries are far less food-secure than others, but climate
change and globalization increasingly mean that national crises are not
simply local problems. Furthermore, as governments and organizations try
to stabilize food security and ensure food supply, they will have to think
carefully about the unintended effects of their Initiatives".

minutes seconds 752 words

Reading Time:

scarcity n. a lack of something

restriction n. an official limit on something
hoard V. to coliect large amounts of something and keep it for yourself
stockpile V. to store a large supply of something for future use
unaffordable adj. too expensive for people to be able to pay for
infrastructure n. the basic systems that a country uses in order to work effectively
65
undernourished adj. not eating enough food to be in good health
initiative n. a new plan or process to achieve something or solve a problem
 V i. ● .

READING COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Bangladesh's geography has helped to protect it from the effects of climate change.
2 Bangladesh is an important country for producing goods.
3 During the 2008 crisis, the US tried to find an alternative food to wheat.
4 During crises, richer people often panic-buy food to sell at a profit.
5
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of undernourished people increased by over
one hundred million.

Choose the best answer according to the reading.

TOPIC 1 What does the reading mainly discuss about food?
a. How it is produced and sold in different countries
b. The ways it helps countries develop their economies
c. How crises affect people's ability to access it
d. What happens when governments fail to provide it
2
VOCABUURY
In paragraph 1, the word domestic is closest in meaning to
a. external b. internal
c. traditional d. modern
● i
DETAIL 3 Which of the following factors did NOT contribute to the 2008 food crisis?
a. Oil spillages
b. Crop failures
c. Making biofuels
d. Increased demand

4
INFBIENCE
What can be inferred from paragraph 5?
a. The Indian population was stockpiling food for export,
b. The Vietnamese government worked with India to provide food,
c. The population in Asia grew more quickly than elsewhere,
d. The Filipino government wanted to reduce food waste.

H Fill in the blanks with the Information from the reading.

1 A number of large meet in Bangladesh, making it vulnerable
to flooding.
2
were beginning to get wealthier, and their populations wanted
more rice and wheat.
3 The benefits of export are not significant for the nations that use them.

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SUMMARY

Write the number of each sentence under the category it belongs to.

Food Insecurity
Causes Effects

1 Natural disasters like floods and droughts lead to the destruction of crops.
2 The production of biofuels uses up crops that could be used to feed humans.
3 In Bangladesh, ten million people do not have access to sufficient food.
4 Due to crop failures and the cost of oil, prices rise, and people cannot afford to purchase
food.

5 Governments impose export bans to try and protect their populations' access to food, and
aid agenciesdeliver food.
6 In 2018, hundreds of millions of people across the planet did not have enough food.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

marginal stabilize mechanical unstable convergence breakdown

1 Governments sometimes print more money to their economies.

2 Wars are often caused by a(n) in communications between countries.

at best.
3 The nutritional benefits of some popular breakfast cereals are _
4 Unfortunately, the airplane's departure was delayed due to a{n) problem.

5 The of several political and economic factors led to the Great Depression of
the 1930s,

6 The country’s political system is as as a chair with two legs.

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Law & Crime Q

DETECTORS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Are you good at guessing when other people are lying?
2. How does the body change when someone lies?
3. Have you ever been caught lying? What happened?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 minimal ● a. correctly
2 conduction ● b. very small in amount
3 accurately ● c. probability
4 punish ● d. trustworthiness; consistency
5 likelihood ● e. to discipline; to penalize
6 reliability ● .f the movement of heat or electricity through something
69
 I I

Polygraphs, or instruments used to discover whether a person is lying, are commonly

called lie detectors. Polygraphs are utilized in courts, in the government, and in private
businesses. However, they are controversial. Many people don't believe that polygraphs
can accurately identify whether an individual is lying, while others believe that polygraphs
are simply tools to intimidate' people into confessing guilt, regardless of whether they're
really lying.

Underline
The older, analog polygraph machine consists of three styluses—or pens—and a
the two types roll of paper that slides across the machine. The styluses, which draw lines on the paper
of polygraph and record changes in the subject's condition, are connected to wires, which are in turn
machines.
connected to the test subject. A mostly straight line indicates there is minimal variation in
the subject's body, A Jagged' line with multiple peaks and valleys illustrates a large amount
of variation. Modern digital polygraphs are interpreted in a fashion identical’ to analog
polygraphs; however, instead of paper, the lines are displayed on a computer monitor.
Polygraph tests are interviews. Examiners ask subjects questions, and when
subjects answer, their body reactions are recorded by the polygraph. During the interviews,
examiners document the behavior of the lines on the paper subsequent to each question.
Later, examiners use these results to assess the likelihood that the subject is telling the
What three signs
of stress does truth. When lying, individuals are often apprehensive'’ about being caught, and this
a polygraph uneasiness produces stress. Stress triggers elevated heart and breathing rates and an
machine detect?
increase in perspiration’, all of which are then detected by the polygraph.
To detect changes in respiration, rubber tubes filled with air are positioned
around subjects'torsos, and as subjects breathe, the air in the tubes is compressed", and
the tubes expand. When the tubes expand, they push against a part of the polygraph
called the bellows. The greater the expansion of the tubes, the greater the contraction
of the bellows, which moves an arm on the polygraph. Breathing quickly results in
an irregular line on the test. To measure heart rate, subjects wear bands around their

intimidate V. to fill with fear

I
' jagged ad), uneven; having sharp points
identical adj. exactly the same
apprehensive adj. nervous
perspiration n. sweat
4^
' compress V. to pressor squeeze
^70
 wrists'. A tube connects the band to a second arm on the polygraph. As blood travels through
the wrist, it creates very small sounds, and when subjects experience stress, the sounds become
louder and faster. These sounds move the air in the tube, and the air pushes the bellows, moving
the arm on the polygraph. A stronger, faster heart rate results in a more jagged line. Finally, the
polygraph measures perspiration on the fingertips with metal plates called galvanometers,
which are attached to two fingers. The galvanometers measure the skin's conduction of
electricity. When people perspire, the skin becomes wet, and if subjects' skin is wetter than usual,
it conducts more electricity. The galvanometers are connected to the third arm of the polygraph,
and if the skin starts to increase in electrical conduction, movement of the arm increases.

A comparison of the movements of all three arms should reveal to the examiner increases in
stress for certain questions.
Many people debate the reliability of polygraphs. They believe that although these What is this
tests measure variations in the body associated with stress, these variations could be the paragraph
result of other kinds of emotions. While some people experience minimal to no stress when mainly about?

lying, some honest people may experience intense stress from the exam itself Because of this, a. Reasons not to
trust polygraph
it is possible for the examiner to wrongly deduce’ that the subject is lying, and the subject results

b. Ways to fool a
might then be unfairly punished. Even companies that produce polygraphs indicate that the polygraph
mechanisms cannot detect lies, suggesting that polygraphs can only identify behavior that
should not be trusted. Because of these criticisms, polygraph data cannot be used as evidence
in American courts. Also, American law prohibits private companies from forcing employees to
take polygraph tests. Despite this, both the American government and businesses continue to
utilize polygraphs. In fact, workers for government agencies can be fired if they fail—or refuse
to take—a polygraph test. Various opponents of polygraphs have concluded from this fact
that the tests are used to intimidate workers, to make them confess to wrongdoing, or prevent
them from complaining about company policies. Regardless, it's clear that polygraph tests will
continue to affect the lives of employees.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 704 words

wrist n. the part of the body where the hand joins the arm
deduce V. to conclude

D 71
 \4

READING COMPREHENSION

Q Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Styluses are pens that make lines on paper during polygraphtests.
2 Digital polygraph machines work very differently from analog ones.
3 The subject's heart rate is monitored using tubes around the wrists.
4 Wet skin conducts more electricity than dry skin.
5 Polygraph test results are acceptable as evidence in US courts.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

m 1 What is the reading mainly about?
a. The difference between old and new polygraph machines
b. The problems with polygraph test accuracy
c. How polygraphs work and why they are controversial
d. How polygraphs were invented and why they were banned

Ml 2 Tubes around the subject's torso help to measure .

a. perspiration
b. heart rate

c. breathing rate
d. electricity
IN^RENCE I 3 We can guess from paragraph 5 that .
a. some people can pass a polygraph test even if they are lying
b. polygraph tests very rarely result in false accusations
c. it is not normal to experience stress when lying
d. it is becoming easierto fake polygraph results
Ml 4 People can be required to take polygraph tests in American _

a. schools
b. courts

c. police departments
d. government agencies

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 In polygraph results, what do a straight line and ajagged line indicate?

2 According to some critics of polygraph tests, what is the real purpose of the tests?
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

heart rate, etc. falsely identify detect deception

limited legally reactions to stress examiners interview

Institutions commonly use polygraphs to i

but their use remains controversial.

Polygraphs are instruments that can detect Critics point out the test may 3
physical 2 . the reasons for stress.

4
The polygraph machine Because of this, the use of
measures changes in test results has been
subjects with a series of 5 6

carefully selected questions.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

accurately conduction minimal punish reliability likelihood

1 There is much debate about whether prisons should criminals or try to reform
them.

2 Insulation is used to keep buildings warm by preventing the of heat through

the wails.

3 You can keep your room clean with effort if you pick things up regularly
instead of putting it off until later.
4 Mom is practical: safety, gas mileage, and are the things she looks for in a car,

5 Standardized tests don't always predict success in higher education.

6 Your parents’medical history helps determine the that you will develop
various diseases.
 V..

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

The Polygraph Test

A common polygraph test has several parts.The first part is an interview between the examiner
and the subject, during which the two learn about each other. This is intended to reduce the subject's
stress levels while allowing the examiner to see how the subject answers neutral questions.
After the interview, the examiner prepares the set of questions that he or she will ask during
the polygraph test. Before the test, the examiner informs the subject what the questions will be; this
reduces unnecessary stress that could make the results of the test more difficult to evaluate.
Next comes the actual lest, during which the examiner asks about ten questions. Some of
these questions are neutral, such as "Is your name {insert name)?" Others are control questions, which
are designed to receive an untruthful answer but are not related to the offense being investigated.
An example might be, "Have you ever stolen anything in your life?" The subject's response to these
mildly stressful questions can then be compared to his or her response to the relevant questions.
After all the questions have been asked,
the examiner checks the data from the polygraph.
If the subject’s stress level remained mostly the
same throughout the test, the examiner may
conclude the subject was honest. However,
if there were moments when the subject's stress
increased sharply, especially if this happened
when he or she answered a specific question, then
the examiner may conclude otherwise.

FIN in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 The first part of the test is designed to reduce the test taker's
2 The subject already knows what will be before the test.

3 If a subject has been honest, data should show that his or her stress levels remained
throughout the test.

m EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Do you think polygraphs are useful? Should companies and courts be allowed to use them?
Why or why not?
rIJ.
 ".V, ■;

Scan for Audio

Law & Crime Q

PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What are some of the greatest inventions of all time? Who invented them?
2. If you had unlimited time and money to invent something, what would it be?
3. How do inventors prevent other people from stealing their ideas?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.
1 viable ● a. man-made moving devices
2 specialty ● b. a change to an existing design or concept
3 obtain ● c a formula, proposition, or general statement in the sciences
4 adaptation ● d. area of expertise
5 theorem ● e. to get or acquire
6 machinery ● f. having a reasonable chance of succeeding
75
 PATENTS
After years of backbreaking' work and research, you have finally
invented something that will solve many people's problems and make the
world a better place. Now what do you do? Your next step, if you are smart, is
to obtain a patent.
Patents are agreements between inventors and the government
that give inventors ownership of their creations for a certain amount of time.
Patents also allow a person to own the idea for a not-yet-comple ted invention.
US patent law states that an invention is “any new and useful process,
machinery, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful
improvement thereof^" Basically, anything that someone creates can be
protected from theft by patenting.
Most things people use every day are or have been protected by
patents. Examples include the first commercially viable electric light, which
was patented by Thomas Edison in 1879; the drug aspirin, which was patented
by Felix Hoffmann in 1899; and the rubber band, patented by Stephen Perry
in 1845. Less obvious inventions have also been patented, such as special
motors, gears', and machinery used in manufacturing settings. Strangely
enough, living things can also be patented, as illustrated in 1988, when two
Harvard University doctors were issued the first-ever patent for a new animal
life form—a genetically altered mouse.
But not everything can be patented. One must first have an original
What is
idea for an invention, The invention does not have to be something that has
something that j

never been thought of before, as most patents are for new adaptations or cannot be .4
improvements on existing technology and not wholly new items. For example,
the camcorder is a combination of the video camera and the tape recorder,
patented?
M
but it was a new idea to combine them into one machine. Theorems
regarding 'natural laws' cannot be patented. Even though the principle of
relativity' was developed by Albert Einstein, he could not patent it because he
did not invent it—it was already part of the natural world.
Patents are important because they protect a person's idea from
others who might want to steal it. "If you work hard inventing a new machine
or procedure', then you should be able to benefit from it financially,'
says Timothy Elkins, a patent attorney. "You shouldn't do the work and then

backbreaking adj. involving very difficult physical work or effort

thereof adv. of the thing that has been mentioned
gear n.
a mechanism that performs a specific function in a compiete machine
relativity n.
the theory that says that the way in which anything but iight moves through
76
time and space depends on the position and movement of the observer
procedure n.
a series of actions that are done in a certain way or order
 have someone make money off of your idea." Patents
also help to share ideas and technological information
with other inventors and researchers. A description of
all patented inventions is put into a database^ which
can be accessed by other people in the same field of
ASPIRIN
interest. Patents also help to stimulate^ research by large

200 Tablets companies. Finally, companies, especially large ones

like IBM, Samsung, and Sony, can make a lot of money
by holding patents on certain inventions and charging
other companies money—called royalties—to use their
ideas.

Patenting an idea can be quite time-consuming

and expensive. After an inventor finishes creating a new
invention, the next step is to fill out patent paperwork,
which can be a long and complicated process. Usually,
this type of research is done by a patent attorney, a lawyer
What are two
costs involved whose specialty is patents. Patent attorneys can be
in getting a costly, but they are almost always necessary because they
patent? make sure the patents are filed" correctly. After all the
paperwork has been reviewed by the inventor and the
inventor's attorney, it is submitted to the patent office
along with a registration fee. The patent is sometimes
rejected and must be resubmitted, and in this way, the
process can be drawn out for many years. In fact, it often
takes up to five years to complete the patent process.
Once the patent process is completed, an
inventor’s idea still may not be completely protected.
Patents only apply in the country in which they are
issued. So if a machine is patented in the US, the patent
only applies to the US. Unless patents are applied for in
other countries as well, there is nothing to stop imitators
around the world from copying that idea.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 663 words

database n. a large collection of data organized for rapid search and retrieval on a computer
stimulate V. to increase; to excite
file V. to initiate (a legal action) through a formal procedure

77
 READING COMPREHENSION

O Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Patents give inventors permanent ownership of their creations.
2 Patents are designed to protect consumer products rather than industrial goods.
3 Patents can also apply to living things.
4 Getting help from a lawyer to file a patent is usually necessary.
5 Patents often take more than five years to process.

EH Choose the best answer according to the reading.

S3 1 What is the reading mainly about?
a. The definition and uses of patents
b. The difficulty of the patent application process
c. The reasons patents are necessary
d. The history of patent law

mi 2 A patent is an agreement between an inventor and

a. the rest of society
b. businesses

c. the government
d. a patent attorney
VOCABULARY 3 The word composition in paragraph 2 means
a. combination

b. compromise
c. process

d. procedure

Mm 4 Why don't patents protect inventions completely?

a. Because the inventor has to renew the application every year
b. Because someone can imitate the idea in another country
c. Because the registration and attorney fees may not be affordable
d. All of the above

S Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.

1 Two doctors at Harvard patented a(n) .

2 Inventors in the same field share their patented ideas through the use of
a(n)

3 The fees charged by patent holders for use of their ideas are called
1

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

existing technology amount of time plenty of paperwork

patent attorney every day original idea

Patents are agreements between inventors and the government, giving inventors
ownership of their creations for a certain i . Patents are

necessary to prevent the theft of people's inventions. Many things that we use
2 are protected by patents. Almost any
3 can be patented, including processes, machines, and
modified living things. Most patents are for improvements on 4
not wholly new items. Descriptions of patented ideas can be accessed in a database and
often stimulate new research. Patent holders can make money by charging others to use
their ideas. To apply for a patent, you must submit 5 and a fee,

and it can be a long process. A(n) 6 can be very expensive but

is almost always necessary to avoid having your patent application rejected.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

adaptation machinery obtain specialty theorem viable

1 After the first two courses, the waiter brought out a rack of Iamb: the chef's
2 It is not possible to legally Cuban cigars in the US.
3 It takes money, a solid plan, and hard work in order to make a new business
4 In ancient Greece, Pythagoras came up with a famous about triangles that
have right angles.
5 The in the old factory was outdated and in need of repair,
6 Many Hollywood movies are of novels or non-fiction books.
 I

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Copyrights, Trademarks, and Trade Secrets ^

e-

Patents are used to help creators protect a special type of

property known as intellectual property, defined as "the product
of a person's or company’s originality and creativity." However,
S there are other ways to protect different kinds of intellectual
property, including copyrights, trademarks, and trade secrets.
Copyrights protect "original works of authorship." This
includes anything creative that is written down or presented CO TM
visually—such things as books, musical compositions, paintings,
and even movies and architecture, can all be protected by
copyrights. The copyright lasts for the life of the author, plus an additional period that varies by
country and type of intellectual property following the author's death. For literature in the US,
V ●
the period is seventy years. After this time has passed, the works are no longer protected by the
copyright. They are then classified as part of the "public domain," and anyone can copy or use them
without permission.
Trademarks, on the other hand, protect product designs and slogans that a business uses
to distinguish its product from other companies' products. For example, Nike is well known for its
"swoosh" logo as well as its motto, "Just do it." No other company can use either of these for its own
purposes because they are already trademarks that belong to Nike.
One special type of intellectual property is the trade secret. This is special information that
usually confers an economic benefit on a company and that employees must legally promise to keep
secret. A good example is the formula for Coca-Cola, a secret known only to a few employees.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 After its copyrightends, a work becomes part of the ●1

2 A logo can be protected as a(n)

3 The formula for Coca-Cola is protected as a{n) A

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

How does the internet make it harder to protect intellectual property?

Can you think of any specific examples?
 --A Q .
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Language & Literature

EVER-EVOLVING
ENGLISH
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Which languages have influenced the development of your native language?
2. Do you know any languages that have influenced the development of English?
3. Do you think people should try hard to use “correct” language at all times?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.
1 standardize ● a. to establish consistency according to set ruies
2 vowel ● b. general agreement
3 profound ● c characterized by intensity of quality or importance
4 pronounce ● d. of or relating to language
5 consensus ● e. to utterthe sound of a word or partofa word
6 linguistic ● .f an open-mouthed, resting-tongued sound in a language
81
 EVER-EVOLVING ENGLISH
J

‘S,

Like all languages, English has undergone many

Kr fundamental changes over time. The first form of English, now referred
to as Old English (OE) or Anglo-Saxon, was first spoken in England and parts of
Scotland. It was spoken between the middle of the fifth and twelfth centuries and was \

characterized by a comparatively limited vocabulary, as well as numerous endings that

\

marked the gender, number, and case' of words.

Underline the When the Normans invaded the British Isles in 1066, English came under the
date when influence of the French-speaking conquerors^ who became the new aristocracy^ The
French speakers class differences of this period are still reflected in the language. The words “beef,” “pork,
invaded England.
and “poultry,” for instance, all come from French, yet the words cow,” “pig,” and “chicken”
all have OE origins. This reveals who was taking care of these expensive animals and
who was eating them: as one popular saying puts it, “French for the table, English for the
stable.” Besides adding many French words, the language also gradually lost many of its
OE endings. This new form of English, referred to as Middle English (ME), developed from
1066 to around 1500.
Meanwhile, between 1200 and 1600, a major alteration occurred in the way people
pronounced many vowel sounds, particularly the long vowels. The completion of this
change, dubbed^ “the Great Vowel Shift,” marks the birth of the modern English language.
Modern English developed rapidly during the reign of Elizabeth I (1558-1603), which was
also the period when the great playwright William Shakespeare lived and wrote. His work
had a profound influence on the language, introducing many new words and phrases that
we now take for granted—like “uncomfortable,” which comes from i?omeo and Juliet.
What two
Modern English was characterized by more active attempts at standardization of
languages English usage^ and spelling. During the 1600s and 1700s, many writers called for English
influenced efforts to follow more regular patterns, as French and Latin did. They also proposed that an English
to standardize
academy be created. No such academy was ever established, but numerous grammar
English?
texts and dictionaries started appearing. ^
: Ik. The first official book of grammar rules was written by William
Loughton in 1734, and in 1761, Joseph Priestley wrote and
% published The Rudiments’^ of English Grammar.
These texts were based on what the writers

case n.
a form of a noun, pronoun, or adjective indicating its grammatical function in a sentence
conqueror n.
one who gains territory by force
aristocracy n.
a governing body or upper class usually made up of a hereditary nobility
dub V. to name or call
82
usage n.
the way in which words and phrases are used in a language community
rudiments n. first principles; basics
 1
considered “correct” grammar rather than on an analysis of how people actually
spoke and wrote; thus, their approach is referred to as prescriptive' grammar. In
later years, linguists^ argued that grammar should describe how people really use
language and not how writers think it should be used, adopting an approach called
descriptive grammar.
Today, English is spoken by so many people in so many different countries Underline the
across the globe that it has become even harder to standardi/.e. The contemporary reason that
i
●■on.scnsus lies somewhere between the prescriptive and descriptive approaches. English is so
difficult to
Educators generally try to follow something called Standard English (SE) so as to standardize
avoid a complete lack of order in the use of English. However, as one can see in the today.
differences in spelling and vocabulary between, say, British and American English,
rules can be difficult to enforce. Think of examples such as the American spelling of
words like “analyze” or “color,” which are spelled “analyse” and “colour” in the UK.
Both forms are seen as correct, as long as they are used in the right country.
To help ensure that SE stays up to date, respected dictionaries publish annual
lists of new words that have been accepted into the lexicon’. These may be words that
started out as slang, and many are new technological terms: in 2021, the Merriam-
Webster online dictionary added “reaction GIF” and “coworking.”
There have also been some significant changes in grammar over the years.
For decades, prescriptivists argued that English sentences should never end in
prepositions and that splitting infinitives was incorrect. (An example of a split
infinitive is “to really want” instead of “really to want.”) These days such rules are
generally considered invalid because they come from Latin, which is no longer
viewed as a model for English. Correct English grammar is now considered largely a
question of functionality, style, and taste, and the context in which language
functions is taken into account before passing judgment.
As long as people are able to communicate effectively and have a basic standard
to guide them, English serves its lingiiLstic purpose. After all, the only languages not
in flux'® are those that are no longer in use.

Reading time; minutes seconds 732 wares

prescriptive adj. giving exact rules or instructions about how something should be done
linguist n. a person who studies language In a scientific way
lexicon n. the vocabulary of a particular language
flux n. a state of flow and change
83
r

READING COMPREHENSION

□ Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
The development of Middle English (ME) began when the Normans conquered England.
"The Great Vowel Shift" was very significant in the development of Modern English.
During the 17th century, an academy for English was established.
Priestley was one of three authors of The Rudiments of English Grammar.
Educators today use a purely descriptive approach to grammar.

Choose the best answer according to the reading.

What is the reading mainly about?
a. Shakespeare's influence on the development of English
b. The way class differences control how we use language today
c The history and development of the English language
d. The relationship between British history and English development
DETAIL
Which of the following best describes prescriptive grammar?
a. Grammar that is based on what the writers consider to be correct
b. Grammar that describes how people really use language
c Grammarthat is consideredlargely a question of style and personal taste
d- Grammar that has been borrowed from another language
MAIN IDEA
3 What is the main Idea of paragraph6?
a. There is no longer any single "correct" form of English,
b. Different acceptable spellings prove spelling is no longer important,
c. The expansion of British colonies made standardization more important,
d. Because there are different forms, there is no such thing as improper English,

[IQ Which is an example of a grammar rule that has recently been relaxed?
a. Don't end a sentence with a subject,
b. Don't split infinitives,
c. Don't begin a sentence with a preposition,
d. Don't leave out the verb.

Q Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
^ Why does English use different words for an animal and its meat (e,g.,"cow"and "beef")?

2 How did Shakespeare influence the English language?

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

at standardization limited vocabulary the Great Vowel Shift

Norman invasion French influence relaxed grammar rules

Origins (OE) Normans (ME)

● Anglo-Saxon had many endings and a(n) ME was characterized by its

● The period ended with the Class differences made their way into the
in 1066 language

Contemporary English Modern English

■ English is now a global language with no Owes much of its development to

universally accepted set of standards
● The language continues to evolve, as Shakespeare made important
reflected In new vocabulary and contributions to the language

Marked the first attempts

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

consensus linguistic profound pronounce standardize vowel

1 The Norman invasion had a(n) impact on English culture.

2 Learning to speak English can be difficult because the spelling of a word does not always show you
how to it.

3 The names of some Welsh towns look unusual because they have no such as
Bwich in southern Wales,

4 Many tribal languages are almost impossible to because they have no writing
systems.

5 The of film critics seems to be that the movie is well worth seeing.
6 The various countries of the Americas have historical, cultural, and
connections to Europe.
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^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

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86
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Language & Literature

PRIDEAND
PREJUDICE BY JANE AUSTEN
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Do you believe that “love conquers all”?
2. Do you think family and other social considerations are important vt/hen deciding whom to marry?
3. Is it appropriate to judge others based on their social status? How else might a person be judged?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 admission ● a, without being aware

2 inferiority ● b, the period of time during which something lasts
3 evident ■ c. the act of confessing something
4 disturbance ● d, the state of being lower in rank or quality
5 duration ● e. obvious

6 unconsciously ● f the state of being disturbed; the act of disturbing

87
 1
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L-j 1;

PfMB dnd PrOiURsM ^yJanelnsten

excerpted and adapted^ tir^A
V

Elizabeth was suddenly roused' by the sound of the doorbell, and her
spirits were a little fluttered by the idea of its being Colonel Fitzwilliam himself.
He had once before called late in the evening and might now again have come to
inquire particularly after her. But this idea was soon banished^ and her spirits
were very differently affected when, to her utter amazement, she saw Mr. Darcy
Was Elizabeth

pleased to see walk into the room. In a hurried manner, he immediately began an inquiry after her
Darcy at the health, imputing his visit to a wish of hearing if she felt better. She answered him
door? How do
with cold civility. He sat down for a few moments, then got up and walked around
you know?
the room, which surprised Elizabeth, who said nothing.
After a silence of several minutes, he came toward her in an agitated manner and
said, “In vain I have struggled, and it will not do. My feelings will not be repressed',
and you must allow me to tell you how ardently' I admire and love you.”
Elizabeth’s astonishment at his admission was so great that she stared,
colored', doubted, and was silent. Darcy considered this sufficient encouragement;
and so, he continued to tell her all he felt and had long felt for her. He spoke well,
but there were feelings besides those of the heart that he detailed. And he was not
more eloquent on the subject of tenderness than of pride. He dwelt on his sense of her
inferiority, and also on the family obstacles which stood in their way, and told her that
his better judgment had wrestled with his feelings.

What emotions
In spite of her deeply rooted dislike for Darcy, Elizabeth could not be insensible'
does Elizabeth to the compliment of such a powerful man’s affection, and though her intentions did not
experience as vary for an instant, she was sorry for the pain he was about to receive until, roused to
Darcy talks?
resentment by his insensitive words, she lost her compassion and became angry. She tried,
however, to compose herself to answer him patiently, once he had finished talking.
He concluded by telling her of the strength of his love for her, which, in spite of
all his endeavors’, he had found impossible to conquer, and with his expression of hope
that it would now be rewarded by her acceptance of his hand in marriage. As he said this,
she could easily see that he had no doubt that she would answer affirmatively. He spoke
of apprehension and anxiety, but his countenance' expressed real security that she would

31
rouse V. to awaken or excite into action
banish V. to expel; to send or drive away
repress V. to hold in by self-control
' ardently adv. withgreatwarmthoffeeling
color V. to blush
insensible adj. unaware of; unmindful
88 endeavor n. an effort: an attempt
countenance n. expression of the face
 I ‘

Ij
f ●

1
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U^"
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iiitti

fiiiif
■iiiii ■■■●■I
tiiiii iiiiia

accept him.
This further exasperated her, and when he
ceased talking, the color rose into her cheeks and
she said, “In such cases as this, it is, I believe, the
established mode to express a sense of obligation for
the sentiments avowed, however unequally they may
be returned. It is natural that obligation should be
felt, and if I could feel gratitude I would now thank
you. But I cannot—I have never desired your good
opinion, and you have certainly bestowed'' it most
unwillingly. I am sorr>- to have caused you pain. It has been most unconsciou*
done and, I hope, will be of short duration. These feelings, which, you tell me, have
long prevented the acknowledgment of your regard, will surely help you overcome
your love for me, especially after what you have expressed as your true opinions of How did
me and my family.” Elizabeth’s

Mr. Darcy, who was leaning against the mantelpiece"’ with his eyes fixed response make
Mr. Darcy feel?
on her face, seemed to catch her words wth both resentment and surprise. His
Underline the
complexion became pale with anger, and the di.sturbance of his mind was visible in words.

every feature. He was struggling for the appearance of composure" and would not
open his lips til! he believed himself to have attained it.
The pause made Elizabeth feel dreadful, and at length, with a voice full of forced
calmness, he said, “And this is all the reply which I am to have the honor of expecting!
! might, perhaps, wish to be informed why, with so little endeavor at civility, I am thus
rejected. But it is of small importance.”
“I might as well inquire,” replied she, “why with so evident a desire of offending
and insulting me, you chose to tell me that you liked me against your will, against your
reason, and even against your character.”

Reading Time: minutes seconds

J
TT~>‘^A'-d

' bestow V. to give something as a gift or an honor

10
mantelpiece n. the shelf above a fireplace
composure n. self-possession and control of emotions

89
 READING COMPREHENSION

CS Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
Elizabeth was hoping that it was Mr. Darcy at the door.
2 Based on her thoughts, it is clear the Elizabeth respects and admires Mr. Darcy.
3 Mr. Darcy feels superior to Elizabeth and her family.
4 Mr. Darcy was expecting Elizabeth to reject his proposal.
5 Elizabeth refuses Mr. Darcy because she feels that he is too good for her.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1 What is the excerpt mainly about?
a. Elizabeth's hatred of Mr. Darcy
b. Mr. Darcy's arrogant assessment of Elizabeth
c. Elizabeth's rejection of Mr. Darcy's marriage proposal
d. How Elizabeth and Mr. Darcy try to disguise their feelings

ESHl 2 Why did Elizabeth think that it would be Colonel Fitzwilliam at the door?
a. Because he had come to her house at the same time on a previous occasion
b. Because he had called her to let her know that he would be stopping by
c. Because he usually visited her at this time
d. Because he was her husband, and she was expecting him to come home
mmn 3 The word civility in paragraph 1 is closest in meaning to .
a. politeness b. obligation
c. respect d. surprise

INFERENCE 4 It can be inferred from paragraphs 7 and 8 that Mr. Darcy .

a. was not really surprised by her answer
b. did not really care either way how she replied
c. was not aware how rude and insensitive he was being
d. was relieved because he had been forced by social pressure to ask

Q Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 After Mr. Darcy first entered and asked about Elizabeth's health, there was

2 Elizabeth's main emotion at the moment when Mr. Darcy proposed marriage was

3 Even though she disliked him, Elizabeth considered his proposal to be a

because he was so powerful.

Jli.
SUMMARY

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is given below. Choose
three more sentences to complete the summary.

First Sentence: Mr. Darcy arrived at Elizabeth's door and pretended he was there to ask about
her health.

1 Elizabeth rejected his proposal, and Mr. Darcy stood silent at first, sincerely surprised and
offended by her answer. 1

2 Elizabeth listened to Mr. Darcy's kind sentiments, and as she did so, she could imagine the
wonderful life they would have together.
3 Darcy then professed his love for her, but Elizabeth grew upset because he spoke less of
love than of pride and her inferiority to him.
4 As Mr, Darcy continued, his disrespect for her and her family made her angry, which turned
to surprise when he asked her to marry him, confident that she would say yes.
5 After leaving her house, Mr. Darcy proceeded to his family home to discuss the night's
events.

6 Mr. Darcy’s remarks about her family made Elizabeth feel ashamed, and she apologized for
their behavior.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

admission disturbance duration inferiority evident unconsciously

1 Some very good restaurants are inexpensive, so don’t assume that a low price is a sign of

2 Painful experiences in childhood may lead to lasting emotional

3 Everyone was shocked by Nicole's that she had stolen the money.

4 My little brother cried for the entire of the car ride to Grandma's house.

5 There are certain actions that people do all the time, such as breathing
blinking, and swallowing.

6 Although the guests complimented their host enthusiastically, their true feelings about the food
became when they failed to finish it.
 Ji

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Did Jane Austen Ever Fall in Love?

There is not a lot of detailed biographical
information available about Jane Austen. This is largely
because, after her death at the age of forty-two from
Hodgkin's disease in 1817, many of the letters she wrote
to friends and loved ones were burned by her family,
The letters were probably destroyed to protect Austen's
reputation and privacy. The fact that she never married,
despite writing so much on the subject of love, has kept
fans curious about Austen's romantic experiences.
Though it has never been proven, many suspect that Austen did have at least one passionate
love affair during her relatively short life. In 1795, when she was twenty, a young law student from
Ireland named Tom Lefroy came to stay with some relatives of his who lived near the Austen family.
No one knows exactly how and where he and Jane met, but it is documented that they spent
considerable time together.There is also a good chance that they developed feelings for one another.
^l ; M

Sadly, it was not practical for the couple to marry since neither of them had any money. Lefroy
was dependent on a wealthy uncle to finance his continued education. Consequently, his family
sent him away in January 1796, and he and Jane are not known to have met again. That year, Austen
began working on the novel that was eventually published as Pride and Prejudice in 1813. Some
believe her personal experiences may have influenced the novel's plot, and some critics speculate
that Lefroy may have been Austen's model for the character of Darcy.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Austen's family probably burned her letters to protect her
2 If Austen and Lefroy did actually want to marry, they couldn't do so because neither had

3 Austen began working on her novel the same year she and Lefroy
apparently ended their relationship.

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

V

Scan for Audio -.i

Space & Exploration Q

HAWKING
RADIATION
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Can you name any famous physicists? What do you know about their contributions to science?
2. What do you know about Stephen Hawking?
3. What are black holes?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 theorist ■ a. the act of finding a number through a mathematical process

2 comparable ● b. to express in words
3 calculation ● c. the smallest unit of a chemical element

4 articulate ● d. a person who forms theories

5 atom ● e. similar and suitable for comparison
6 particle ● f. in physics, a very small part of matter
93
 ▼ AT

Stephen Hawking was probably the best-known physicist of the late 20th centuiy.
The reasons for this include the brilliant accomplishments in his field, as well as the
fact that he continued his work as a theorist despite suffering from a disability that
left him with extremely limited speech and mobility'. Hawking’s work focused on
black holes, his most famous theory stating that black holes must radiate' energy and
eventually disappear. This was such an original and unexpected idea that the phenomenon’
it describes has come to be known as “Hawking radiation.”
What illness
Hawking was born in 1942 in Oxford, England. As a child, he showed great ability
did Hawking in mathematics and physics. He graduated from Oxford University in 1962 and earned
have? How did
his PhD in cosmology' from Cambridge University in 1966. During this time, Hawking
the diagnosis
was diagnosed with Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), a rare degenerative disease that
affect him?
gradually destroys a person's ability to move and speak. Rather than discouraging him, the
news inspired Hawking to work even harder and make his mark on science while he still
could.

In 1974, Haw'king proposed his fascinating theory' that black holes are not totally
"black,” that they are not simply one-way “drains” of the universe that do nothing but
consume everything around them. (A black hole is not literally a hole but rather an object in
space with such a strong graytational pull that nothing nearby can escape from it.) According
to Hawking’s theory, a black hole also radiates energy, and gradually, it loses mass. The
smaller the black hole becomes, the faster it loses mass, and eventually,
it disappears completely. This can only happen when it has nothing
to consume.

'.1?

mobility n.
the ability to move
radiate V. to send out; to emit
phenomenon n. an event; occurrence
94 cosmology n.
a branch of science concerned with the origins, processes, and structures of the universe
 .f

Hawking’s theory has been veiy influential, though it is difficult to understand even
for his colleagues. Hawking explained his theory with mathematical calculations, but
it is much harder to articulate in everyday language. One way to trj' to understand it is by
imagining pairs of opposite particles: one matter, the other antimatter. Normally, matter
and antimatter particles annihilate each other and simply disappear. But this can change
at the event horizon—the point of no return at which matter and energy are sucked by
gravity into the black hole. It is possible for a particle of antimatter to be separated and
sucked in before canceling out its matter counterpart. The antimatter particle then develops
negative energy. This negative energy is added to the black hole, and because of this, the
black hole must lose some mass, which it does in the form of photons (light particles) and
various kinds of other particles. Theoretically, these particles, called Hawking radiation, can
be seen and measured. So if we can ascertain^ that particles are escaping from a black hole,
we can deduce that the hole is losing mass at the same lime. 7/j
According to the theory. Hawking radiation can only occur if a black hole is not actively How was
consuming an>lhing. Since all known black holes are surrounded by clouds of gas which they Hawking
are pulling in, for many years, it was impossible to prove Hawking’s theory'. But in 2014, radiation
first observed
physicist Jeff Steinhauer of the Israel Institute of Technology observed Hawking radiation in 2014?
for the first time—being emitted from a model black hole in a laboratory. The physics
community remains cautious about concluding that the model, produced with hyper-cooled
rubidium atom.s, reproduces conditions conipariible to a real black hole. And the results
still need to be replicatedy But the consensus is that if the findings stand, the radiation
observed is, in fact, exactly what Hawking predicted.
Hawking’s work on black holes made him a scientific celebrity, and in 1979, he
attained' the post of Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, the position held
by Sir Isaac Newton 300 years earlier. Although ALS left him restricted to a wheelchair, and
he required a voice synthesizer to communicate. Hawking remained active in physics and
continued to publish his research in scientific journals; in fact, he published
his last paper in 2018, the year of his death. He also continued to give public
lectures in many countries and appear on television. He has been very
influential in presenting modern theories of the universe to ordinary people,
particularly in the books A Brief History of Time (1988) and The Universe in
a Nutshell (2001). Hawking’s genius, his love of his work, and his persistence®
despite an extremely difficult illness are both inspiring and humbling'.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 731 words

r ■

rV-.

ascertain V. to find out for certain

replicate V. to repeat or reproduce
attain V. to succeed in getting or doing
persistence n. a state or a quality of not quitting or giving up; continuing in spite of struggles 95
humbling adj. causing a feeling of modesty or deference
 READING COMPREHENSION

ES Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Hawking’s talent for math and science was apparent from an early age.
2 According to Hawking's theory, the larger a black hole becomes, the faster it loses mass.
3 Explaining Hawking’s theory using math is much easier than explaining in words.
4 Hawking radiation has not yet been detected in space because there are no known
black holes with suitable conditions.
5 Hawking's illness forced him to retire from scientific research.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

TOPIC 1 What is the reading mainly about?
a. Hawking's personal obstacles and how he overcame them
b. How Hawking's theories have been proven correct
c. Hawking’s life and his major scientific contributions
d. How Hawking has replaced Newton as the premier voice in physics
DETAIL
Before Hawking, physicists believed that black holes .

a. only gave off energy but did not consume any

b. only consumed energy but did not give off any
c. only lost mass but never gained any
d. never lost or gained any mass

The word annihilate in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to .

a. attract b. destroy
c. strike d. defeat

INFERENCE
What can be inferred from paragraph 5?
a. Most scientists remain doubtful that Hawking radiation exists,
b. There will be more attempts to observe Hawking radiation in a lab.
c. Hawking was surprised by the results of Steinhauer’s research,
d. Hawking disagrees with the use of model black holes for research.

H Fill in the blanks with information from the passage.

1
During his time at university, Hawking was the disease ALS.

2 Blacks holes have an immense pull that surrounding objects

cannot escape from.

3 Under normal conditions, matter and antimatter particles each

other and disappear.

r-
SUMMARY

Write the number of each sentence under the category it belongs to.

The Life and Contributions of Stephen Hawking

Before 1979 1979 and Later

1 He proposed his theory of Hawking radiation, which argues that black holes radiate energy
as well as consume it.

2 He authored two popular books, and one of his theories appeared to have been confirmed.
3 He showed a great interest in mathematics and physics.
4 He was diagnosed with a rare illness that affects the nerves.

5 He was given the same post at Cambridge once occupied by Sir Isaac Newton.
6 He continued giving public lectures and making TV appearances in many countries in spite
of his disabilities.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

theorist particle calculation articulate atom comparable

1 NASA employs many in addition to those who handle practical research and
engineering tasks.
2 The energy in a nuclear explosion comes from splitting of enriched uranium

or plutonium.
3 According to most scientists' our Sun will probably die out in roughly four
billion years.
4 A good teacher must not only understand complex ideas but also be able to
them clearly. ■ —fc

5 In 1897, J.J.Thomson discovered the electron, the first known smaller than

an atom.

6 The cars are in price, but far apart in terms of performance.

- -X.

* ..

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

M'

Virtual Particles
Stephen Hawking’s theory about black hole radiation is based on
quantum theory. One of the basic elements of quantum theory is the idea of virtual
particles, in Hawking’s black hole theory, radiation from black holes comes from
the actions or qualities of virtual particles. But what are virtual particles?
Basically, virtual particles are subatomic (smaller than an atom) particles
that are both released and taken in by other particles. Virtual particles appear and
disappear extremely quickly. They affect the interaction of real particles in various
fundamental ways. For example, the exchange of virtual particles between electrons can be said to
carry an electromagnetic force. Pairs of opposite virtual particles—particles of matter and particles
of antimatter—arise and disappear at all times, everywhere.
The most important fact to remember about virtual particles is that they are not independent
objects. They are used when making predictions about subatomic processes. These predictions
cannot be accurate unless virtual particles are included in the equations.They are necessary for the
equations to work, even though they cannot be observed as part of the process.
Virtual particles appear and disappear so quickly that they cannot be directly measured with
any current technology. This is not only because of the limitations of our technology but also because
virtual particles are in existence too briefly to matter to the known natural laws of the universe.
In this sense, they are "unreal," even though real phenomena that could not occur without
their existence can beobserved. Whether they are actual parts of physical processes or ways to make
calculations work is not so important. The calculations are correct, and the predictions work, even
though virtual particles themselves remain outside our scrutiny.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Virtual particles are a basic part of , on which Hawking's ideas
about black hole radiation are based.

2 One reason virtual particles cannot be observed is that they

too quickly,
3 The other reason is that current is not advanced enough.

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

What unanswered question about the universe interests you the most? Why does it interest you?
 ScanforAudio I

●t. r
:
\

X
/

*K' <

Space & Exploration

THE ISS AND THE

FUTURE OF SPACE
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What do you know about the International Space Station?
2. Do you think governments should spend more or less money on space exploration? Why?
3. Do you think ordinary people will be able to travel to space within your lifetime?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 chunk ■ a. the projectile from a gun

2 radiation ● b. a narrow stream of energy traveling in a straight line from its place of origin
3 alien ● c, a piece, especially of jagged or random shape
4 ray ● d. a gradual gathering of something
5 bullet ● e. the emitting of electromagnetic energy, such as light or heat
6 accumulation ● f. a life form from another planet
99
 ● b.
T f ●
f

ISSURD THE
UTURE OF SPACE
-f,

The year 2020 marked a major milestone' for the International Space Station (ISS);
Why is the
research a record twenty years of continuous human presence in space. This is not an accomplishment
conducted
to take for granted. The station's age is a growing concern and has spurred-' some discussion
on the ISS so
of the eventual end of the ISS's mission. The US and Russia have tentatively agreed to
important?
continue their cooperation in operating the station until at least 2025, but at some point,
it will be necessary to retire the ISS. With the end in sight, the station's groundbreaking
research is all the more important, as it will lay the foundation for the next stage of humanity's
exploration of space.
Since 20n, the ISS has been home to the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS),
an experimental device that supports research in high-energy theoretical physics. The AMS
is a tool that records the presence of cosmic’ rays in its search for such phenomena as
antimatter and hypothetical dark matter’. So far, it has recorded more than sixty billion
manifestations^ of cosmic energy. Nobel Laureate Samuel Ting of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology leads the physicists assigned to interpret the latest findings. Ting believes that
thanks to AMS data, his team is on the brink of Identifying the origins of dark matter.
What two
Cosmic radiation can also be dangerous to humans in space. A better understanding
things must of this radiation will be needed before astronauts may safely travel to destinations farther
we understand
out into the universe, like Mars. The ISS is the ideal place for developing the technology to
better to allow
astronauts to
support a mission to Mars, the planning for which is already under way'. One of the greatest
travel to Mars challenges facing such missions is the unknown effects of long-term spaceflight on the human
safely? body. In 2016, astronaut Scott Kelly of NASA and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko
returned home safely after 340 days aboard the ISS. Very few humans have spent such a long
time in space, so this was an important opportunity for discovery. Then in 2017, Peggy Whitson
set a new record for NASA astronauts with an amazing 665 straight days in space. Kelly and
Whitson are being closely monitored for changes to their eyesight, hearing, metabolism, and
even gene expression. Their time on the station will provide ample" opportunities to refine the
skills that will be needed by the astronauts who someday venture beyond Earth's orbit.
In addition to helping explore the universe beyond our planet, the ISS also has
important work to do closer to home. Some scientists have proposed equipping the station

milestone n.
a significant point in development
spur V. to cause
cosmic adj. of or relating to the universe or outer space
' hypothetical adj. theoretical: proposed but not proven
dark matter n.
a type of matter not yet directly observed but hypothesized to explain
various gravitational effects
manifestation n.
a sign that shows something clearly
100
under way adv. in progress
● ample adj. more than enough
 (t
r-

with a powerful laser—not for blasting asteroids’ or hostile aliens, but for
removing space trash. An accumulation of as much as 3,000 tons of junk is
already in Earth’s orbit, some traveling at speeds over 20,000 miles per hour,
over ten times faster than the average bullet. As accurately dramatized "" "'
in the 2013 movie Gravity, collisions with even tiny chunks
of space trash pose a serious danger to satellites,
the ISS itself, and other spacecraft. Telescopes on
the station could detect tiny pieces of debris'® in-
orbit and target a laser to deflect" the course
of the junk down into the atmosphere, where it
would burn up. Japanese researchers plan to test such a

system on the ISS. "We may finally have a way to stop the
headache of rapidly growing space debris that endangers
space activities,'project leader Toshikazu Ebisuzaki said.
Though the exploration of space will surely continue,
whether in low Earth orbit or beyond, the next step for
space stations is hard to predict. One question many
observers have posed is whether the next generation of
space stations will be operated by governments alone J
or will involve private companies. Elon Musk's SpaceX ^
has already launched rockets to bring supplies to
the ISS, and it is designing reusable vehicles for
V

private travel into space. A private space station ^

might serve tourists along with scientists and ^
astronauts, as well as provide funding for continued
research. In any case, for the near future, the ISS
will remain an important player in space exploration.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 674 words

asteroid n. any of the thousands of rocky bodies that orbit the Sun,
especially between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter
debris n, broken pieces of objects; trash
" deflect V. to cause something that is moving to change direction

101
 r V h '
● /

READING COMPREHENSION

H Mark each statement as true (T) or false {F) according to the reading.
1 The ISS reached an important anniversary in 2020.
2 The US and Russia have renewed their commitment to the ISS beyond 2025.
3 Samuel Ting leads the team of scientists who analyze data from the AMS.
4 Scott Kelly and Mikhail Kornienko hold the record for the longest period spent in space.
5 The ISS is now equipped with a laser for deflecting space junk.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To provide an overview of the present status of the ISS
b. To clarify the role scientists outside the US have in the ISS
c. To explain how NASA plans to solve radiation and space debris problems
d. To argue that the US and Russia should continue cooperating in space
DETAIL
2 Part of the AMS mission is to gather data about .
a. black holes

I
b. space debris
c. the origin of dark matter
d. the physiological effects of space flight
REFERENCE
3 In paragraph 3, the word which refers to .

j
a. the ISS

b. technology
c. mission
d. Mars

DETAIL 4 According to paragraph 5, what might private companies do?

a. Provide money for future research
b. Help run future space stations
c Bring tourists into space
d- All of the above

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 What is the main cause for concern about the ISS?

2 Why is the large amount of space trash in Earth's orbit a serious problem?

102
● V .
-V ●K
● »
 j'

I'-

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

eyesight, hearing, metabolism laser system records the presence

the origins of dark matter orbiting Earth safer spending long periods

AMS

● A device that i

of cosmic rays in space

● Could expand our understanding of
2

ISS Plans and Missions

Spaceflight's Effects on the Body Space Debris

● Study will increase knowledge of effects ● Scientists want to equip ISS with
of 3 in space a(n) 5
● Will monitor 4 ● The apparatus could be used to make
6

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

accumulation alien bullet chunk radiation ray

1 Markings on a(n) can help investigators identify the weapon that fired it,
2 In movies, are often portrayed as frightening creatures that resemble insects
or reptiles.
3 Meteorites are small of asteroids or comets that made it all the way to the
Earth's surface.

4 Though some still worry about the health risks of from cell phones, no
evidence has been found to prove that it is dangerous.
5 A single of light that enters a small hole in a dark room will produce an
image of what is directly outside.
6 If you do not clean your fish tank regularly, the of waste will make the water

poisonous.
 SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Design Your Own Space Research

Beyond childhood aspirations to be an astronaut, few people seriously expect to explore
space. However, space research is no longer just for astronauts and astrophysicists. New
technologies have opened the ISS to ordinary people—even kids.
One such technology is Ardulab. Ardulab is an open-source science platform that offers
anyone the chance to design an experiment on Earth and conduct it in space with an innovative
hardware unit. Ten square centimeters in size and weighing only about half a kilogram, the unit is a
simple computer that can be customized to conduct a variety of experiments. Using Ardulab's free
instructions and software, you build it, program it, have it sent to the ISS for a fee, and control it from
your home computer.
The ISS is actively encouraging young people to participate in its mission in a similar way.
Teams of students are already competing in the Space Station National Design Challenge, a contest
in which they design original experiments for the station. Three winning teams will receive funding
and training to help build their devices, and then the completed projects will be launched to the
station. For thirty days, the students will be able to
collect and analyze the data transmitted back to
Earth. In Houston, Texas, middle-school students
have already designed experiments.
One team devised a way to determine
how zero-gravity affects the growth of algae, and
another wants to test materials for improved heat
shields.

FIN in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Ardulab allows you to program a small computer and send it
to conduct your own experiment

2 The Space Station National Design Challenge invites students to design

3 The winners will be able to thirty days'worth of data sent from the ISS.

^EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

If you had the chance to live aboard a space station for a year, would you take it? Why or why not?

.●i
4\
 A Scan for Audio
\

Sports & Fitness Q

CREAHNE’S PLACE
IN SPORTS
AND FITNESS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What dietary supplements are popular in your country? .

2. What are the benefits of using these products?

3. Do you believe you need dietary supplements?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 maximize ● a. the processes by which the body uses nutrients to grow, heal, and make
energy
2 effectiveness ● b. a measured amount of a medicine

3 metabolism ● c of or relating to the stomach

4 dose ● d. the degree to which something can produce a desired result
5 illusion ● e. a false appearance
6 abdominal ● f. to raise to the highest degree possible
105
 CREATINE’S PLACE IN
SPORTS AND FITNESS
Amid scandals involving sports stars using steroids and other illicit' performance
enhancing drugs, a safe, natural alternative to such drugs is the holy grail^ for athletes
who want an edge. Since its appearance on the market in the 1990s, creatine has been
welcomed as a valuable fitness tool, if not the holy grail. Reports on its effectiveness have
varied considerably, but the overall consensus is that it does have some effect, and most
importantly, it's safe. As with most relatively new products, however, that second part
continues to be questioned.
Creatine is an amino acid' produced in
the body, and it is also present in small amounts
in meat and fish. According to the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA), a healthy person requires only

/
two grams of creatine per day, half of which is
produced in the body by the liver, kidneys, and
pancreas. Among other roles, creatine helps
cells utilize energy. Increasing creatine
levels has been shown to improve
the body's energy use, especially
during short but intense bursts of
strenuous^ exercise. This discovery led to
the development of high-dose creatine supplements (up to twenty
grams daily) as a performance enhancer and workout aid.
Creatine supplements are designed to enhance athletic
Who first
used performance by making more energy available to muscles during
creatine? exercise. It can be effective for increasing short-term muscular stress
endurance in contact sports like football and, especially, in weight
training. In addition to facilitating cell metabolism, it draws water
into muscle cells, which can help the production of muscle J
fiber. Creatine was first introduced to Olympic
athletes to maximize muscle energy output.

' illicit adj. not allowed

' holy grail n. something sought after for its great significance
' amino acid n.
one of the acids that form proteins in living things
" strenuous adj. requiring great energy and effort
106
 It has since enjoyed wide use among professional and amateur athletes.
But the supplement attracted criticism shortly after its introduction. Early studies questioned
creatine's effects on endurance. The gains were only observed in bursts of activity of thirty seconds or
less, and these findings curbed^ the enthusiasm of informed athletes hoping to increase their energy
throughout long periods of exertionh as are typical In most sports. Nonetheless, the effect remained
relevant for certain sports, such as powerlifting. And studies confirmed that extra repetitions in
workouts translated into greater muscle mass gains—provided those taking the supplements worked
out regularly and ate an otherwise balanced diet.
Another cause for concern has been water retention. Athletes 'loading” creatine at high
doses tend to take on extra water weight—as much as five pounds' worth in the first week. But
the retention occurs inside the muscle cells themselves, so rather than the bloating normally
associated with water retention, creatine retention actually Just makes the muscles larger—without
any added muscle mass or strength. This effect has been found to be neutral at worst, and some
research suggests it has a positive effect on motivation. Creatine’s muscle-pumping effect can be
a placebo' of sorts, which provides an illusion of success that motivates athletes to work harder.
Eventually, this translates into increases in muscle mass as well—but as a result of the extra

f
exercise, not the water.
The debate on creatine supplement safety, however, has gone back and forth since the
What is the
beginning. Mild side effects like abdominal discomfort and diarrhea" are well established but main topic of
not major concerns. Some early studies caused concern about links to kidney problems. Continued this paragraph?

study, however, revealed no direct link between creatine and any known kidney disorder. Kidney a. The possible
harmful effects
disorders that involve tissue swelling, however, can be made worse by high doses of creatine, of creatine

which increases tissue swelling even more. In simple terms, creatine won't cause kidney problems, b. The need for
more research

but it can worsen existing ones. Early concerns about liver damage were not borne out by into creatine’s
effectiveness
subsequent research. As with its effect on the kidneys, creatine won't cause liver problems, but it
can swell liver tissue. A 2015 study by the Harvard School of Public Health linked creatine use to
testicular" cancer in young adults, finding that those who used the supplement were more likely
to be diagnosed with the cancer. However, no additional studies have confirmed this finding, and
a 2019 study actually found that creatine can help fight cancer.
Several public-health institutions, like the National Institutes of Health, conclude creatine
is possibly effective for certain groups (excluding the elderly and already highly trained athletes).
But they advise against creatine use for those under the age of eighteen, in part because its effects
on the endocrine—or hormonal'"—system are not yet well understood.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 725 words

curb V. to reduce
exertion n. physical or mental effort
placebo n. a substance given to a patient that has no physical effect but may have a psychological one
diarrhea n. a condition in which a person passes waste often and in liquid rather than solid form
" testicular adj. of or relating to the testes, the male reproductive glands that produce sperm
IQ
hormonal adj. of or relating to the hormones, substances produced in the body that influence its growth and -|Q7
development
 READING COMPREHENSION

23 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Creatine is an artificial chemical.
2 Creatine aids muscle growth by drawing water into cells.
3 Creatine may be effective for short periods of exertion.
4 The side effects of creatine are generally not severe.
5 Several studies have suggested that creatine causes cancer.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

MAIN IDEA 1 What is the main idea of the reading?
a. Creatine can lead to cancer, and its use is a growing public-health threat,
b. Creatine has been unfairly called unsafe in spite of scientific evidence,
c. Creatine has some benefits, but its safety remains in doubt,
d. Creatine has been promoted with exaggerated claims.
DETAIL
I 2 Which of the following would supply creatine naturally?
a. Steak
b. Steroids

c. Tomatojuice
d. Baked potatoes

INFERENCE
I 3 We can guess from paragraph 6 that creatine's possible link to cancer
a. shows that it should be banned
b, is inconsequential
c. proves that it is unsafe
d. warrants further study
REFQIENCE
I 4 The word they in paragraph 7 refers to .
a. athletes

b. the elderly
c. institutions

d. group homes

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 How can creatine enhance a workout?

2 What does research show about creatine's effect on the kidneys and liver?

Sk
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

muscle fiber metabolize energy periods of exertion

kidney problems testicular cancer water retention

How It Works

● Creatine helps i at the cellular level.

● Creatine can help create 2

How Well It Works

● Creatine has been found to be effective for short 3

● 4 caused by creatine can act as a placebo and increase motivation.

How Safe It Is

● Creatine has been found to make existing s worse.

● Concerns about the link between creatine and 6 have not been

confirmed by further studies.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

abdominal dose effectiveness illusion maximize metabolism

1 The recommended of many medicines depends on the patient's age and

weight.

2 Magicians can't really make things disappear; it's just a(n)

3 Recent studies have called the of corporal punishment into question.

4 Students are advised to get a good night's sleep to their attention during
exams.

I
5 Hummingbirds have the fastest found in any animal,
6 People who suffer from cramps may find temporary relief by lying on their
backs.

c
 r \
V

SUPPLEMENTAL READING

r
Drug Testing
Random drug testing is used by professional sports
associations to catch athletes who are illegally trying to enhance
their performance. In 1995, the US Supreme Court ruled that
it was also legal for high schools and middle schools to randomly
test student athletes for drugs. In 2002, the Supreme Court
ruled that random drug tests could also be given to any student
participating in any school-related competitions.

f
In an online survey conducted by the National Federation of State High School Associations
(NFHS) and other groups in 2003, it was determined that thirteen percent of the nation's high schools
had a general drug-testing policy in effect. A 2016 study determined the rate had increased to thirty-
eight percent. But according to the US Anti-Doping Agency, very few of these programs include
testing for sports-related drugs. Meanwhile, a survey conducted by the Partnership for Drug-Free
Kids determined that steroid use has been increasing at a steady rate of five to ten percent per year
and that the use of human growth hormone (HGH) has risen from five to seven percent. In other
words, performance-enhancing drug use is on the rise. But testing is not.
There are several reasons for the relatively low rate of implementation of drug-testing
programs in US public schools. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) and other groups
have argued that the Supreme Court decisions are an invasion of privacy and a violation of the
Fourth Amendment to the Constitution, which protects individuals from unreasonable searches.
Additionally, drug-testing programs may be considered too expensive in schools with limited
budgets.

Fill in the blanks with Information from the reading.

1 Drug testing in schools was ruled legal by the
2 Thirty-eight percent of schools test for drugs, but few test for
3 The ACLU says that drug testing for athletes violates the to the
Constitution, which bans unreasonable searches.

9 EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Some people argue that athletes should be allowed to take performance-enhancing drugs.
Do you agree? Why or why not?
 Sports & Fitness

SAFETY
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. Are you interested in seeing underwater life up close?
2. Why do many people enjoy scuba diving?
3: Are there any dangers involved in this activity?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 cure ● a. producing or involving movement, exertion, or other effort

2 array ● b. medication or remedy for some disease or illness
3 amongst ● c. a range; a varied collection
4 actively ● d, having the necessary skills to do something well
5 competent ● ■ e. an odorless, colorless chemical that makes up a large part of the
atmosphere
6 nitrogen ■ f within (a group)
111
 mUBA FETY !

The popularity of scuba diving has exploded over the last few decades,
with more than a million people trying the sport for the first time each year. Divers
are drawn to the depths in the hopes of seeing exotic creatures and beautiful
coral reefs. With all this interest, scuba diving has quickly become a billion-dollar
How dangerous
is scuba diving, industry, with providers' actively competing to entice^ tourists by advertising
relatively not only the excitement but also the safety of their dives. So is diving into the
speaking?
unknown as safe as these providers claim?
pared to other extreme sports, scuba diving is relatively
ng, hang gliding, and bull running all have far higher
s a diver has learned how to use and maintain their

xoperly and is able to follow a few straightforward

ater rules, the rewards far outweigh the risks.
So what should a diver do to remain safe?

One of the most important things to

remember when diving is to practice the buddy
system, which means one diver pairing up with
another. These divers look out for each other

before and during the dive and assist

each other in the event of a problem. For
example, they can help each other get into
their diving equipment, make sure their
buddy is not disoriented“ after entering
the water, and make sure they don't get
distracted and lose track of the other divers.

If there is a problem with one diver's

breathing apparatus, his or her buddy will share
5en, actually taking the regulator out of his or her
:aking turns breathing with the buddy until they both
the surface and breathe air normally again.

a group or company that provides a specified service

to attract

equipment
lost or confused
a part of scuba equipment that a diver puts in the mouth
and breathes into
 t '

While much of what a diver observes and experiences underwater is harmless,

there are some creatures and situations that can be dangerous. Amongst known dangers,
sharks generally come to mind first. Of course, some sharks, such as the tiger, mako, and
7
hammerhead, are considered quite aggressive. But many other sharks, including the ones
most commonly seen during dives, such as the nurse shark and sand shark, are not usually
aggressive at all and are more likely to swim away from a diver than to attack.
't
But one marine life form divers should only observe from a distance is the sea snake.
■ JT
This creature is not usually aggressive but may become so if disturbed. Its poison is as
r
potent ' as a cobra's, and there is no effective antidote' for it. The jellyfish, sea wasp, and
Portuguese man-of-war are also to be avoided at all costs. Even though they may look t

harmless and graceful floating in the water, they have nematocysts, which are small barbs“
that can deliver poisonous and painful stings that require immediate medical attention.
The eel’ can also be dangerous. One of the most common kinds of eel is the moray. They
don't usually bother people, but if a diver disturbs one resting in a dark hole or crevice, it
might bite. The stingray is another kind of marine animal that's beautiful to watch, but
divers must take care not to step on its barbed tail. This is a good reason for wearing diving What part of
a stingray
boots; stingrays can burrow'® under the sand of the ocean floor and might not be easily must divers be

spotted by divers. Although fatal attacks are almost unheard of, the danger is real: in 2006, carefui of?

TV wildlife expert Steve Irwin tragically died in a stingray attack.

Another danger involved with diving is nitrogen narcosis. This condition is caused by
an increased concentration of nitrogen in the blood due to the high-pressure environment.
It involves feelings of "drunkenness" and a slowing down of normal brain functions,
which may cause a diver to have trouble communicating with a buddy, reading diving
equipment, or even telling which way is up. No one knows why nitrogen has this effect
on divers, but the cure is very easy. The diver should just start slowly ascending”, because the

water pressure starts decreasing as the diver approaches the surface.Typical dives that go no
deeper than eighteen to twenty-four meters rarely encounter any nitrogen narcosis problems;
however, diving to thirty meters or more will noticeably affect most divers.
While there are some concerns about safety, people who are well educated about y

scuba diving, approach the activity responsibly with a competent buddy, and treat the
marine environment with respect should have little trouble and lots of fun exploring the
wide array of underwater attractions!

Reading Time: minutes seconds 757 words

potent adj. strong; powerful

< .
.Vw'- ● ● V «.

antidote n. a substance that counteracts a poison

barb n. a sharp, pointed, hook-like structure
eel n. a type of fish with a long, snakelike body
10
burrow V. to dig
ascend V. to go up
- *

rs'9 : ?*113 .
V
 READING COMPREHENSION

Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1
Scuba divers are more likely to get injured than climbers or hang gliders.
2
Most underwater animals encountered by divers are not harmful.
3
Eels are normally quite aggressive toward people.
4
Nitrogen narcosis is caused by a lack of nitrogen in the blood.
5 The cure for nitrogen narcosis is to move toward the surface.

Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1
INFERDJCE
Which statement would the writer most likely agree with?
a. Most people do not take scuba safety seriously enough,
b. Scuba diving is an activity for professionals only,
c. People should not be afraid to try scuba diving,
d. It should be harder to get scuba certification.
DCTAIL
2 The main responsibility of a buddy is to .
a. help a diver breathe
b, ensure diver safety
c. identify marine life
d. conduct underwater research

DETAIL
3 Which of the following sharks is NOT considered aggressive?
a. The hammerhead shark
b. The sand shark
c. The make shark

d. The tiger shark

REFERENCE
4 The word it in paragraph 6 refers to .
a. poison
b. distance
c. the cobra
d. the sea snake

The following terms are explained in the reading. Write definitions for them.
1 buddy system:

2 nematocyst:^
3 nitrogen narcosis:
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

gradually ascend extended period not disoriented

pair up with in the blood should be avoided

If practiced safely, scuba diving can be a very enjoyable activity. Scuba-diving

equipment allows a diver to breathe underwaterfora(n) i
Scuba diving should be practiced responsibly because there are hazards involved. You should
2 someone when diving.The other person can make sure you
are 3 after entering the water. While much of what a diver sees
and experiences underwater is harmless, there are some situations that can be dangerous.
Some marine life, like the sea snake, 4 ● Another danger

involved with diving is nitrogen narcosis, which is caused by a nitrogen imbalance

5 . The best thing to do for this problem is to
6 to the surface.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

actively amongst array competent cure nitrogen

1 Many college courses require that students _ participate in class discussions,

2 Rates of depression are noticeably higher_ people in certain jobs, such as "S
health care workers.

3 is an element that occurs in all organisms, particularly in their DNA and RNA.
4 Most local libraries now have a wide of films and video games.

5 No new business can succeed without hard-working, employees.

6 Because there are so many different types of cancer, it is unlikely there will ever be a single
for them all.

V
 '4^

If SUPPLEMENTAL READING t?

Scuba: Get Your Gear On

Modern scuba equipment was designed by ITT
engineer Emile Gagnan and naval lieutenant Jacques ii
Cousteau, later famous as a marine explorer, during
\1
World War II. Along with oxygen tanks on their backs
connected with hoses to a regulator, divers need such \
u
equipment as a mask, fins, a vest, and sometimes a
diving suit. Scuba diving is definitely an equipment
intensive sport. Z
The mask is vital because the human eye is not designed to see well underwater. The mask
covers the eyes with a plastic lens that enables divers to see about as well as they do above water.
The mask also covers a person's nose. This is important to keep water out of the nose, as well as to
allow a diver to exhale into the mask, helping to balance the pressure inside and outside of the mask.
Fins are like the tail fins on a dolphin. They help propel the diver through the water.
A protective suit, while not always necessary, can help keep a diver warm and protect against bumps
and scratches during a dive. If a diver enters water that is colder than sixteen degrees Celsius, he or
she should wear a dry suit.
Finally, divers need help to sink underwater when they begin a dive and to return to the
surface when they finish or have an emergency. The vest worn by a diver is called a buoyancy
compensator, or BC. It is attached to the air tank that divers wear on their backs. Divers deflate the
BC when they start their dive and can later refill it with air to help them return to the surface and
float there, if necessary.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 The designers of modern scuba equipment were and

2 One reason we need a mask is because our eyes don't naturally

3 A diver refills the BC when he or she wants to

EXTENSION Talk or Write About It I

Do you consider scuba diving an appealing hobby? Why or why not?

● .
 ATTITUDES TO
MONARCHY
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. Does your country have a royal family? If not, when did it last have one?
2. What do you think is the purpose of a royal family?
3. What do you know about the British royal family?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 protocol ● a. a situation or statement that seems impossible or difficult to understand

because it contains two opposite ideas
2 indifference ● ● b. not related to the current situation and therefore not important

3 ultimate ● C- final or most important

4 prejudiced ● ● d. having or showing an unfair feeling of dislike for a person or group
because of race, sex, religion, etc
5 paradox ● e. a lack of interest in someone or something
6 irrelevant . f. the system of rules and behavior used on official occasions
117
 TV A TI/^T^TT7

me United Kingdom is a constitutional' monarchy, in short, this

means it has a monarch—a king or queen—but the elected government
has ultimate power. However, the British royal family is undoubtedly
influential: they lead organizations, regularly talk to politicians, and own large
amounts of land. They also remain broadly popular with the public.
AYouGovpoll in 2021 found that sixty-three percent of British people believed
the monarchy should continue to exist. However, if we examine the numbers more
closely, they are complicated. Of those over the age of sixty-five, the number in support of
monarchy was seventy-seven percent. However, among those aged eighteen to twenty-four,
support was just thirty percent. This suggests that many young people believe that monarchy
is now irrelevant. Significantly too, among the remaining seventy percent of young people,
twenty-one percent said they did not know whether the UK should continue to have a
monarchy. This indifference is probably the result of events that have left many unsure about
what the monarchy's role actually is.
One major shift in the public understanding of the monarchy came with the death
Underline three

examples of of Princess Diana. The daughter of a wealthy aristocrats she married the Queen's eldest son.
how Princess Prince Charles, in 1981. From the beginning, the media portrayed Diana positively, not only as a
Diana was
princess but also as a glamorous* celebrity, a charity campaigner-, and a devoted mother. So
depicted in
newspapers.
when Charles and Diana divorced in 1996, much media support and public sympathy lay with
her rather than Charles.

constitutional adj. relating to a constitution, a set of rules about how a country Is run
aristocrat n. a person of high social rank, just below the monarchy
glamorous adj. attractive in an exciting and special way
campaigner n. a person who takes part in activities that are intended to change society
118
 One year later, Diana was killed in a car crash in Paris as her driver attempted to escape
Why did the
a group of pursuing- press photographers. Her new boyfriend, Dodi Fayed—the son of an media suggest
Egyptian billionaire—was killed alongside- her. Because Diana was no longer an official member the Queen didn’t
care about
of the royal family, the Queen and her advisers' were unsure of protocol and initially made no Diana’s death?
statement- Prime Minister Tony Blair, however, made an emotional speech calling Diana "the
a. They were
people's princess." The UK media accused the royal family of not caring, and the Queen was known to
have a bad
forced to make a statement.
relationship,
An estimated one million bunches of flowers—and numerous - soft toys—were placed at b. She was slow to
speak about it.
the gates of Diana’s home. People who had never met Diana grieved as though she had been
a family member. The events surrounding Diana's death showed that many wanted royals to be
modern celebrities rather than distant, official figures.
A more recent controversy that revealed people's feelings about the monarchy surrounded
Diana's son Prince Harry and his wife Meghan Markle, an American actress. When the couple
married in 2018, some tabloids in the UK did not respond positively to the match, emphasizing
that Markle was older than Harry, was previously married, and was not British. Some tabloids were
also accused of racism. Markle's mother is African American, and her father, white.

The couple found life in the royal family harder than they had imagined and moved to
the US, also announcing their withdrawal from official royal duties. In a high-profile interview
with Oprah Winfrey, they revealed that a member of the royal family (whom they did not identify)
had asked "how dark their baby's skin would be." Harry also claimed that his father, Charles, and
brother, William, were "trapped in the system" of the royal family.
The situation divided opinion, with some feeling that it showed the royal family was old-
fashioned and prejudiced, while others felt Harry and Meghan had walked away from their
responsibilities. Again, this revealed a social divide in the UK. Among people over sixty-five, fifty-six
percent said that they were on the side of the royal family; among those aged eighteen to twenty-
four, that number was just fifteen percent.
The majority of British people remain in favor of the monarchy but often want it to exist
What did the
on their own terms. A clear example came in 2021 with the death of the Queen’s husband, the BBC do after

Duke of Edinburgh. On the news of his death, the tax-funded British Broadcasting Corporation receiving
complaints?
(BBC) immediately turned all of its television and radio channels over to continuous coverage
10

of the event. They received 110,000 complaints before shutting down the online complaints
form. It is likely that some complained because they were anti-monarchy, but many just missed
their favorite shows.

The UK's relationship with royalty is complex and contains many paradoxes. It seems
people still like the idea that royals are "special," but they want them to be ordinary too; they like
the idea of monarchy's history and tradition, but also want it to be modern and relevant.

Reading Time; minutes seconds 757 words

pursue V. to follow and try to catch or capture (someone or something), usually for a longdistance or time
alongside adv. next to, ortogether with
adviser n. someone whose job it is to give advice about a subject
numerous adj. many
grieve V.
to feel or express great sadness, especially when someone dies 119
coverage n. the reporting of a particular important event or subject
 READING COMPREHENSION

13 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 In the UK, politicians have more power than royalty.
2 The popularity of the British monarchy is fairly consistent, regardless of age.
3 Television and newspapers took Diana's side in her divorce.
4 The reaction to Diana's death showed that people want royals to stick to official duties.
5 When the Queen's husband died, TV and radio stations changed their schedules.

n Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To show that monarchy means more to British people than to other nationalities
b. To explain why monarchy is seen as an outdated institution in most countries
c. To describe differing attitudes in the UK toward the role of monarchy in society
d. To argue that the British media and public should be more supportive of royalty

TOWia 2 In paragraph 5, the word distant is closest in meaning to

a. global b. detached

c. intellectual d. brutal

DETAIL 3 Why did some tabloid newspapers not approve of Meghan Markle?
a. Because of her job, her parents, and her clothing
b. Because of her age, her nationality, and her history
c. Because of her nationality, her wealth, and her style
d. Because of her race, her attitude, and her job
INFERENCE 4 What can be inferred from paragraph 7?
a. Harry felt his family were victims of their situation,
b. William felt Harry had let the family down by leaving,
c. Charles asked Harry and Meghan to stay in the country,
d. The Queen told Oprah Winfrey not to show the interview.

Find the correct numbers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 The percentage of people aged eighteen to twenty-four who were not
sure if the UK should keep its monarchy.
2 The percentage of people over sixty-five who supported the Queen and
her family when her grandson left the country.
3 The number of people who contacted a national broadcaster when it
changed its regular schedule to cover the death of a royal.

A
SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

criticizes the Queen sympathizes with are saddened by

her boyfriend his American wife numerous complaints

1981-1996

● The Queen's son, Charles, marries Diana.

● The couple divorce in 1996.
● The public Diana.

1997

● Diana and are killed in a car accident,

● Many her death.

\
● The media for not responding.

2018-2021

● Prince Harry and relocate to the US, which divides opinion,

● The Duke of Edinburgh dies, and the BBC receives about its

coverage.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary. %

ultimate prejudiced paradox irrelevant protocol indifference

1 Public_ to the problem of litter has left the city’s park in a total mess,
2 lt'sa(n}_ _when Shakespeare’s character Hamlet says, "I must be cruel, only to
be kind."

3 Whether or not a patient is a good person is ; doctors must treat everyone

equally well.
4 When foreign leaders visit the Queen at Buckingham Palace, they are usually very careful to follow

5 Social-media companies are trying to find ways to stop people from making
statements on their platforms.
6 You need to ask Sarah. She has the power to decide company policy.
 A
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People & Opinions

MANCHESTER’S
SHERLOCK HOLMES
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about itie following questions.
1. Do you like detective stories? Why or why not?
2. Have you read any Sherlock Holmes short stories or novels? If so, what did you think?
3. Who are the most famous fictional characters in your culture?
Do you know whether these characters are based on real people?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW

Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 supposedly ● ● a. a doctor who performs operations

2 accent ● b. quick-witted; smart
3 surgeon ● c. an applicant or possible choice for a position
4 clever ● d. a relationship or connection between two or more things
5 candidate ● e. according to a particular source, often unverified
6 correlation ● ● f. a way of pronouncing words that is specific to a certain group
123
 lanchester’s
Sherlock
Holmes
tside 22ib Baker Street, London, a plaque’ proclaims
Imes once lived there. According to local lore, many foreign
: site—which happens to be the Sherlock Holmes Museum—
iware that the world’s most famous Briton is a fictional

here was no such address when Sir Arthur Conan Doyle

)ries. (It was added when Baker Street was extended in the
● droves of adoring but suppo.sedly ignorant fans are also
3s—and the canon of Holmes fiction that expands to this
1 of the character. Now, one author claims, there is evidence
1 a real police detective: Jerome Caminada, known in his
own time as “the Sherlock Holmes of Manchester.”

Angela Buckley is the author of the 2014 book The Real Sherlock Holmes:
Underline the

main similarity The Hidden Story of Jerome Caminada. In it, she examines Manchester ^
between detective Caminada’s autobiography and Doyle’s work to draw comparisons
Holmes and
between the real detective—active around the time Doyle created H{>Imes—
Caminada.
and the fictional sleuth^ “There are so many parallels,” she concludes, 1
i.C
“that it is clear Doyle was using parts of this real character for his.” Chief *
»

among these similarities, Buckley asserts, is intellect^ Doyle’s fiction

hinged on Holmes’ almost superhuman powers of deductive reasoning
and observation. Caminada, Buckley reports, could identify |
a career criminal by his walk and had an “encyclopedic
knowledge” of the criminal underworld.
As with Holmes, Caminada was a master
of disguise. Holmes goes undercover
in many stories, as an

plaque n. aflat, thin piece of wood or metal with writing on it used as reminder of something such as a
historic event
sleuth n. a detective
124
intellect n. the power of rational or intelligent thought
Italian priest, a sailor, and an opium addict, among many examples. On real cases,
Caminada dressed as a drunkard, a laborer, and even an upper-class professional,
imitating the accents of each in order to gather information and apprehend
suspects.
Buckley goes on to draw parallels between Caminada’s real cases and the
fictional capers Holmes solves. Like Holmes, she explains, Caminada apprehended
an alluring femme fatale and had a brilliant arch-nemesis. The two were also
formidable’ fighters in spite of their modest staturcL
Is the case closed? Did Doyle in fact base Holmes on Caminada? Going
Circle the names
straight to the source, Doyle very clearly identified the medical professor Dr. Joseph of two other
Bell as his inspiration for Holmes. Bell was renowned" for his keen powers of men that might
reasoning in medical diagnoses. Doyle biographers have also suggested development have inspired
the character of
of the character may have been influenced by Sir Heniy Littlejohn, an acquaintance Hoimes.
who was a forensic surgeon with intimate knowledge of hundreds of criminal
investigations.
Much of Buckley's premise rests on timing. Caminada had risen to national
prominence, she argues, when Doyle was developing Sherlock Holmes. But so had
other detectives, such as Leicester’s Francis “Tanky” Smith, also known for clover
disguises and for his vast knowledge of the criminal world. Even if there were only
one candidate who fit the bill', this leaves the question of why Doyle would not
credit a detective who inspired him, despite being perfectly willing to credit a
physician.
Furthermore, most of Buckley's work is based on unverified® accounts
What did some
from Jerome Caminada’s autobiography, published fifteen years after the first police officers
appearance of Sherlock Holmes. One reviewer has pointed out some contemporary resent about
Sherlock Holmes
police detectives resented Doyle’s portrayals of them as mediocre"’. Did Caminada
stories?
use his book to show that real police were better than that? We cannot be sure, but it
is safe to say he had clear motives to present himself in a flattering light. I

This brings us to the modern author and, apparently, the only proponent of 4 S .

the Caminada theory. Although she bills herself as a “family historian,” Buckley is, 1
k

in fact, a genealogist’® and has no academic background in histoiy. She may be

faulted for failing to verify claims from a single source—an autobiography at that—
and for basing her claims on loose correlations. But no one can prove she is wrong, $

> /

either. The question may be destined to remain a mystery.

4

Reading Time: minutes seconds 653 words i.”' f ● «

L- * .V

formidable adj. very powerful or strong; deserving respect

stature n. height
renowned adj. famous
fitthebill idiom to have the required characteristics
unverified adj. not proven or checked for accuracy
mediocre adj. not very good 125
genealogist n. a person who traces or studies the descent of persons or families
 READING COMPREHENSION

0 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Sherlock Holmes actually lived in the building at 221b Baker Street-
2 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Jerome Caminada were real-life rivals,
3 Buckley's book identifies Caminada as a highly intelligent man.
4 Caminada published his autobiography before the first Sherlock Holmes story was written,
5 Buckley's claims have been neither proven nor disproven.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

Hi 1 What is the reading mainly about?
a. The remarkable career of detective Jerome Caminada

b. An evaluation of the central claims in Angela Buckley's book

c. The uncanny similarities between a real and a fictional detective
d. A summary of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories
VOCABUUaY I 2 The word apprehend in paragraph 4 is closest in meaning to
a. understand b, notice

c. escape d. catch

REFERENCE 3 The phrase The two in paragraph 5 refers to

a. Buckley and Doyle
b. Holmes and Caminada
c. Holmes and his nemesis
d. Caminada and his femme fatale

a 4 Which of the following is NOT stated about Angela Buckley?

a. She has a degree in 19th-century history,
b. She studies people's family backgrounds,
C- She is the sole advocate of the Caminada theory,
d. She has made claims based on one source.

H Find the correct numbers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 Today 221b Baker Street is the address of the .
2 is the only person Doyle specifically identified as an inspiration for
Sherlock Holmes.

3 was a Leicester detective who used disguises and knew a lot about
criminals.
\X

\ # A.
t*-
i

SUMMARY \
♦

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

If t

disguised himself knew a surgeon a genealogist

formidable opponents deductive reasoning unverified accounts
VI

Cultural Differences Biological Differences !■

■ t*

Both Holmes and Caminada had strong ● Doyle identified Dr. Joseph Bell as
powers of his inspiration and
and knowledge of criminals.
with knowledge of many criminal cases.
Holmes
to catch criminals, as did Caminada. ● Buckley used
Both men had dealings with lx
from an autobiography.

● Buckley is
rather than a historian.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

accent candidate clever correlation supposedly surgeon

1 The different regional that people have can tell you which part of the country : t

they are from.

2 The says that her hands are her most important tool.
|€ >
3 Comedians often have to come up with responses to people who shout at
them from the audience. r* ^ '

4 A(n) between a health problem and a certain product does not prove the
product is causing the problem. 0
5 Santa Claus has flying reindeer and can visit every home on Earth in a single
night, but that's just not possible. it?
6 Although there are ten qualified. there are only five jobs available.

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Cross-Cultural Viewpoints Q

R E PATRIATIO N
OF REMAINS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What are some examples of clashes between science and traditional cultures?
2. What are the goals of science?
3. Who and what do you imagine when you think of “native” people?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 indigenous ■ a. a relative of a person or group of people who lived in the past

2 descendant ● b- native to a specific region
3 ancestor ● c. to systematically arrange in groups
4 implicit ● d- indirectly communicated
5 classify ● e. the scientific study of humans
6 anthropology ● .f a distant dead relative in a direct line; forefather
129
 REPATRIATION
OF REMAINS
In 1971, Maria Pearson, a Yankton Dakota tribe member,
waited in the Iowa governor’s lobby in full traditional dress
until he finally agreed to speak with her. He asked what he
could do for her, and she told him, “You can give me back my
people’s bones, and you can quit digging them up.” She
was referring to remains' of Native Americans uncovered
during a state highway construction project. The remains of
white people, apparently early settlers, had been respectfully
reburied. By contrast, the Native remains had been sent ^

off to researchers with obvious, if implicit, disrespect, m

Pearson did not back down, and the meeting ^

eventually led to NAGPRA, the Native American
Graves Protection and Repatriation^ Act.

In what
But the debate about repatriation of remains ●
countries do continues to divide scientists and indigenous .
indigenous peoples. Many indigenous groups strongly believe that ^
groups and
scientists
they have the right to possess and protect the remains "
disagree? of their ancestors. On the other hand, researchers
believe that the skeletons hold too much potential
for scientific study to surrender them to indigenous
groups. This division is seen in such places as the US,
Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
NAGPRA did not
Underline the
become law in the US until
two main

principles of 1990. The main principles h ●

NAGPRA,
of NAGPRA are simple: burial
sites are sacred* and should not be
disturbed, and remains that have

been removed from graves ^

should be returned to the

remains n. what is left of a person's body after death

repatriation n. the act of returning something or someone to the nation of origin
sacred ody. holy; deserving of religious respect

130
 person’s descendants. Museums and universities have returned thousands of remains
to various indigenous groups for reburial. There are two main arguments in support of
repatriation. One involves the need to make amends for past abuse; the second involves
the ancestral line and rights to remains.
First, one must look at how most of these remains ended up in museums and
universities. Most of these collections were gathered during times of colonization,
under some of the most severely oppressive^ conditions indigenous groups have faced.
Graves were looted^ for skeletons and grave goods, which were displayed in museums.
Indigenous groups in favor of repatriation are finally able to reclaim the bones of people
central to their identities, which were taken from them centuries ago.
Secondly, indigenous groups are laying claim to their ancestral lines. Many
cultures feel there’s a direct link between people from their culture today and their
ancestors that goes back thousands of years. They also believe that the treatment of their
ancestors directly affects their own lives now. Many Native American groups believe
that everything is born from the earth and that it must return to the earth when it dies.
If this circle is broken, then balance is destroyed, ultimately leading to disaster. Many
thus feel that the hardships indigenous groups have long experienced are a result of the
theft of their ancestors’ remains.

On the other side of the repatriation debate is the scientific argument that these
Underline the

i
bones can be used to understand human history and diversity, human evolution, human name of an
migration, disease, health, and cultural practices. The Natural History Museum in institution with

London, for example, holds an extensive collection of about 19,500 items. Physicians an important
collection of
have used this collection to develop new methods for knee replacements, and Japanese remains.
dentists have used it to study the impact of diet on dental'' disease. It has also been
used as a training collection for forensic' anthropology to help identify victims
from mass graves*. If this collection had been repatriated before it could be studied, .S' - >4^/

\
this work would not have been possible.
A second argument for the study of remains involves changes in
anthropological techniques and the questions being asked. When the remains
^ were first collected, they were used to classify people into races and, oftentimes,
to try to prove the superiority of one race over another. Opponents of repatriation
argue that anthropologists now use these collections to show the universality^ of
human traits rather than promoting theories of racial superiority. Moreover, they argue,
skeletal remains are a record of the past, and if these remains disappear, a large part of
history' is lost. However, both positions in the debate are based on serious arguments
that should be taken into consideration on a case-by-case basis.

Reading Time; minutes seconds 678 words

oppressive od]. very cruel or unfair

’ loot V. to rob, especially during war or unrest
' dental adj. of or relating to the teeth
forensic adj. relating to the use of scientific methods in solving legal problems
■ mass grave rr. a grave containing multiple human bodies, often the victims of execution or natural disaster 131
° universality n. the quality of being characteristic of everyone
 r

.7 *

nit rmMk

READING COMPREHENSION

0 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 An important US law about repatriation was passed in 1971.
2 Many scientists believe the need to study the skeletons outweighs other concerns.
3 The remains were mostly taken from their original burial sites with permission,
4 Some indigenous people believe the theft of remains has brought them misfortune.
5 Scientists have used the remains to make medical discoveries.

n Choose the best answer according to the reading.

MAIN IDEA 1 What is the main idea of the reading?
a. Science is less important than the desire to make the Earth whole again,
b. Indigenous tribes should not value their religious beliefs over human progress,
c. Scientists and indigenous people each have valid considerations regarding native remains,
d. The conflict between native tribes and scientists is a misunderstanding that could be

A
easily solved.

INFERENCE 2 What can be inferred about Maria Pearson?

a. She was a personal friend of the governor's,

b. She wrote the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act.

c. She was angry about the treatment of her ancestors' bones,

d. She opposed all use of human bones in scientific research.

The phrase make amends in paragraph 3 means

t a. sue b. accuse

c. forgive d. compensate

DETAIL 4 What does the reading state about the field of anthropology?
'1

a. It used to involve racist theories but no longer does,

b. It made no important discoveries until quite recently.
C- It no longer needs skeletal collections as much as it once did.
d. It shows that groups of people have fundamental differences.

H Find the correct numbers in the reading and write them on the lines,
1 the year Maria Pearson visited the governor of Iowa
2 the year NAGPRA was passed
3 the approximate number of skeletal remains in the Natural History
Museum in London

t
 "C

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases In the box.

petitioning the governor racial theories returned by institutions

ancestors'remains classified burial sites history and development

The debate over the rights of Native Americans to claim their i

has a long history. Maria Pearson of the Yankton Dakota tribe helped to highlight the issue
in the 1970s, 2 of Iowa and campaigning for the return of
remains. In 1990, NAGPRA became law.The act 3 as sacred

and stated that remains already in the possession of museums and universities should
be returned. Thousands of remains have been 4 , but many

scientists still argue that bones should be kept for study. They suggest that bones can help
us understand human s and even provide evidence to combat
pseudoscientific 6 . The debate continues as the government
tries to find a balance between the rights of individual communities and the need to continue
anthropological research.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

ancestor anthropology classify descendant implicit indigenous

1 Today,therearemiilionsof direct of Genghis Khan living throughout Asia and

elsewhere,

2 The Harvard Test of Bias uses indirect methods to test for prejudices people
are not aware they have,

3 The platypus is as a mammal in spite of the fact that it lays eggs,

4 New discoveries in suggest that there was more than one route of migration
out of Africa,

5 Julia, a French Canadian, is traveling to France to become acquainted with the country of her

6 Alligators are only to two countries: the US and China,

SUPPLEMENTAL READING ; ■ y
./1

Kennewick Man
In 1996, a skeleton was found on the banks of the Columbia River in Kennewick, Washington.
The US Army Corps of Engineers owned the land and was therefore responsible for the remains.
A forensic anthropologist determined the bones were indeed old and had dental characteristics
consistent with those of pre-contact Native Americans. But Kennewick Man's bones had European
characteristics, leading some to theorize that he may have been an early settler from Europe.
Radiocarbon dating revealed a surprise: the remains were approximately 9,500 years old,
meaning they pre-dateany known European migration. According to NAGPRA, any remains that are
dated to before 1492 (pre-contact) are considered Native American and are therefore repatriated.
The US Army Corps contacted local First Nations groups to give them the opportunity to make a
claim for repatriation. The bones were claimed by the Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian
Reservation.

In 1996, the US Army Corps announced its intention to repatriate the remains. But a group
of scientists led by the anthropologist Douglas Owsley filed a lawsuit to stop repatriation, charging
● that the remains were not Native American at all.
‘ After years of legal battles, the scientists reached an agreement with the Native American
groups. Using new methods of obtaining DNA from ancient remains, they compared Kennewick
Man's genes with those of various ethnic groups. Finally, in 2015, they concluded that Kennewick
Man was, indeed, a Native American, despite his European-looking skull.
The discovery pleased Native Americans, as did the way the scientists showed respect
for their traditional beliefs. Tribal representatives were allowed to enter the lab and perform a
ceremony in Kennewick Man's honor. In 2017, 200 members of five tribes gathered to bury the
remains.

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 The characteristics of the bones led some experts to that the
body was that of a European settler.

2 Scientific study revealed Kennewick Man was

3 Representatives of Native American tribes to bury the remains.

EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Which side of the repatriation debate do you find more convincing? Why?
 Scan for Aud|^

Cross-Cultural Viewpoints Q

IMPERIALISM AND
THE INTERNET
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the following questions.
1. What are some problems with the information available on the internet?
2. What kinds of internet sites do you usually access? Which language(s) do you use?
3. Why might governments want to limit the information you can access on the internet?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 embed ● a. a complete change

2 peripheral ● b. the use of a specific product or commodity
3 transformation ● c the act or process of consuming
4 domination ● d. outside a defined space or group
5 usage ● e. to place or set something inside something else
6 consumption ● f the exertion of superior power or control
135
 Imperialism and the Internet
I

“Cultural imperialism'," a term first coined in the 1960s, refers to cultural

hegemony, or the domination of other nations. The worldwide spread of consumerism,
for instance, is cited as a prime example of American influence. Critics of the US point
to the plethora^ of American cultural products available to people in other countries, in
particular media such as music, television, movies, news, and technology. They argue that
these products replace local ones, thereby threatening the cultures of other nations. As
What have
more and more of the world's people go online, a growing number of countries woriy about
some countries being completely overrun by this American cultural influence. Some governments have
done in even approved laws to control the amount and types of information available to their people
response to
American
to combat this perceived threat. Those wlio oppose such policies state that the leaders of
influence? these countries are going against freedom or progress. However, those in favor of these
laws say that they are necessary because their cultures and verj' identities are under attack.
Herbert Schiller (1919-2000) was a communications scholar. He asserted that
although innovations such as the internet have been praised as democratic, both
information and technology are in reality controlled by the rich. This is explained in
terms of the core-versus-periphery argument. Core nations such as the United States
have political power and economic advantages. Peripheral nations are poor, so-called
developing nations. According to this idea, information, and therefore influence, flows
from the core to the periphery. Developing nations are thus unwilling consumers of core
values, ideology’, and assumptions embedded in the information they receive. Those
who believe in the theory of cultural imperialism point to the US television shows and
McDonald’s restaurants found worldwide as evidence that influence only flows one way.
But critics of this position consider it far too simple, as it does not account for
internal dynamics within societies. Also, they argue, it views culture as deterministic
and static^ It assumes people are passive’ and that the dominated cultures will form

imperialism n.
a policy or practice of extending the control of a nation by taking new territory
plethora n. an overabundance; an excess amount
ideology n. a set of beliefs
136 ‘ static adj. showing little or no change
’ passive adj. not active; accepting what others do without trying to change anything
no opposition. In fact, many believe that “other" groups are not being taken over by US
culture and media. Rather, people in other cultures tend to transform the intended
meanings to ones that better suit their o\vn societies. Thus, rather than becoming
“Americanized,” for example, Asian countries have “Asianized” US cultural exports such as
McDonald’s, 'fliis transformation can easily be seen on McDonald’s menus in places like
India and China.
Other critics of the traditional notion of cultural imperialism state that although Underline how

cultural imperialism may very well be a factor in the export and consumption of certain the internet is
unlike other
US media products, the internet is unique. Unlike other media, it has no central authorities
media.
through which items are selected, written, and produced. Instead, information can be
sent from anywhere and by anyone. The internet allows people to participate in their
own languages and to take part in preserving and celebrating their own cultures. Thus,
it is argued that growing internet u.sage, rather than promoting cultural imperialism y

may, in fact, promote multiculturalism^

On the other hand, research on internet language use casts some doubt on this Approximately
last idea. A study published in the scientific journal PLOS One examined the question. The how many
languages
study determined that of the world’s roughly’ 7,000 living languages, only five percent
are currently
have any chance of becoming \nable on the internet. And an even smaller number—just spoken?
nvpr 2RO—tiT& Cl arrentlv established online. Linguists fear this could speed up the loss of
Si

T
lL

l£ SB Si

SBS 3

a Si hTiB

a s a Si
T

*●’ . Chinese /S
ns
Ij French
Ij Italian
SIQJ
O Japanese
Q Korean
Spanish

PM 06:17
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multiculturalism n. a social system in which many different cultures are included

roughly adv. approximately; about
fate n. final outcome
137
 READING COMPREHENSION

O Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 "Cultural imperialism" refers to the idea that the US has become dominated by other
cultures.
2
Supporters of limits on internet use say it is necessary to protect their culture.
3
The core-versus-periphery argument refers to the idea that powerful countries tend to
control the flow of information to less powerful countries.
4
Some skeptics say that people can transform US products and ideas to meet their own needs.
5
Fewer than 300 languages are commonly used online.

Q Choose the best answer according to the reading.

1
PURPOSE
What is the main purpose of the reading?
a. To describe how countries are combating US influence
b. To argue that the dominance of English will only grow
c. To explain the theory and reality of cultural imperialism
d. To encourage readers to promote their cultures online
REFERENCE
2 The word their in paragraph 1 refers to
a. countries b. Americans
c. cultures d. laws

Jlki 3 What is paragraph 3 mainly about?

a. How the US controls other countries through the internet
b. The origins of the theory of cultural imperialism
c. Counterarguments to the claim that the US dominates other countries
d. Criticism of the American culture of consumerism

4
INFERENCE
Which statement would the writer most likely agree with?
a. The internet may eventually lead to the disappearance of some peripheral cultures,
b. American culture is likely to become increasingly Asianized due to the internet,
c Schiller's theory of core-versus-periphery has now been completely disproved,
d. Nations should compete to dominate the internet to increase their global power.

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.

1 What are core and periphery nations?

2 What did the study in P/.OS One find?

SUMMARY

Fill in the blanks with the phrases in the box.

cultural adaptation central authority cultural products

preserve culture developed nations influence peripheral

Schiller's Theory and its Proponents

● Core, 1 control information and technology.
● Through technoiogy, core nations 2 nations.

● The theory is evidenced by the spread of American

worldwide.

Skeptics

● The theory fails to account for 4

within receiving countries.
● The internet has no s

● The internet can actually help 6

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

consumption domination embed peripheral transformation usage

1 "Conspicuous basically means buying things you don't really need.

2 People often mistakenly cite world as the ultimate goal of the Nazis, but in
reality, they were just interested in Western and Central Europe.
3 After spending a year in college, my brother had gone through a complete
he was much more confident and mature.

4 Some people say that the use of "man" to mean "human" shows that sexism is
in English.
5 In countries with two main political parties, candidates from parties are rarely
elected.

6 Increasing of the city's roads means that they need more frequent repairs.
 SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Surfing in Your Mother Tongue

In considering the question of whether the internet is being used to spread US hegemony,
it is important to look at the languages currently used on the internet. In the late 1990s, as much
as ninety percent of worldwide internet traffic and technological infrastructure was in English.
This sparked fears elsewhere of the overwhelming influence of the language and even prompted
legislative efforts in some countries to limit the amount of English content online.
However, in recent years there has been a proliferation of languages other than English
on the internet. According to World Stats, an independent polling agency, the amount of online
content in English has dropped to just over fifty percent. This still far outweighs other individual
languages. But the amount of content in Russian, German, French, Spanish, and Chinese is rising
quickly. And the statistics on internet users suggest we can expect content in other languages
to increase. As of 2020, only twenty-six percent of world internet users speak English as their
first language, down from over thirty-five percent in 2000. Nineteen percent now speak Chinese,
a proportion that is expected to grow.
Another important measure of cultural presence online is Wikipedia. Regardless of how
one assesses the resource’s accuracy, having a Wikipedia site in your own language has become a
mark of sovereign cultural identity. People are at a disadvantage if the only information they can
find on their culture is written—and editable—only in a different language. The Wikipedia versions
with more than one million articles are mostly in Western languages. However, between 2001 and
2021, Wikipedia went from being written in one language (English) to being written in 321.
The numbers suggest that while English still dominates the internet, the language is likely to
face stiff competition as more and more users from other large language groups move online.

Fill In the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Since the 1990s, the proportion of online content written in English has dropped from ninety
percent to .

2 As of 2020, native English speakers make up of total internet

users.

3 By 2021, Wikipedia was being written in languages.

^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

Do you think the internet has had a negative or a positive effect on your language and culture?

5 Li
 Scon for Audio

5)
Business & Economics Q

INTERVIEWS
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about itie following questions.
1. What experiences have you had with interviews? How did you feel about them?
2. How do you think these would have been different if you had been interviewed by a machine?
3. Would you be happy if your next interview were to be done by artificial intelligence?
Why or why not?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 transparency ● a. illness or injury that make it difficult to do the things that other people do
2 grammatical ● b. to show or find the difference between things that are compared
3 specification ● c. impartial and unbiased; not taking sides
4 disability ● d. relating to the order of words and punctuation
5 differentiate ● e. the quality of being done in an open way without secrets
6 neutral ● .f detailed description of what things include and involve, or how they
should be done
141
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Today, many of the job advertisements and job

# \-c
o.V ^

specifications we see have been written by computer programs

known as artificial intelligence (Al) dots. Having found a job we th \

desirable, we send in our applications and resumes. These are often read by
Al too; bots search for key words and details to filter out' weaker candidates.
Until recently, this was where humans would take over. Increasingly, though, Al is being
used at the interview stage too, so applicants^ may find themselves interviewed online in their
own homes, perhaps even by a virtual head on a screen.
Al systems ask applicants questions, record their answers, and assess them against the
job criteria. These bots also analyze^ the way applicants speak and behave by measuring tone,
listening to speech patterns, checking for grammatical errors, and assessing eye movements.
The systems then produce a report with a series of scores for employers. For now, most employers
only use this report to produce a list of candidates to interview in person.
Primarily, employers like using Al because it saves a considerable amount of time.
Underline a type
of job where Al In a competitive job market, companies often find themselves overwhelmed with applications.
interviews might This can leave several members of staff tied up for weeks in the search for just one new employee.
be particularly
Using Al, companies can "interview” as many as 20.000 applicants in one day. This is especially
practical.
useful for entry-level jobs where there are many applicants, almost all of whom are inexperienced.
Instead of asking detailed questions about that particular industry, Al can quickly evaluate"
applicants based on their enthusiasm and general manner. In fact, HireVue—a company that
provides Al interview technologies—claims to interview up to one million college students each
year.

There are advantages for applicants, too. As well as allowing applicants to remain in the
comfort of their own home, most Al interviews allow candidates to complete practice questions
or allow thirty seconds to check notes and prepare an answer, and many even allow candidates
to record their answers again. None of this would be acceptable in a traditional interview setting.
And, while they lack human understanding, Al bots also lack other human traits that can lead
to unfair advantages in interview situations. They do not get tired or grumpy' during a long
day of interviews, nor do they take a liking to certain candidates based on abstract opinions.

filter out V. to remove something that is not wanted

applicant n. a person who formally requests a job or to study at a college, etc.
analyze V.
to study something in a systematic way
evaluate to Judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something
142 V.

grumpy adj. easily annoyed or Irritable

©

Likewise, there is no chance of a personality clash®—Ai bots remain

completely neutral toward candidates. Thus, 20,000 applicants receive exactly
the same interview and—in theory, at least—have an equal chance of success.
However, there are also several disadvantages for those seeking work. With AI saving
Why might
so much time, companies have no reason to limit the number of interviews they grant. So applicants feel
applicants may be given interviews despite having very little chance of getting the job. Even that AI interviews

are misleading?
though AI interviews take place at home, applicants still spend time researching the job,
preparing their clothes and homes, and completing the interview, which may just be wasted a. Because
computers don’t
time. understand
humans properly
On top of this, the criteria AI interviews use are not standardized and, without b. Because getting
an interview might
transparency, it can be hard to know exactly how one is being assessed. In truth. AI interviews be meaningless
will never be entirely objective as They are programmed by humans to look for certain
"warning signs." When these are found, though, AI bots may not be flexible enough to
interpret' their real meanings. For example, a long gap in someone's employment history
may reduce an applicant's score significantly. But this may have been the result of illness or
time taken out to raise children. Similarly, AI bots that assess candidates' speech patterns,
expressions, eye movements, and body language may not be able to differentiate between
"unsuitable"candidates and those with disabilities.

In such situations, rather than being fair, some AI systems may lead to discrimination.
This is not only a problem for applicants. Even though they have given AI bots the job of
interviewing candidates, companies remain responsible for everything that happens in
interviews. With time, we may even see companies sued" over Al's actions. For many reasons,
companies must be very sure that the AI They use reflects’ their company's standards, attitudes,
and beliefs. Making AI interviews as transparent as possible may be in everyone's interest as an
interview is not only about a business choosing an employee but about both finding a good
and lasting match.
Reading Time; minutes seconds 731 words

clash n. a situation in which people’s opinions or qualities are very different from and opposed to each
other

interpret V. to decide what the meaning or significance of something is

sue V. to take legal action against a person or organization for some harm that they have caused 143
reflect V. to make apparent: to show
 READING COMPREHENSION

E3 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1 Al is being used to write rejection letters to weaker candidates.
2 Companies receive reports from Al systems telling them which candidates are suitable.
3 Companies who use Al find that they have more time for other tasks.
4 Al interviews may give applicants several chances to provide a good answer.
5 Al systems replicate human traits to provide realistic interviews.

0 Choose the best answer according to the reading.

PURPOSE 1 What is the main purpose of the reading?
1 a. Topredict how jobinterviews will be conducted in the future
b. To give applicants tips on how to do Al interviews successfully
c. To assess how Al interviews affect employers and applicants
d. To discuss how employers are using Al to expand their businesses
i DCTAIL 2 Which of the following is NOT assessed in interviews by Al?
a. Applicants'answers to questions
b. The sound of an applicant's voice
c. How correctly applicants speak
d. An applicant's computer skills

j REFERENCE 3 The word they in paragraph 7 refers to

a. companies
b. systems
c. applicants
d. situations

INFERENCE 4 Which statement would the writer most likely agree with?
a. Companies are not likely to use Al past the initial interview stage,
b. The use of Al interviews will probably lead to more equal workplaces,
c. Governments are likely to legislate against the use of Al in interviews,
d. Al is not yet developed enough to make suitable recruitment choices.

H Look for the answers in the reading and write them on the lines.
1 Why might traditional human interviews be unfair or inconsistent?

2 Why might people with disabilities be treated unfairly by Al interviews?

SUMMARY

Write the number of each sentence under the category it belongs to.

Increasing Use of Al Job Interviews

Causes Effects

1 Companies spend a lot of time and money finding new staff to hire.
2 Many jobs receive a huge number of applications.
3 It is unclear why candidates are successful or not.
4 Those with disabilities or unusual employment histories may be discriminated against.
5 Applicants are offered interviews for jobs they have no chance of getting.
6 Humans get tired and do not always give the same interview to all applicants.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

disability neutral specification transparency grammatical differentiate

1 One job of the media is to make sure that governments operate with
2 When your two closest friends are having an argument, it's probably best for you to remain

3 The of the building told the builders that it had twenty rooms and five toilets.
4 It is very hard to between Alex and his twin brother Andy.

5 The essay needed editing because it contained a lot of mistakes.

6 Today, public transportation often includes ramps and handles to help those with
, but more should be done.
 SUPPLEMENTAL READING

Al Interviews: Business and Practice ^

One company leading the way in Al interviewing is HireVue, Founded in 2004, in Salt Lake
City, Utah, the company provides a complete Al assessment service for companies looking to hire
new staff. As of 2021, over 700 companies use HireVue, and the company has interviewed over
twelve million applicants on their behalf
A major corporation now using HireVue systems is Unilever, the parent company of familiar
food brands like Heilman's, Knorr, and Lipton tea. Unilever has a combined staff of more than 155,000
worldwide, and Leena Nair, its head of human resources, has said that using HireVue saves the
company more than 100,000 hours and $1 million every year.
But not everyone is convinced that HireVue's model is fair or effective. A prominent Al
researcher in the US has called HireVue's system "pseudoscience," and a campaigning group,
the Electronic Privacy Information Center, even sent an official complaint to the Federal Trade
Commission. They claimed that the way HireVue's Al systems worked was "unfair, deceptive, biased,
and unprovable."
In response, Loren Larsen, head of technology at HireVue, has said that during a typical thirty-
minute interview, the company's Al system collects 500,000 pieces of data about an applicant—far
more than any human might manage. Larsen was less clear about exactly what data the system
records or how it interprets this information.
For applicants, then, there remains the question of how to succeed when taking an Al
interview. The internet is full of tips and suggestions, which include sitting in front of a blank
background, talking more slowly than normal, smiling often, looking directly at one's webcam,
and repeating words that appear in the Job specification. However, as Al interviews do not provide
feedback for applicants, for now, these ideas are mostly guesswork.
.1

Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Leena Nair is in charge of for HireVue.

2 A normal HireVue interview collects 500,000

3 Applicants doing Al interviews are advised to look at their

t
^ ^ EXTENSION Talk or Write About It

candidates most? Do you think that they seem

person interviews?
 WMM C

Business & Economics Q

HOW DEMOCRATIC
IS CROWDFUNDING?
PRE-READING QUESTIONS
Think about the followingquestions.
1. Can you think of any examples of crowdfunding?
2. If you were going to participate in crowdfunding, what kind of business or organization would you
like to invest in?

3. What do you think might be the advantages of crowdfunding for individuals and businesses?

VOCABULARY PREVIEW
Match each NAWL word with the correct definition.

1 trajectory ● a. collection of investments that are owned by a particular person or

organization
2 distribution ● b. done without much planning because of a sudden feeling or impulse
3 virtue ● c the right of people or groups to have a similar position and receive the
same treatment

4 portfolio ■ d- an advantage or benefit

5 equality ● e. the way in which people or things are spread out
6 spontaneous ● ● f. a process of change or development that leads toward a particular result
147
 HOW DEMOCRATIC
IS CROWDFUNDING?

Crowdfunding is not a new idea. As far back as 1700, a large group of investors
Why was the
band Marillion provided loans for poor families in Ireland. Nearly 300 years later, in 1997, the first instance
able to use of modern crowdfunding is said to have occurred when British rock group Marillion
crowdfunding?
financed a US tour by asking fans for donations. This was possible because many fans of the
band were early adopters' of the internet. Today, with the rest of the world joining them
online, organizations and businesses have a worldwide pool of investors to draw upon.
In the years after 1997, much crowdfunding remained focused on^ artistic
projects, charities, and not-for-profit organizations; this is usually based on reward
● crowdfunding (RCF). RCF does not promise investors any financial return. Instead, those
who donate might, for example, be mentioned by name in the book, film, or building that
they help to fund. RCF is now also being used by entrepreneurs as well—they promise
participants’ a product or service in return for their money should the business succeed.
With fairly low rewards, business-based RCF investments are usually small, too, at an average
ofjust $99 in 2020.

Underline three
Another way of generating investment is equity crowdfunding (ECF), which is
places where mostly used by businesses. Like stocks and shares, this promises investors a financiai return.
those interested Through accessible websites like Crowdcube, Fundable, and IndieGoGo, ordinary people
in crowdfunding
could look.
invest small amounts at relatively low risk. ECF is particularly helpful to start-ups“ and
small and medium-sized enterprises’ (SMEs).The financial crash in 2008 left banks nervous
about giving loans to start-ups and SMEs, so, needing an alternative, many businesses turned
to ECF for its greater equality of opportunity. By June 2017, in the UK alone, 400,000 investors
had put some $700 million into 1,538 different business ideas.

early adopter n.
someone who is one of the first people to start using a new product, especiaiiy
a new piece of technology
- focus on V,
to give a lot of attention to one particular person, subject, or thing
' participant n.
a person who takes part in or becomes involved in a particular activity
start-up n. a small business that has recently started
enterprise n.
an organization, especially a business
148
 As well as providing much-needed investment, ECF has several other virtues. It allows start-ups and
SMEs to develop at their own pace. Without the pressure caused by being in debt to banks, businesses can ●
take more risks and innovate. Another advantage is that the individuals who invest in ECF are more likely to
engage with” the business than traditional shareholders, offering feedback and suggestions along the way. This is
good for the company's development, and investors—whatever they contribute—feel they have an influence on
the trajectory of the business.
However, crowdfunding may not be quite as democratic as it first appears; although money is
spread between more companies, investors still invest in some more than others. The clue is in the name: in
crowdfunding, people often follow the crowd. So, while new entrepreneurs can benefit from ECF and RCF,
investors are often most attracted to those with a track record of success: even with small investments, individuals

tend to be cautious. Also, businesses with more initial funds can afford more publicity and can pursue’ more
potential investors. The geographical distribution of successful businesses is not equal either. Those in certain ■
areas—often around university campuses—tend to do far better.
Crowdfunding is never totally risk-free, and between 2011 and 2015, eighteen percent of all crowdfunded
businesses in the UK failed completely, leaving individuals with little or nothing to show for their money. Over the
same period of time, of crowdfunded businesses supported by 'experts," none failed. This would suggest that
thorough research is essential, but amateur investors tend to be quite spontaneous. According to one
study, on average, crowdfunders do just twenty
research prior to' investing. Those with ^
training and specialist knowledge, on the
other hand, are far more likely to see
significant gains from ECF investments.
So, rather than remaining a way for ordinary
people to invest small amounts, ECF is becoming
a way for venture capitalists—experts in risky
investments—to expand their portfolios and
make large amounts of profit; investment groups ■
and even banks are increasingly investing in ECF, too.
Crowdfunding undoubtedly has the potential
to be a dynamic, democratic way for artists, start
ups, and SMEs to generate funds. It also allows smaller
investors to feel engaged and involved. However,
it may also prove to be a victim of its own success
as professional investors increasingly dominate the
crowdfunding landscape.

Reading Time: minutes seconds 764 words

engage with V. to become involved, or have contact,

with someone or something
pursue V. to go after a person or group in order to per
them to do something
geographical adj. relating to geography, where things are, or i
a particular place
prior to adv. existing or happening before something els
or before a particular time
 READING COMPREHENSION

13 Mark each statement as true (T) or false (F) according to the reading.
1
Less-wealthy people in Ireland benefited from crowdfunding.
2
RCF mainly suits organizations whose priority is making money.
3 Thanks to the financial crash, banks were not keen to lend money to smaller businesses.
4
Businesses funded by ECF have freedom to try new things,
5
A typical ECF investor carefully studies a company before making a contribution.

O Choose the best answer according to the reading.

5a 1 What is the main topic of the reading?
a. The ways crowdfunding is helping charities to grow
b. The different methods for businesses to raise funds
c. The biggest crowdfunding success stories
d. The advantages and disadvantages of crowdfunding
REFERENCE 2 In paragraph 2, the word them refers to .
a. donations
b. fans

c. organizations
d. investors

PURPOSE 3 What is the purpose of paragraph 6?

a. To urge potential crowdfunders to be cautious before investing
b. To explain reasons why crowdfunding investments are unequal
c. To discuss what companies can do to attract more investors
d. To clarify the psychology of risks and rewards in crowdfunding
mm 4 Which group of people have the highest chance of making money?
a. Venture capitalists
b. RCF investors

c. University students
d. Amateur investors

H Fill in the blanks with information from the reading.

1 Organizations and business are able to draw upon a worldwide
online.

2 ECF differs from RCF in that it offers investors a(n)

3 Amateur investors tend to be quite meaning they do not do

much research before making investments.

i:
 A .

SUMMARY

An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is given below. Choose
three more sentences to complete the summary.

First Sentence: While it seems democratic, crowdfunding may give more advantages to some
than others.

1 By 2017,400,000 people in the UK had invested in crowdfunding.

2 Ordinary people often do not have sufficient knowledge to invest in the best businesses.
3 The financial crash meant that banks stopped lending money to SMEs.

4 Businesses near universities often attract high levels of investment.

o
5 Business people with a long record of success usually appeal to investors more than those
run by graduates.
6 The financial crash meant banks were nervous about giving loans to start-ups and SMEs.

VOCABULARY PRACTICE

Fill in the blanks with the words in the box. Change the form if necessary.

virtue equality distribution trajectory portfolio spontaneous y

1 Although developed countries are wealthy, the of this wealth among the
population is rarely equal.
2 SincetheCOVID-19 pandemic began, home shopping platforms have seen their profits remain on
an upward .

3 In the early 20th century, a group of women known as suffragettes fought for
including the right to vote.

4 Experts recommend that shareholders keep a diverse of investments as it is

less risky.
5 The of solar energy include its cost, sustainability, and the fact it reduces the
burning of fossil fuels.
6 Dr. Harrow follows a strict daily routine and rarely does anything
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152
 FOURTH EDITION

READING FOR THE

Real
RLD
Reading for the Real World, Fourth Edition is a four-level series designed for intermediate to
advanced English learners looking to improve their academic reading fluency and comprehension.

READING FORT^'
READING FOR THE READING FOR THE READINGFORIHE .

A. WORLD WORLD WORLD WORLD

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The fourth edition includes:

* New and updated readings on importantcurrenttopicsfroma variety of academic subjects

* Reading comprehension exercises designed to hone comprehension skills such as identifying
the main idea, understanding details, and making inferences
* Pre-reading and post-reading exercises to reinforce the New Academic Word List (NAWL)
vocabulary words encountered in the readings
* Graphic organizers and other summary activities that provide practice in summarizing texts (
accurately and concisely
* Supplemental readings that allow students to explore a different area or issue related to the
main passage
* Audio recordings of ali reading passages to reinforce correct pronunciation and reading
fluency
* An interactive application for supplemental learning
* Downloadable materials, including answer keys, words lists, and tests, can be found at
www.compasspub.com/RRW4e3
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V 0> @ IS & (3
IIOMX

Compass
Publishing