30 CHAPTER 2.

SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY

where
"
X
XB (f ) = fs X (f  nfs )
n=3"

and
H (f) =  sinc (f  ) exp (jf )
The latter represents the frequency response of a Þlter whose impulse response is a square
pulse of width  and implements ßat top sampling. If W is the bandwidth of X (f), very
little distortion will result if  31 >> W .

Problem 2.60
(a) The sampling frequency should be large compared with the bandwidth of the signal.
(b) The output spectrum of the zero-order hold circuit is
"
X
Y (f) = sinc (Ts f) X (f  nfs ) exp (jf Ts )
n=3"

where fs = Ts31 . For small distortion, we want Ts << W 31 .

Problem 2.61
The lowpass recovery Þlter can cut o in the range 1.9+ kHz to 2.13 kHz.

Problem 2.62
For bandpass sampling and recovery, all but (b) and (e) will work theoretically, although an
ideal Þlter with bandwidth exactly equal to the unsampled signal bandwidth is necessary.
For lowpass sampling and recovery, only (f) will work.

Problem 2.63
The Fourier transform is
1 1
Y (f) = X (f  f0 ) + X (f + f0 )
2 2 · ¸
1 3jZ/2 1 jZ/2
+ [jsgn (f) X (f)]   (f  f0 ) e +  (f + f0 ) e
2 2
1 1
= X (f  f0 ) [1  sgn (f  f0 )] + X (f + f0 ) [1 + sgn (f + f0 )]
2 2
2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 31

Problem 2.64
ba (t) = cos ($ 0 t  /2) = sin ($ 0 t), so
(a) x
Z T Z T
1 1
lim x (t) x
b (t) dt = lim sin ($0 t) cos ($ 0 t) dt
T <" 2T 3T T <" 2T 3T
Z T
11
= lim sin (2$0 t) dt
T <" 2T
3T 2
¯
1 cos (2$ 0 t) ¯¯T
= lim =0
T <" 2T 4$ 0 ¯3T

(b) Use trigonometric identities to express x (t) in terms of sines and cosines. Then Þnd the
Hilbert transform of x (t) by phase shifting by /2. Multiply x (t) and x b (t) together term
by term, use trigonometric identities for the product of sines and cosines, then integrate.
The integrand will be a sum of terms similar to that of part (a). The limit as T $ 4 will
be zero term-by-term.
(c) Use the integral deÞnition of x
b (t), take the product, integrate over time to get
Z " Z " ·Z " ¸
 (/ )
b (t) dt = A2
x (t) x  (t/ ) d dt
3" 3" 3"  (t  )
Z "Z #
/2 /2
1
= A2 d dt
3 /2 3 /2  (t  )
Z /2
¯ ¯
1 ¯¯ t   /2 ¯¯
= A2 ln dt = 0
3 /2  ¯ t +  /2 ¯

where the result is zero by virtue of the integrand of the last integral being odd.

Problem 2.65
(a) Note that F [jb
x(t)] = j [jsgn (f)] X (f). Hence

3 1 3 1
x1 (t) = x (t) + jbx (t) $ X1 (f) = X (f) + j [jsgn (f)] X (f)
·4 4 ¸ 4 4
3 1
= + sgn (f ) X (f)
4 4
½ 1
= 2 X (f) , f < 0
X (f) , f > 0

A sketch is shown in Figure 2.4.

32 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY

(b) It follows that

· ¸
3 3
x2 (t) = x (t) + jbx (t) exp (j2f0 t)
4 4
3
$ X2 (f ) = [1 + sgn (f  f0 )] X (f  f0 )
½ 4
0, f < f0
= 3
2 X (f  f 0 ) , f > f0
A sketch is shown in Figure 2.4.
(c) This case has the same spectrum as part (a), except that it is shifted right by W Hz.
That is,
· ¸
3 1
x3 (t) = x (t) + jbx (t) exp (j2W t)
4 4
· ¸
3 1
$ X3 (f ) = + sgn (f  W ) X (f  W )
4 4
A sketch is shown in Figure 2.4.
(d) For this signal
· ¸
3 1
x4 (t) = x (t)  jbx (t) exp (jW t)
4 4
· ¸
3 1
$ X4 (f) =  sgn (f  W/2) X (f  W/2)
4 4
A sketch is shown in Figure 2.4.

Problem 2.66
(a) The spectrum is

Xp (f) = X (f) + j [jsgn (f)] X (f) = [1 + sgn (f)] X (f)

The Fourier transform of x (t) is

µ ¶ µ ¶
1 f  f0 1 f + f0
X (f) =  + 
2 2W 2 2W
Thus, µ ¶
f  f0
Xp (f) =  if f0 > 2W
2W
(b) The complex envelope is deÞned by

xp (t) = x̃ (t) ej2Zf0 t

2.1. PROBLEM SOLUTIONS 33

X1(f) X2(f) 3A/2

2A
A

f, Hz f, Hz
-W 0 W 0 f0 f0 - W

X4(f)
X3(f)
2A
2A
A
A
f, Hz
f, Hz
- W/2 0 W/2 3W/2
0 W 2W

Figure 2.4:
34 CHAPTER 2. SIGNAL AND LINEAR SYSTEM THEORY

Therefore
x̃ (t) = xp (t) e3j2Zf0 t
Hence µ ¶¯ µ ¶
f  f0 ¯¯ f
F [x̃ (t)] = F [xp (t)]|f <f +f0 = ¯ =
2W f <f +f0 2W
(c) The complex envelope is
· µ ¶¸
31 f
x̃ (t) = F  = 2W sinc (2W t)
2W

Problem 2.67
For t <  /2, the output is zero. For |t|   /2, the result is

/2
y (t) = q
2 + (2f)2
n o
× cos [2 (f0 + f ) t  ]  e3k(t+ /2)
cos [2 (f0 + f ) t + ]

For t >  /2, the result is

(/2) e3kt
y (t) = q
2 + (2f)2
n o
× ek /2 cos [2 (f0 + f ) t  ]  e3k /2
cos [2 (f0 + f) t + ]

In the above equations,  is given by

µ ¶
2f
 =  tan31


2.2 Computer Exercises

Computer Exercise 2.1
% ce2_1: Computes generalized Fourier series coe!cients for exponentially
% decaying signal, exp(-t)u(t), or sinewave, sin(2*pi*t)
%
tau = input(’Enter approximating pulse width: ’);
type_wave = input(’Enter waveform type: 1 = decaying exponential; 2 = sinewave ’);
if type_wave == 1