Lesson 1: Significance of the Study օ Schools

- Presents the importance and potential օ Educational policy makers

impact of the research on the field, օ Parents
contributing new knowledge and օ Government agencies
identifying beneficiaries. օ Non-Governmental
- Persuasively articulate the potential Organizations (NGOs)
contributions and implications of the օ Business/Corporations
research and highlight how the study օ Community groups
advances knowledge, addresses real-world 2. Specific Groups of Individuals
problems, challenges existing assumptions,  Those directly or indirectly
introduces novel approaches, or informs impacted by the issue being
practices within the field. studied, including affected
communities or respondents who
Aspects of Significance may benefit from improved
1. Theoretical Significance policies or interventions.
 Contribution to the existing body օ Students
of knowledge by extending, օ Teachers/Educators
refining, or challenging existing
օ Small business owners
theories, models or concepts.
օ Community leaders
2. Practical Significance
 Real-world applications or օ Consumers
implications of the research օ Researchers and academics
findings, informing practices, 3. Future Researchers
policies, or decisions in relevant  Scholars who can build upon the
domains like industry, government study’s findings to deepen the
or society. knowledge base, potentially
3. Methodological Significance leading to further advancements or
 Novel or innovative solutions in the field.
methodological approaches
employed in the study, advancing Guidelines
research practices or techniques in  Restate the Research Problem
the field. օ Identify the outcomes and
4. Societal Significance beneficiaries based on the research
 Broader societal impacts, such as problem, research gap and main
addressing pressing issues, objective.
promoting social change, or  State the Contribution to Existing
informing public discourse on Literature
relevant topics. օ Explain how the research addresses
5. Potential for Future Research unexplored areas, adding values to
 Paving the way further exploration the field.
or investigation in the research  Identify Specific Beneficiaries
area, identifying potential avenues օ List and detail how specific groups,
for future work. institutions, or communities will
benefit from the study.
Beneficiaries  Assist Future Researchers
1. Expert and Stakeholders օ Indicate how resolving the research
 Individuals knowledgeable about objectives will benefit future
the issue under study, who can researchers in mapping future
utilize the findings to enhance their studies.
understanding or address the
problem.
օ Researchers
օ Data analysts
օ Consultants
օ Environmental scientists
 օ starts with general hypothesis and
uses data to prove it
օ used in quantitative studies
Lesson 2: Theoretical and Conceptual
Framework and Defining Terms 3. Inductive
Theoretical Framework օ developes a hypothesis based on
- general frame used for observation, the data present
defining concepts, developing research օ used in qualitative studies
designs, and interpreting and generalizing 4. Empirical
findings օ focuses on the collection and
- explains concepts with the use of theory analysis of empirical data
o broader in scopes, used in various օ often used in scientific studies
studies 5. Normative
o content is related to a specific study օ defines a set of norms that guide
o based on a particular theory behavior
o developed from a set of concepts օ often used in ethics and social
- Purposes sciences
o provides a structure for the 6. Explanatory
research process օ explains the cause of a particular
o assists in incorporating theories as behavior
a guide in studies օ often used in psychology and social
o guides in the selection of the sciences
research, data collection and data
analysis methods Conceptual Framework
o aids in understanding the - system of ideas, beliefs, assumptions and
relationship between concepts theories that inform, support, and cater to
o aids in developing hypotheses and your study.
research question - visual representation that illustrates key
o addresses gaps in existing literature concepts, variables and their relationships
o analyzes the data collected within a study.
o helps draw meaning conclusion
Variables
o make findings more generalizable
1. Dependent Variable
2. Independent Variable
Guideline in Selecting the Theoretical
3. Control Variable
Framework
4. Moderating Variable
1. Understand the variables included in your
5. Mediating Variable
study as well as their relationship with one
another topic.
Types of Conceptual Framework
2. Review the existing literature related to
1. Input-Process-Output (IPO) Model
your research.
օ isolates the factor or major variable
3. Using the information that you have
causing the problem under
gathered from the literature. Look for
investigation
possible theories that may potentially
օ often used in quantitative research
account for the expected results of your
research topic. 2. Variable-Relationship (VR) Model
4. From these theories, select the one that is օ shows how variables or concepts
most relevant to your study and can interact with each other
provide a blueprint for your research. օ often used in quantitative research

Types of Theoretical Framework Guideline in Selecting the Conceptual

1. Conceptual Framework (IPO Model)
օ define key concepts and 1. Provide your research questions. By
relationships remembering your research questions, this
2. Deductive will help you define the relevant
 information for your study and map out specific procedures for
how they might connect to each other. measurement.
2. Identify the input. After remembering 2. Technical
your research questions, identify the օ define terms or concepts in relation
specific input based on your topic. The to the technical knowledge of the
inputs representing the flow of data and area of the study
materials into the process from the outside. Guidelines in Defining Terms
3. Identify the process. Identify the process 1. Look for unique terms. Only terms,
which includes all tasks required to affect words, or phrases which have special or
the transformation of the inputs. unique meanings in the study are defined.
4. Identify the outputs. After writing the 2. Search for the definition of the selected
process steps, now identify your output. terms. Definitions may be taken from
The outputs are the data and materials encyclopedias, books, magazines, and
flowing out of the transformation process. newspaper articles, dictionaries, and other
publications but the researcher must
Guideline in Selecting the Conceptual acknowledge their sources.
Framework (VR Model) 3. Define the selected terms operationally
1. Provide your research objectives. By and/or technically. Terms should be
remembering your research objectives, this defined operationally and/or technically,
will help you define the relevant variables that is how they are used in the study.
for your study and map out how they relate 4. Develop your own definitions. Then, the
connect to each other. researcher may develop his own definition
2. Identify the variables under the from the characteristics of the term
research objectives. After remembering described.
your research objectives, identify the 5. Be concise. Definitions should be brief,
variables of the study that are to be clear, and unequivocal as possible.
investigated. This is to define and specify
all the relevant variables to illustrate how
they may be related to each other.
3. Determine the relationship being
studied or investigated. It is to define the
relevant objectives for your research
process and map out how they come
together to draw conclusions.

Arrows in the Conceptual Framework (VR

Model)
o
 shows a causal relationship
o
 represents a two-directional
relationship
o
 shows a comparison

Arrows in the Conceptual Framework (IPO

Model)
օ
 shows direct effect

Definition of Terms
1. Operational
օ define concepts or variables in
measurable terms by outlining