MINIMAL POLYNOMIAL

The Cayley Hamilton theorem says that

a
square matrix A satisfies its own

characteristic polynomial
 MINIMAL POLYNOMIAL

The Cayley Hamilton theorem says that

a
square matrix A satisfies its own

characteristic polynomial

0 0 2

I
1 consider a O 1 0

I 0 3

Characteristic polynomial
 MINIMAL POLYNOMIAL

The Cayley Hamilton theorem says that

a
square matrix A satisfies its own

characteristic polynomial

0 0 2

I
1 consider a O 1 0

I 0 3

41 7 72 37 2

Characteristic polynomial
2
x 73 4 57 2

Then it can be easily verified that

AZ 4A 5A 21 0
 Now consider the polynomial

XCX X 3 2

Q Does A satisfy this polynomial

 Now consider the polynomial

XCX X 37 2

Q Does A satisfy this polynomial

Yes A2 24 1 0

The characteristic polynomial 2s not

always the only polynomial which

a matrix satisfies
 Now consider the polynomial

XCX X 37 2

Q Does A satisfy this polynomial

Yes A2 24 1 0

The characteristic polynomial 2s not

always the only polynomial which

a matrix satisfies

Q Can there exist a polynomial of a

smaller degree which satisfies A

 Now consider the polynomial

XCX X 3 2

Q Does A satisfy this polynomial

Yes A2 24 1 0

The characteristic polynomial 2s not

always the only polynomial which

a matrix satisfies

Can there exist polynomial of

Q a a

smaller degree which satisfies A Yes

For any Mxn square matrix A the

minimal polynomial for A z's the monic

polynomial of the least positive degree

which A satisfies
Let the characteristic polynomial of Aek be

ACA det CAI Al

hottie AM
Of the eigenvalues a am

algebraic multiplicity hi nm

respec ively
then

Ami
2
DCA G X C X 721 ex
Let the characteristic polynomial of Aek be

Dex det CAI Al

Of the eigenvalues Ai am have AM

algebraic multiplicity ni nm

respec ively
then

Ami
2
DCA G X X 721 ex

Let the geometric multiplicity of Xi

x2 Am be it nm respectively

Every eigenvalue Xi as associated

with Tz no of Jordan blocks

Let the characteristic polynomial of Aek be

Dex det CAI Al

Of the eigenvalues Ai am have AM

algebraic multiplicity ni nm

respec ively
then

Ami
2
DCA G X X 721 ex

Let the geometric multiplicity of Xi

x2 Am be it nm respectively

Every eigenvalue Xi as associated

with Tz no of Jordan blocks

Let the largest Jordan block

have size mi
 2
do o o

EE Consider a
c 0 CAD o
8 8 o

Eigenvalues 71,72
X AM 3 n

GM 2 5 7

x2 AM 2 I n

GM 2 CT
size of the largest Jordan block

my

My
 I
I
EEZ Consider A o
O 42 O
8 8

Eigenvalues 71,72
X AM 3 n 3

GM L 51 27

x2 AM 2 I n 2

GM 2 I 27

Size of the largest Jordan block

my 2

ma e
 I It
O X I 0 G
EEZ consider A
O 42 O
8 8

Eigenvalues 71,72
X AM 3 n 3

GM 2 51 27

x2 AM 2 I n 2

GM 2 I 27

Size of the largest Jordan block

my 2

M2 1

The minimal polynomial of a square

matrix A is given by
XCX I 17 Ai
2 1
In Ex 2 the minimum polynomial
Is given by

7 X CX X IX Az
 In Ex 2 the minimum polynomial
is given by
Z
7 X CX X IX Az

E
3
fo 7 I 0 O o o o o o
O O X I 0
a g
O
0 O O XD
O O titis O O 72

X 71 X X2 before
Arx Azra Same as

7 I o o o A1 O O O O

o al o o o o XD o o o
o o Xi O O O O
XD O O
C
o o o XD O d o o o XD O
O O O O 72 O O O O A2

Same before Same before

Aft as
Ayla as

XCX CA X CA X2 XCX A X X XD
 In Ex 2 the minimum polynomial
Is given by

7 X CX X IX Az

I 1 O O O 7 l o o o

Exz o 7 I 0 0 O 71 O O O
O O 7 o o O O X I O
a g
O O O X O O O O D O
O O O O A2 O O O O 72

A fx7 x 7174CA 727 Adx x 7174 CA 727

XCX IA 717312 27 Xcx A Xi A 721

A I o o o D o o o o

O D O O O O D O O O

C
O o o 7 o d o o o X O

m 2 mz 1
x 7174 CA 727 x 7174 CA 727
Azra Dylan

XCX XCX
 In Ex 2 the minimum polynomial
is given by

7 X CX X IX Az

I I 0 0 O A l o o o

Exz o 7 I 0 0 O 71 O O O
O O 7 o o O O X I O
a g
O O O X O O O O D O
O O O O A2 O O O O 72

ACH x 7174CA 727 AIX x 7174 CA 727

XCX x 7,7 CA 727 XCX A Xi CA Az

A I o o o D o o o o

o 7 I 0 O O D O O O

C
O o o 7 o d o o o X O

x 7174 CA 727 x 7174 CA 727

Azra Dylan

XCX I X X RCA x2 Xx A X CA Az